^^^H ^V mm , X -..^-^ v<^ llffli^S^ j-t.^ 7. 4 A ,iu\ •<^.. 4iiiy ^^ im% IS Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/biographicaldict08johnuoft THE BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF AMERICA LIBRARY EDITION Limited to three hundred titty numbered and registered copies, of which this is Nurftber. ^^ .^<: BIO GRAF Hi A M E R f BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF AUT CLERGYMEN, EDITORS, MERCHANTS, OFFICIAI, SCIENTISTS, STATf. s WHO ARE M A K I N THE BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF AMERICA BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS, ADMINISTRATORS, CLERGYMEN, EDITORS, ENGINEERS, JURISTS, MERCHANTS, OFFICIALS, PHILANTHROPISTS, SCIENTISTS, STATESMEN, AND OTHERS WHO ARE MAKING AMERICAN HISTORY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ROSSITER JOHNSON, Ph.D., LL.D. EDITOR OF THE ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ASSOCIATE EDITOR OF THE AME?:ICAN CYCLOPEDIA MANAGING EDITOR JOHN HOWARD BROWN WITH WHOM ARE ASSOCIATED MANY EMINENT CONTRIBUTOf VOLUME VIII MOUL— PYNE BOSTON AMERICAN BIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY I Q06 Copyright, igo4, by The Biographical Society Printers ami Binders, A'orwood. Mass. U. S. A. LIST OF FULL-PAGE PORTRAITS Vol. I John Adams John Quincy Adams John A. Andrew Chester A. Arthur Phillips Brooks Vol. II James Buchanan John C. Calhoun Andrew Carnegie Henry Clay Grover Cleveland Vol. Ill Charles A. Dana Jefferson Davis George Dewey Thomas A. Edison Vol. IV David G. Farragut Millard Fillmore Benjamin Franklin Melville W. Fuller James A. Garfield James, Cardinal Gibbons Ulysses S. Grant Vol. V Marcus Hanna William R. Harper Benjamin Harrison William Henry Harrison Nathaniel Hawthorne John Hay Rutherford B. Hayes Washington Irving Vol. VI Andrew Jackson Thomas Jefferson Andrew Johnson Robert Edward Lee Abraham Lincoln Vol. VII Henry Wadsworth Longfellow William McKinley James Madison James Monroe Samuel Finley Breese Morse Vol. VIII Oliver Hazard Perry Franklin Pierce James Knox Polk Vol. IX Theodore Roosevelt Elihu Root William T. Sherman Vol. X Zachary Taylor John Tyler Martin Van Buren George W^ashington Daniel Webster THE BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF AMERICA MOULTRIE MOUNT MOULTRIE, Wmiam, patriot, was born in 1731 ; sou of Dr. John Moultrie, who immigrated to America from Scotland in 1733 and attained eminence in Charleston, S.C., as a physician. William distinguished himself as an Indian fighter ; and in 1761 was appointed captain in a militia regiment. He was a member of the pro- vincial congress that convened at Charleston in Jaiiuar}% 1775, and was chosen colonel of the 2d South Carolina infantry. In June, 1776, he was ordered to complete a fort on Sullivan's Island, Charleston harbor, which he had begun the pre- vious Mai'ch. On the arrival of the British fleet under Sir Henry Clinton and Admiral Sir Peter Parker, June 28, 1776, a bombardment was begun on the unfinished fortification, but owing to tiie spongy character of the palmetto wood, of which the fort was constructed, the broadsides had little effect, while the American fire wrought fearful havoc in the fleet, which was forced to withdraw. The fort was svibsequently called Fort Moultrie, and Moultrie was commissioned a brigadier-gen- eral in the Continental army. In February, 1779, he defended Beaufort, S.C., against a superior force of British under Colonel Gardner. In April, 1779, he delayed the advance of General Augus- tine Prevost against Charleston until the city could be placed in a condition for defence. Upon the capitulation of Charleston in 1780 he was second in command and was on parole, till 1782, when he was exchanged. He was promoted major-general in 1782, and at the close of the war retired to his home in Cliarleston. He was gov- ernor of South Carolina, 1785-87, and 1794-96. He is the author of Memoirs of the American Revolution (2 vols. 1802). He died in Charleston, S.C, Sept. 27. 1805. MOUNT, James Atwell, governor of Indiana, was born in Montgomery countv, Ind., March 23, 1843. He attended country schools, served in Wilde«-'s brigade during the civil war, and com- pleted liis education in the Presbyterian academy at Lebanon. Ind., in 1866. He engaged in farm, iiig in Montgomery County ; was a member of tiie Indiana senate in 1888-92, and was elected gov- ernor on the Republican ticket, sei-ving, 1897-1901. He refused to extradite Governor Taylor of Ken- tucky, who was charged with complicity in^he murder of Governor Goebel of Kentucky, on the ground that he could not have a fair trial in Kentuck}^ He married, in 1867, Kate Boyd. He was president of the Indiana Wool-Growers' asso- ciation. He died in Indianapolis, Ind., Jan. 16, 1901. MOUNT, Sheppard Alonzo, portrait painter, was born at Setauket, L.I., N.Y., July 17, 1804 ; son of Thomas S. and Julia (Hawkins) Mount. He learned the trade of coach-making in New Haven, Conn., studied art at the National Aca- demy of Design in New York ; was elected an associate in 1833, and an academician in 1842. He married, Oct. 5, 1837, Elizabeth H. Elliott of Sag Harbor, L.I. He devoted himself to portrait- ure, among his works being a portrait of his brother, William Sidney Mount. He died at Stony Brook. N.Y.. Sept. 18, 1868. MOUNT, William Sidney, portrait painter, was born at Setauket, Long Island, N.Y., Nov. 26, 1807; son of Thomas S. and Julia (Hawkins) Mount. In 1823 he apprenticed liimself to a sign- painter in New York city, but in 1826 he entered the National Academy of Design as a student. He exhibited his first picture, a portrait of him- self, at the National Academy of Design in 1828, and established his studio in New York in 1829. He was elected an associate of the National Academy in 1831, and an academician in 1832. His many genre pictures include : A Rustic Dance (1830) ; The Last Visit (1835) ; Farmers Nooning (1837) : The Raffle (1837) ; Bargaining for a Horse, and Tlie Truant Gamblers in the New York Histori(^al society ; Boys Trapping (1839) ; Dance of the Haymakers {\8i5) ; Power of Music (1847) ; Turn of the Leaf (1849) ; TT7/o'// turn the Grindstone? (1851); California Neus and Banjo Player (1858); Just in Time (1860); Early Impressions are Lasting (1864), and Mutual Respect (1868). Many of his pictures were engraved and largely sold. He died at Setauket, L.I., N.Y , Nov. 19, 1868. MOUTON MOWATT MOUTON, Alexandre, governor of Limisiana. w:vs Ixirii «iii Hayoii CareiUTo, Attakai)as (Lafay- ette parish) La.. Nov. 19, 1804; sou of Jean Moutou. an Acadian refugee. He atteudetl the local si'h(H>ls, .stuilieil law under Judge Simon and was admitted to the Louisi- la liar in ISO.'). He settled in practire in Lafayette ])arish, n-presented his district in tlio uj Louisiana li'gi.«lature, 1828-:i:3 '' ' and 18;^6-;5l).and was speaker of tlie liouse for two .sessions. He \v;is a Democratic i)ri'si- dcnti I large from Ix>uisiana in 1S20. is;{;{ and lb.>7 ; wjis tiie defeated Democratic can- didate for representative in the 2'2d congress in 18:50 : was elected to the U.S. senate to fill the vacancy cau.sed bj- the resignation of Alexander Porter. Jan. "». 1837, and was re-elected for a full term, .serving until March .3, 1842, wlien he re- signed, having been nominated as the Democratic candidate for governor of Louisiana, On Jan. 30. 1843. he was inaugurated first Democratic gover- nor of the state, his term expiring on the adoption of a new state constitution in 1846. He was president of the Soutii western railroad conven- tion. New Orleans, La., January. 18,")2 ; a delegate to the Democratic national convention in 18.16 anti 1860 ; president of the Vigilance committee of Lafayette parish in 18.j8, and a delegate to and president of the state convention at Baton Rouge that passed the sece.ssion ordinance, Jan. 23, 1861. He was a defeated candidate at a joint session of the legislature convened to elect two senators to the Confederate congress. Nov. 29, 1861. He was twice married, first to Lilia, daughter of Jean Jacques Rousseau and granddaughter of Gov. Jacque.s Dupre ; and secondly to Emma, daughter of Col. C. R. Gardner (q.v.), U.S.A. His son Alfred (q.v.) was a Confederate soldier, and his daugliter Mathilda marriej ; son of the Rev. Henrj' Melchior and Anna Mary (Weiser) Muhlenberg. He attended tiie scliools of Montgomery county until 17G1, when he removed with liis parents to Phila- delphia. In 17G3 he was sent with his two elder brothers to Halle, Germany, where he studied theology, returning to Philadelphia in 1770. He was onlained to the Lutheran ministry and preached in New Jersey, 1770-73, and was pastor of a Lutlieran churcli in Pliiladelphia, 1774-79, During tlie Revolutionary war he supported the patriot cause, was twice obliged to flee into tlie country to escape capture and lost a large part of his estate through loaning money to the govern- ment. Wliile in the country he took up tlie study of botany for amusement, and after the war continued the study in Philadelphia. In July, 1875, he communicated to the American Philoso- phical society, an outline manuscrii)t calendar of flowers. He discovered and cl.ussificd various plants, which were named in his honor, and corre- «|X)nded with and visited the highe-st authorities on the subject. He received from the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, the honorary degree of A.M., in 1780 and that of D.D. in 1784. He was a member of the American Philosophical society and of many foreign scientific bodies. He was niflrried to Catherine, daughter of Philip Hall, and Henry Augustus (q.v.) was their son. He is the author of : Catalogus Plantartuii Americce Septentrionalis (1813) ; Reduction of all the Genera of Plants contained in tlie Catologus Plantarum of Muhlenberg to the Natural Fa7n- ilics of De Jussicus System (1815) ; Descriptio ub- crior Graniinuin et Phmtarium Cahnnariarum America- Sei)tentrionalis Indignarum et Circurum (1H17). He di(Ml in Lancaster Pa., May, 23, 1815. MUHLENBERG, Henry Augustus, clergy- man, was l)orii in Lancaster, Pa., ^lay 13, 1782 ; son of Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst and Catherine (Hall) Muidenberg. He was educated under his father, studied theology under the Rev. Dr. Kunze in New York and was ordained to the Lutheran ministry in 1802. He was pastor of Trinity Lutheran church at Reading, Pa., 1802-28, when he was compelled to retire on ac- count of ill health. He was president of the Lutheran ministerium of Pennsylvania, and was a Democratic representative from Pennsylvania in the 21st-25th congresses, 1829-38, resigning Feb. 9, 1838. He was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor of Pennsylvania in 1835, and in 1838 declined the ofl[ice of the secretary of the navy as successor to Malilon Dickinson, and the mission to Russia as successor to George M. Dallas. He accepted the mission to Austria, be- ing the first U.S. minister accredited to that government, serving 1838-40, and was relieved at his own request, Sept. 18, 1840. He was the Democratic candidate for governor of Pennsyl- vania in 1844, but died before the election. He received the degree D.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1824. He was married to Rebec- ca, daughter of Gov. Joseph Hiester of Pennsyl- vania. He died in Reading, Pa.. Aug. 11, 1844. MUHLENBERG, Henry Melchior, pioneer Lutheran, was born in Einbeck, Hanover, Ger- many, Sept. 6, 1711 ; son of Nicholaus Melchior and Anna Maria Muhlenberg, persons of prominent social standing. He at- tended the schools of Einbeck, and in 1735 entered the Univers- ity of Gottingen, hav- ing been voted a yearly stipend for his collegiate education by the council of his native town. In 1736 he induced several other students to join with him in giving instruction to neg- lected children, which movement grew into an institution. He studied theology at Gottingen ■^^- MUHLENBERG MUHLENBERG and Halle ; was ordained to the Lutheran ministry in 1739, and was ordered a deacon in the church and inspector of an orphan home. He was sent as a missionary to German Lutheran congrega- tions in Pennsylvania, in 1742, and sailed from London for Charleston, S.C, and thence by coast- ing vessel to Philadelphia. He soon extended his field to New York, New Jersey and Maryland and he petitioned his patrons for young and educated Lutheran clergymen. They sent the Rev. Peter Brunnholtz and two theological students, and in a few years the Lvitheran church was firmly established in the colonies. He organized the first Lutheran synod in 1748, and arranged friendly relations with the Swedish Lutherans along tlie Delaware. He was married, April 23, 1745, to Anna Mary daughter of J. Con- rad Weiser, the famous Indian interpreter of Tulpeholken, Pa. He preached in New York city to the Dutch and German congregations, 1751-52 and 1759-60. He delivered addresses in German, Dutch, Latin and English. The first Lutheran church in Philadelphia was dedicated in 1748, and in 1762 he reorganized the congrega- tion under a new constitution which became the model of the Lutheran congregations subse- quently established. At the outbreak of the Rev- olution he favored the American cause. He removed to Trajjpe, Pa., in 1776, wliere he con- tinued to preach when his health permitted. On the centennial of his death, exercises were held at his grave at Trappe. See Biographical Sketch of H . M. Muhlenberg, by J. G. Christian Helmuth (1788) ; Memory of the Life and Times of H.M. Muhlenberg, D.D., by Martin L. Stoever (1856) ; Autobiography of H. M. Muhlenberg edited by William Germann (1881) ; Life and Times of H. M. Muhlenberg, by Wm. J. Mann (1887). He died at Trappe, Pa., Oct. 7, 1787. MUHLENBERG, John Peter Gabriel, patriot, was born in Trappe (then New Providence) Pa., Oct. 1, 1746 ; son of the Rev. Henry Melchior and Anna Mary (Weiser) Muhlenberg. He attended the University of Pennsylvania, 1760-68, but did not graduate, and studied at he University of Halle, Germany, irregularly, 1763-66. While in Germany he joined a regiment of dragoons. He studied theology in Philadelphia, and was pastor of Lutheran churches, New Germantown and Bedminster, N. J. He removed to Woodstock, Va., in 1772, and was ordained a priest of the Church of England in order to take charge of the parish which was composed mostly of, Lutherans from Pennsylvania. He was chairman of the committee of safety of Shenandoah county, Va., and a member of the house of burgesses in 1774. In 1775 at the outbreak of the Revolution he ac- cepted a colonel's commission in the patriot army. He was a member of the provincial convention of "Virginia in 1776, was put in command of the 8th Virginia regiment, known as the " German regiment," and ordered to the relief of Charleston, S. C. He participated in the battle of Fort Moul- trie, June 28, 1776 ; was promoted brigadier- general in 1777 ; commanded the 1st brigade of light infantry at the battles of Brandy wine, Ger- mantown, Monmouth, Stony Point and Yorktown, and was commissioned major-general in 1783. Upon the disbandment of the Continental army he returned to Pennsylvania ; was elected a mem- ber of the supreme executive council of the state, and served as vice-president of the council in 1785. He was a presidential elector in 1797 ; was a representative in the 1st, 2d and 3d congresses, 1789-95, and in the 6th congress, 1799-1801 ; was elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat in 1801, but resigned before taking his seat to accept a position of supervisor of revenue tendered him by President Jefferson. He was collector of the port of Philadelpliia, 1803-07. He was married to Anna Barbara Meyer of New Jersey. See " Life " by Henry A. Muhlenberg, 1849. He died near Philadelphia, Pa.. Oct. 1, 1807. MUHLENBERG, William Augustus, educator, was born in Philadelpliia, Pa., Sept. 16, 1796 ; son of Henry William and Mary (Sheafe) Muhlenberg, and grandson of Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg (q. v.). He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, English salutatorian, A. B. 1815, A. M. 1818 ; studied theology under Bishop White ; was ordered deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church, Sept. 18, 1817, and was assistant to Bishop White in Christ church, Philadelphia. He was ordained priest, Oct. 22, 1822, and was rector of St. James's chm-ch, Lan- caster, Pa., 1822-28. He established the first school of public instruction in Pennsylvania out- side of Philadelphia, and in 1828 founded a school at Flushing, L. I., which in 1838 was merged in St. Paul's college. He was rector of the college, 1828-46, when he became rector of the Church of the Holy Communion, N. Y. city, which had been erected by his sister, and was the earliest free Protestant Episcopal church. On St. Luke's day, 1846, he devoted half of the offertory, amounting to S15.00, to be a nucleus for a hospital in New York. In 1850 the hospital (St. Luke's) was in- corporated and the corner stone was laid in 1854 on the block fronting Fifth avenue and bounded by Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth streets, and in 1858 the building was ready for occupancy. He was pastor and superintendent of St. Luke's hos- pital, 1859-77. In 1852 he organized tlie first Protestant sisterhood in the United States. The sisters subsequently took charge of St. Luke's hospital. In 1866 he began the establishment of an industrial Christian settlement on Long Island, which he named St. Johnland. He was a mem- MUIR MULDROW ber of the committee appointed to improve the hymnology for use in Protestant Episcopal wor- ship, and also originated the Memorial movement in thecliurch. The liouorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Columbia college in 1834. He is the author of : Church Poetry (1823) ; Christian Education (1831) ; Music of the Church (1847) ; The People's Psalter (1847) ; Letters on Protestant Sisterhoods (1853) ; Family Prayers (1861) : St. Johnland, Ideal and Actual (1867) ; Christ and the Bible (1869) ; Tlie Woman and her Accusers (1870) ; " J Would Xot Live Ahcay," with the Story of the Hymn (1871) ; Evangelical Catho- lic Papers, Addresses, Lectures and Sermons (2 vols. 1875-77) , and several hymns. See " Life " by Anne Ay res, and by the Rev. W. W. Newton, D.D. He died in New York city, April 8. 1877. MUIR, Jere Taylor, educator, was born in Trimble county, Ky. ; son of Robert and Ann M. (Bartlett) Muir, and grandson of Robert and Jane Muir and of William and Dicey (Goode) Bartlett. He attended the public schools, a seminary at Mount Zion. 111., and the Normal training school, Bloomington, 111., 1870-73, and was graduated from La Grange college, A.B., 1877, A.M., 1880. He was married, Oct. 2, 1879, toElma, daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth (Pren- tiss) Hay. He taught in public schools, in La Grange college and in the state normal school at Kirkville, Mo., 1887-94 ; was vice-president of the state normal school, and was elected president of La Grange college in 1896. He became a mem- ber of the Missouri Academy of Science in 1894, and was president of the State Teachers' associa- tion of Missouri, 1894-95. The degree of LL.D. was given liim by La Grange college in 1896. In addition to liis duties as president of the college, he managed a large stock farm. He is the author of : Orthoepy (1892) and several works on school management, methods and psychology (MS. 1902). MUIR, John, geologist and explorer, was born in Dunbar, Haddingtonshire, Scotland, April 21, 18aS; son of Daniel and Anne (Gilrye) Muir, and a descendant on his mother's side of the Scotch family of Gilderoy. He re- ceived a good preparatory education, and in 1849 the family immigrated to the United States and settled near the Fox river in Wis- consin. John helped to clear tlie land, worked on the farm and attended the University of Wis- consin, 1860-64, paying his tuition with money earned by farming and .school teaching. He made extended botanical and geological excur- sions in Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan and Can- ada, and in the southern states. On account of an attack of malarial fever he was obliged to give up a contemplated trip to the headwaters of the Amazon river. South America, but spent a month in Cuba and a short while on the Isthmus of Panama, and in 1868 visited the Yosemite valley, California, exploring and examining its flora and fauna. He lived an isolated life in the Sierra Nevada mountains for ten years, exploring the glacial formations ; was a member of an explor- ing expedition connected with the geodetic sur- vey in the Great Basin, 1876-79 ; made several trips to the northwest region, and while in Alaska discovered the Glacier bay and the great Glacier which bears his name. He also made a trip to the headwaters of the Yukon and McKenzie rivers, and in 1881 was connected "with one of the expeditions to search for the lost Jeannette expe- dition. The lionorary degree of A.M. was con- ferred on him by Harvard in 1896 and that of LL.D. by the Wisconsin State university in 1897. He was married in 1879 to a daughter of Dr. John Strentzel of California. He edited and contributed to Picturesque California, contributed many articles on geological and botanical subjects to the leading magazines and is the author of : The Mountains of Calif ornia (1894), and Our National . Parks (1901). MULDOON, Peter James, R. C. bishop, was born in Columbia, Cal., Oct. 10, 1863 ; son of John J. and Catherine (Coughlin) Muldoon. He re- ceived his primary education in Stockton, Cal. ; studied the classics at St. Mary's college, Ky. ; philosophy and theology at St. Mary's seminarj', Baltimore, Md., and was ordained priest, Dec. 18, 1886, by Bishop Loughlin in the cathedral, Brooklyn, N.Y"". He was appointed at ordination to serve at St. Pius's church, Chicago, III., and about 1888 was appointed chancellor and secre- tary of the diocese, retaining these offices until Oct. 25, 1895, when he was appointed pastor of St. Charles Borromeo's church. He was appointed titular bishop of Tamesus, Cyprus, and auxiliary to the archbishop of Chicago. June 11, 1901, and was consecrated as titular bishop of Tamassensis and auxiliary to Archbisliop Feehan of Chicago, at Holy Name cathedral, July 25, 1901, by Cardinal Martinelli, assisted by the Rt. Rev. Henry Cos- grove, D.D., of Davenport, Iowa, and the Rt. Rev. James Ryan. D.D., of Afton, 111. nULDROW, Henry Lowndes, representative, was born in Lowndes county. Miss. He was graduated at the University of Mississippi, A.B., 1856, and LL.B. in 1858, was admitted to the bar in 1859 and settled in practice in Starkville. He served in the Confederate army, 1861-65, rising from private to colonel of cavalry. He was dis- trict attorney for the sixtli judicial district of Mississippi, 1869-71 ; represented Lowndes county in the state legislature in 1875, and was a Demo- cratic representative from the first Mississippi district in the 45th, 46th and 47tli congresses, 1877-85. He was first assistant secretary of the MULFORD MULLANY U.S. interior department, 1885-89, a trustee of the University of Mississippi and a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1890. nULFORD, Elisha, clergyman, was born in Montrose, Pa., Nov. 19, 1833 ; son of Silvanus Sand- ford and Fanny (Jessup) Mulford ; grandson of Elisha and Damaris Howell (Sandford) Mulford of Orient, L.I. , of Zebulon and Zeniah (Huntling) Jessup of Southampton, L.I., and a descendant of William Mulford of Maidstone, Kent county, England, who settled in Salem, Mass., and as early as 1643 at Southampton, Long Island, N.Y., and in 1649 at Easthampton, Long Island. Elisha Mulford was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1855, A.M., 1858, studied law under the Hon, William Jessup at Montrose, in 1856, and theology at the Union theological seminary. New York city in 1857, and at Andover theological seminary, Andover, Mass., 1858-59. He was a student at the universities of Halle and Heidelberg, Germany, and also in Italy, 1859-60 ; was ordered deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church at Middletown, Conn., and had temporary charge of a church at Darien, Conn. He was married, Sept. ,17, 1862, to Rachel P. Carmalt of Lakeside, Pa. He was ordained priest by Bishop Odenheimer, March 19, 1862 ; was rec- tor of the Church of the Holy Communion in South Orange, N.J., 1862-64, and in the latter year retired from his church labors, settled at Lakeside near Montrose, Pa., and engaged in literary work. He was in charge of a mission at Friendsville, Susquehanna county. Pa., 1877--81, and in 1881 removed to Cambridge, Mass., where he served as a lecturer on apologetics and theo- logy in the Episcopal theological school, 1881-85. He received the degree of LL.D. from Yale in 1872. He is the author of : The Nation, The Foundation of Civil Order and Political Life in the United States (1870); and The Republic of God, an Institute of Theology (1881). He died in Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 9, 1885. nULLANY, James Robert fladison, naval officer, was born in New York city, Oct. 26, 1818 ; son of Col. James R. Mullany, quarter-master- general, U.S.A. He entered the U.S. navy as midshipman, Jan. 7, 1832 ; was promoted passed midshipman, June 23, 1838, and lieutenant, Feb. 29, 1844. He was engaged in the coast survey for deep sea soundings and observations for tempera- ture in the Gulf Stream, 1844-47, and in 1847-48 was engaged in the capture of the city of Tabasco, Mexico, June, 1847. He was attached to the St, Louis and tlie Brandywine of the Brazil squadron, 1848-50, and to the Hancock on the coast of the United States, and in the West Indies in search of filibustering vessels, 1851. He served on the Co- lumbia of the West India squadron, 1852-55 ; was inspector of ordnance at the New York navy yard, 1855-58 ; executive officer of the Niagara,, on special duty on the coast of Africa in 1858 ; of the Constellation, 1859, and of t\ie Sabine, West In diasquadron, 1859-60. He commanded succes- sively the Sabine and Wyandotte in the protec- tion of Fort Pickens, and the storeship Supply off Pensacola, 1861, and was inspector of ordnance, 1861- 62. He was pro- mo t e d com- mander, Oct. 18, 1861 ; com- ^'^S. rich^o^o. manded the Bienville of tlie North Atlantic and West Gulf squadron, 1862-65, and the Bienville was almost constantly employed in making demonstrations against the forts located in Cliarleston Harbor, and those at other ports on the southern Atlantic coasts from North Carolina to Florida. He was also alert for blockade runners, and captured the steamers Stetten and Patras, each sailing under the English flag, laden with munitions of war, in 1862 ; captured nine schooners from Nassau, all under English flags, and commanded the division of the Western Gulf squadron from Sabine Pass to Rio Grande, April to September, 1863. He was transferred to the command of the Oneida by Admiral Farragut, during the battle of Mobile, Aug. 5, 1864, where he was severely wounded, and was inspector in charge of ordnance at the New York navy yard, 1865-68. He was promoted captain, July 25, 1866 ; commanded the Richmond, European squadron, 1868-71 ; was promoted commodore, Aug. 15, 1870 ; commanded the Mediterranean squadron, 1870-71 ; was on court-martial duty, 1871-72 ; commanded the Philadelphia navy yard, 1872-74, and the naval station at League Island, 1878-74. He was pro- moted i-ear-admiral, June 5, 1874 ; commanded the North Atlantic station, 1874-76 ; served at Aspinwall with his flagship and one other vessel to protect American interests on the Isthmus, threatened by rebellion, September-October, 1875, and as senior officer commanded the vessels of the South Pacific squadron in the harbor of Panama. He was governor of the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia, 1876-79, and in 1879 retired and resided in Philadelphia. He died at Bryn Mawr, Pa., Sept. 17, 1887. MULLANY, Patrick John, educator, was born in Killemain, county Tipperary, Ireland, June 29, 1847. He was brought to the United States by his parents in 1850, and was educated in the Academy of the Christian Brothers, Utica, N.Y. He joined the order of the Christian Brothers in New York city in 1862, and completed his classi- cal course at Rock Hill college, Ellicott City. Md., in 1866. He received the religious name Brother MULLEN MULLINS Azarias ; was professor of mathematics and Eng- lish literature and president for several years, in Rock Hill college, 1866-77. and visited Europe 1867-68, where he studied Frencli and English literature. He was professor of rhetoric and Eng- lish literature in tlie De la Salle institute in New York city, 1868-93 ; was one of the founders of the Catholic summer school at Plattsburgh, N.Y., and a lecturer tliere. He also lectured on " Psy- chological Aspects of Education " before the re- gents of tlie University of the State of New York (1877); on "Literary and Scientific Habits of Thought" before the International congress of education at tlie New Orleans exposition (1884); "Tlie Relation of Church and State" before the Franiingiiam School of Philosophy (1890); " Re- ligion in Education " before the New York State teachers association (1891), and read papers on "Dante" and "Aristotle" before the Concord School of Philosophy. He wrote for American and European magazines and reviews, and is the au- thor of: Philosophy of History (1874); Develop- ment of English Thought (1880); Address on Thinking (1883); Culture of the SpiiHtical Sense (1887) ; Style as found in Herbert Spencers Works ; Phases of Thought and Criticism, and Aristotle and the Christian Church. He had in preparation The History of Education from the Earliest Ages to the Present Day and a History of English Litera- ture. He died at Plattsburg, N.Y., Aug. 20, 1898. MULLEN, Tobias, R.C. bishop, was born in the parish of Urney, near Castlefin, county Tyrone, Ireland, March 4, 1818 ; son of Thomas and Mary (Travers) Mullen. He attended Castlefin school, and Maynooth college, where he studied theology and received minor orders. He came to the United States with Bishop 0'Connor(q.v.) of Pittsburg, Pa. , who was returning from Rome after consecration in 1843 ; finished his theolog- ical studies, and was ordained priest by Bishop O'Connor in St. Paul's Church, Pittsburg, Septem- ber 1, 1844. He held various pastoral charges in the diocese of Pittsburg ; was transferred to the rectorship of St. Peter's church at Allegheny, Pa., in 1854, and served as vicar-general of the diocese of Pittsburg, 1834-68. He was consecrated bishop of Erie, Pa., in St. Paul's church, Pitts- burg, Aug. 2, 1868, by Bishop Domenec, assist- ed by Bishops Wood and Rappe. The Roman Catholic population of his diocese increased under his administration from 80,000 to 60,000; the churches from fifty-five to ninety-nine, and the priests from thirty-five ♦^o seventy-three. He also built a college at Northwest, Pa., and established academies for young ladies, under the direction of the Benedictine nuns and sisters of St. Josepli. He celebrated the silver jubilee of his consecra- tion, Aug. 2, 1893, and the golden jubilee of his ordination, Sept. 9. 1894. He was stricken vrith paralysis in 1897, and was thereafter assisted by Bishop John E. Fitz Maurice. He resigned in 1899, and was aitpointed to the titular see of Ger- manicapolis. He died in Erie, Pa., April 22, 1900. MULLIGAN, James A., soldier, was born in Utica, N.Y., June 25, 1830. His father, a native of Ireland, died when he was a child, and in 1836 his mother removed to Chicago, 111., where she married Michael Lantry. James was graduated at the University of St. Mary's of the Lake, A.B., 1850, A.M., 1853, being its first graduate. He studied law in the office of Judge Dickey in Chicago, 1850-51; accompanied John Lloyd Ste- phens on his expedition to Panama and through South America, 1851-52; studied law under J. Y. Scammon in 1852, and in the office of Arnold, Larned & Lay, 1852-54. He also edited the West- em Tablet in 1854, was admitted to the bar in November, 1855, and was a clerk in the Interior department, Washington, D.C., 1857-58. He was married in 1858 to Marian Nugent of Chicago. He practised law in Chicago with his former partner, Henry S. Fitch, 1858-61. He was a priv- ate, lieutenant, and captain in the Shield's Guard, Chicago ; raised a volunteer Irish regiment in 1861 , and was appointed its major. The regiment was tendered to Governor Yates, who refused it, whereupon Major Mulligan applied to Secretary Cameron, who gave him authority to raise the 23d Illinois volunteers, and it was mustered into the service, June 15, 1861, and at once sent to Missouri, where he conducted the defense of Lex- ington for nine days against an overwhelming force, commanded by General Sterling Price. The garrison surrendered September 20, 1861, and the officers and men were paroled, with the exception of Colonel Mulligan who refused to sign a parole. He was exchanged for General Frost, November 25, 1861, and returned to Chicago, where he was received and feted by the city of Chicago, as tlie hero of Lexington. President Lincoln tendered him a commission as brigadier-general of volun- teers which he declined, preferring to remain with his regiment. He was ordered into West- ern Virginia in 1862, where he engaged in a suc- cession of dangerous enterprises — and although only a colonel, was charged with responsibilities generally assumed only by a major-general. He was severely wounded at the battle of Winches- ter, Va., July 24, 1864, and was being borne from the field by his men, wlien he noticed that the colors of tlie regiment were in danger. He com- manded his men to lay him down and save the flag, and on repeating the order he was obe}'ed, captured by the enemy, and died within their lines. He died at Winchester, Va., July 26, 1864. MULLINS, Edgar Young, educator, was born in Franklin county, Miss., January 5. 1860: son of Seth Cranberry and Cornelia B. (Tillman) MUMFORD MUNGEN Mullins, and grandson of William and Sally Mul- lins and of Stephen and Aseneth Tillman. He attended the common schools of Corsicana, Texas. 1870-76, and the Agricultural and Mechan- ical college of Texas, 1876-79. He was graduated from the Southern Baptist Theological seminary in 1885, and was ordained to the ministry the same year. He was married, June 2, 1886, to Isla May, daughter of A. W. and L. M. Hawley of Louisville, Ky. He was pastor of churches at Harrodsburgh, Ky., 1885-88; Baltimore, Md., 1888-95, and at Newton, Mass., 1896-99. He edited the Evangel, Baltimore, Md., 1890-95, was secretary of the foreign mission board, 1895- 96, and was elected president of the Southern Baptist Theological seminary, Louisville, Ky., in 1899. He received the honorary degree of D.D. and LL.D. from the Southern Baptist Theological seminary. MUnFORD, Paul, jurist, was born at South Kingstown, R.L, March 5, 1734 ; son of William and Hannah (Latham; Mumford ; gi-andson of Thomas Mumford, and a descendant of Thomas Mumford who settled at South Kingstown, then known as Pettaquamscut, in 1657. He was grad- uated from Yale, A.B. 1754, A.M. 1786 ; was ad- mitted to the bar, and settled in Newport, R.I. He was a representative in the general assembly in 1774, but upon the occupancy of Newport by the British retired to his home at Barrington, Mass. He was a member of the council of war, and on July 7, 1777, was appointed with Stephen Hopkins and William Bradford a committee to attend a convention of the New England states held at Springfield, Mass., to provide for the de- fence of Rhode Island, and to discuss the currency question in view of the circulation of depreciated paper money. He was judge of the court of common pleas, 1777-78 ; judge of the superior court, 1778-81 ; a representative in the general assembly, 1779-81, and chief justice of Rhode Island, 1781-85 and 1786-88. He was state sena- tor, 1801-03, lieutenant governor, 1803-05, and upon the death of Gov. Arthur Fenner, Oct. 15, 1805 became acting governor but served only a few days, when he died and was succeeded by Senator Henry Smith. MUNDY, Ezekiel Wilson, clergyman and librarian, was born in Metuchen, N.J., June 16, 1833 ; son of Luther Bloomfield and Frances Eliza (Martin) Mundy, and grandson of Ezekiel and Lovicy Mundy, and of Dr. William and Sarah (Elston) Martin. He attended the academy at Essex, Conn., and was graduated from the Rochester university, A.B. 1860, A.M. 1863, and from the Rochester Theological seminary in 1863. He was pastor of the First Baptist church at Syracuse, 1863-66. In 1866 he helped to organize an independent church of which he was pastor VIII. — 2 until 1879. He was married, Jan. 15, 1873, to Emily, daughter of Horace and Emily (King) Kendall of Suffield, Conn. In 1882 he was con- firmed in the Protestant Episcopal church. He was admitted to the diaconate the same year and to the priesthood in 1884, and was rector of St. Mark's church, Syracuse, N.Y., 1883-94. He was appointed librarian of the Syracuse Central library in 1880 ; was elected a member of the Historical society of Onondaga county, N.Y., in 1870, and of the Syracuse Historical and Genealogical society in 1898. MUNDY, Johnson Marchant, sculptor, was born near New Brunswick, N.J., May 13, 1832 ; son of Frederick and Mary (Marchant) Mundy ; grandson of Henry and Humy (Ayers) Mundy of Metuchen, N.J., and a descendant of Nicholas Mundy who settled in Metuchen about 1665. His parents removed to Geneva, N.Y , and he early evinced a talent for art and began to study draw- ing in crayons in 1844. He later removed to New York city, and engaged in marble cutting until 1854, when he entered the studio of Henry K. Brown, the sculptor, to learn to model in clay. He supported himself by making crayon por- traits during his student days, and in 1858 re- ceived an order to model a bust in marble of President Benjamin Hale of Hobart college. He settled in Rochester, N.Y., in 1863, and there es- tablished the first drawing school and life class. He made his home in Rochester until 1883, and during that time modeled many busts, statuettes and medallions. He became almost blind in 1883, and removed to Tarrytown, where he accom- plished his most important works. These con- sisted of the statue placed on the Soldiers' monu- ment in Sleepy Hollow cemeterj', Tarrytown, by the Grand Army veterans in 1890, for which he offered his service free, and the heroic statue of Washington Irving, completed in 1891, which represented the author seated in an arm-chair. This latter was executed almost wholly through his sense of touch. Among his more notable busts are those of Bishop William H. De Lancey ; President Martin B. Anderson ; Dr. Chester Dewey ; Frederick Douglas, and Dr. W. W. Ely. He died in Tarrytown, N.Y., Aug. 16, 1897. nUNQEN, William, representative, was born at Baltimore, Md., May 12, 1821 ; son of John and Margaret (McFarland) Mvxngen ; grandson of Donald and Elizabeth (McGraw) Mungen and of Matthew and Fanny (Black) McFarland, and a de- scendant of Robert and Mary (Kearns) Mungen. He removed with his parents to a farm in Ohio in 1830, attended the public school in winter and studied Latin, German and the physical sciences at home. He was admitted to the bar and practised in Findlay, Ohio, where he published and edited the Democratic Courier for several MUXGER MUNRO years. He was auditor for Hancock county, 1846-50, and a member of the state senate, 1852- 54, and declined renomination. He was a dele- gate to the Democratic national convention at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1856. to the Charleston, S.C., and Biiltimore, Md., conventions in 1800, and to the Union national convention at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1866. He assisted in raising the 21st Ohio volunteers for three months' service, entering the Union army in July. 1861, as colonel of the 57th Ohio volunteers, which regiment he raised and with which he served in the Arnij' of the Tennes- see. He was complimented by General Sherman for bravery at Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and for his action in an encounter with Porter's cavalry at Morning Sun, Tenn. In 1863 he resigned on account of ill-health. On recovering he was ap- pointed state agent to visit the Ohio troops in the Department of Tennessee with poll books and tally sheets and in 1864 performed the same duty for the Oliio troops in the Army of the Potomac. He held several local offices in Findlay and was a Democratic representative from the fifth Ohio district in the 40th and 41st congresses, 1867-71. He died at Findlay. Ohio, Sept. 9, 1887. MUNGER, Theodore Thornton, clergyman, was born in Bainbridge, N.Y., March 5, 1830 ; son of Ebenezer and Cynthia (Selden) Hunger, grandson of Ebenezer Munger of Madison, Conn., and of the Rev. David and Cynthia (May) Selden of Middle Hoddam, Conn.; great grandson of the Rev. Eleazer and Sybil (Huntington) May, and a descendant from Nicholas Munger, a first settler of Madison, Conn., 1639, and also a lineal descendant of John Eliot the apostle. He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1851, and at the Yale Divinity school in 1855 ; was ordained to the ministry of the Congregational church and was pastor of a church in Dorchester, Mass., 1856-60 ; at Haverhill, Mass., 1862-70, and at Lawrence, Mass., 1870-75. In 1875 he went to California for his health and established a church at San Jose, where he served as pastor until 1876. He was pastor of the church at North Adams, Mass., 1877-85, and of the United church at New Haven, Conn., from 1885 until 1900. when he resigned and became pastor emeritus. He received the degree of.D.D. from Illinois college in 1883 and was made a fellow of Yale, June 27, 1887. He was married, first in 1864, to Elizabeth K., daughter of tlie Hon. James H. Duncan of Haverhill, Mass., and secondly in 1889 to Harriet K., daughter of John C. Osgood of Salem, ^lass. He contributed essays to magazines and reviews and is the author of : On the Tlireshold (18^1) : The Freedom of Faith (1883); Lamps and Paths (1885) ; The Appeal to Life (1887) ; Character through Inspiration (London, 1896). all of which volumes are chiefly collections of lectures and sermons ; Plain Living and High Tliinkinq (1897), and iJbrace Bushnell (1899). nUNKITTRICK, Richard Kendall, author, was born in Manchester. England, Marcli 5, 1853 ; son of Richard and Augusta (Thorburn) Munkittrick. He attended Union Hall academy, Jamaica, N.Y., Dr. Stoughton's academy, Summit, N.J., and the public schools, and engaged in literary work. He was married, July 5, 1883, to Jeannette Agnes Turner. He contributed articles in prose and verse to the leading perioilicals, was a member of the editorial staff of Puck, 1881-89, and on Sept. 1, 1901, assumed the editorship of Judge. His articles are chiefly humorous and include : Farming (1891) ; Tlie Moon Prince and other Kabobs (1893) ; The New Jersey Arabian Nights (1893) ; Tlie Acrobatic Muse, verse (1896) ; The Slambangaree (1898). MUNN, Orson Desaix, publisher, was born in Monson, Mass., June 11, 1824; son of Rice and Lavinia (Shaw) Muun ; grandson of Reuben and Hannah Mun, and a descendant of Benjamin Mun who in 1637 was a resident of Hartford, Conn., and that year joined an expedition against the Pequot Indians and was at the attack on the fort at Groton, Conn., where a great number were killed. Benjamin Mun served in the army, fight- ing Indians until he was exempted from military service on account of his old age, in 1665. Orson D. Munn was graduated at Monson academy in 1840 ; was a clerk in a book store at Springfield, Mass., 1840-42, and a clerk in a country store in Monson, Mass., 1843^6. He removed to New York city in 1846, and in connection with Alfred E. Beach, a former schoolmate, purchased the Scientific American, then six months old, from Rufus Porter, the founder, for less than $1000. It was soon placed on a paying basis by the new firm of Munn & Co. They established the Scientific American Supplement in 1876. and an Architect and Builders' edition in 1885. Tiie publishing house which Mr. Munn founded in 1846 estab- lished offices in New York and "Washington in 1850, procuring letters patents for new inventions, and more than 150,000 cases passed through their agencj' before 1902. The following well-known inventors were among their many noted clients : Prof. S. F. B. Morse. Elias Howe, Thomas Blan- chard, A. B. "Wilson, Peter Cooper, Commodore Stevens. Cyrus H. McCormick, R. J. Gatling and R. P. Parrot. Mr. Munn was married in August, 1849, to Julia Augusta, daughter of Plin Allen of Monson, Mass., and tiieir sons, Henry M. and Cliarles Allen, after leaving school, entered the offices of Munn & Co., where they became im- portant factors. nUNRO, Wilfred Harold, educator, was born in Bristol, R.I., Aug. 20. 1849; son of .John Ben- nett and Abby Howland (Batt) Munro ; grand- MUNROE MUXROE son of Bennett and Lucy (Abel) Munro and of James and Hannah (Waldron) Batt, and a descen- dant maternally from Mary Chilton, and from Richard Warren, both of whom came over in the Mayfloiver. He attended the Bristol, R.I., high school and the Walnut Hill school at Geneva, N.Y., graduated from Brown university, A.B., 1870, A. M., 1873, was a graduate student at Frei- burg university, Germany, and at the University of Heidelberg, Germany. He was president of De Veaux college. Suspension Bridge, N.Y., 1881-89 ; in 1891 was elected associate professor of history and director of the university extension in Brown university, and was subsequently made professor of European histor3^ He became a member of the American Philological association in 1879 ; the American Historical association in 1898 ; corresponding member of the Rhode Island His- torical society in 1883, and was elected secretary of the Rhode Island Historical society in 1900. He married, Dec. 28, 1875, Susan Wilkinson, daughter of the Rev. Daniel Le Baron and Re- becca (Wilkinson) Goodwin. He is the author of: History of Bristol, Rhode Island (1880); and Picturesque Rhode Island (1881). MUNROE, Charles Edward, chemist, was born in Cambridge, Mass., May 24, 1849 ; son of Enoch and Emeline Elizabeth (Russell) Munroe ; grandson of William and Lucy (Frost) Munroe, and of Edward and Elizabeth (Abbot) Russell, and a descendant of William Munroe, born in Scotland in 1625, settled in Lex- ington, Mass., in 1657. He was graduated at Harvard, S.B.. summa cum laude, 1871, and after serving as as- sistant to Professor Wolcott Gibbs, was senior assistant in chemistry at Harv- ard, 1871-74. He con- ducted the summer school of instruc- tion in chemistry at Cambridge, Mass.. in 1872-74, and lectured on chemistry at the Boston Dental college, 1873-74. He was professor of chemistry at the U.S. Naval academy, Annapolis, Md., 1874-86, lectured in St. John's college, Annapolis, 1883-84, and was chemist to the torpedo corps at tlie U.S. naval torpedo station and war college, Newport, R.I., 1886-92. He was Lowell Institute lecturer, Boston, Mass., 1890 ; professor of chemistry at Columbian university, Washington, D.C., from 1892, being dean of the Corcoran Scientific school, 1892-99, and dean of the School of Graduate ^t-A^i^ 6. '?H*^/n/y9'C- Studies from 1893. He was an authority on ex- plosives, invented a smokeless powder in 1890, and his researches on the subject of explosives appeared in scientific journals in the United States and Europe. He started the mineral cabi- net at the U.S. Naval academy during his service there and established a post graduate course for naval officers at the Smithsonian Institution. He Avas appointed by Presidents Arthur, Cleveland and Harrison, a member of the assay commission to test the United States coinage ; served on tlie U.S. coast and geodetic survey in 1882 to examine the 03^ster-bearing waters of Cliesapeake bay, was a special agent of the U.S. census of 1880 to report on the building stones of Maryland and Virginia, was vice-president of the board of visi- tors to the U.S. Naval academy, 1898, and expert special agent of the U.S. census of 1900 on the chemical industries of the United States. He was decorated in 1901 bj^the Sultan of Turkey as com- mandant of the order of the Medjidji, and in Octo- ber, 1900, was designated by the Royal Academy of Science of Stockholm, Sweden, to nominate American inventors and discoverers in the science of chemistry desiring to compete for the Nobel prizes, provided by the will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite. He was secretary, treasurer and corresponding secretary of the U.S. Naval institute ; vice-president of the chem- ical section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ; president of the Washington (D.C.) Chemical society: president of the American Chemical society ; fellow of tlie American Academy of Sciences, and a member of the American Philosophical society, the Amer- ican Institute of Mining Engineers, and of the Washington Academy of Science. He was also a fellow of the Berlin and London chemical socie- ties and of the Society of Chemical Industry of England. He received the degree of Ph.D. at Columbian universit}' in 1894. He was married in 1883 to Mary Louise, daughter of Prof. George F. Barker of the University of Pennsylvania. He is the author of over 100 papers on chemistry and explosives ; of Notes on the Literature of Explo- sives, published periodically, 1882-1898 ; of an In- dex to the Literature of Explosives (Part I. 1886, Part II, 1893) ; Lectures on Chemistry and Explo- sives (1888), and of a Catechism of Exjilosives (1888). nUNROE, Kirk, author, was born near Prairie du Chien, Wis., Sept. 15, 1850; son of Charles and Susan (Hall) Munroe ; grandson of Edmund and Sophia (Seawell) Monroe, and of Isaac and Susan (Mitchell) Hall, all of Boston. Mass.. and a descendant of William Munroe of Lexington, Mass., 1651. Tliere were fifteen Slonroes in the battle of Lexington, and one of them fired tlie first shot. The first man killed was a Munroe. MUNSELL MUNSEY Kirk attended the public schools at Appleton. Wis., and Cambridge, Mass., and matriculateil at Harvard, but did not graduate. He was married, Sept. 15, 1883, to Mary, daughter of Robert and Amelia Edith (Huddlestoii) Barr. He founded tiie League of American Wheelmen at Newport, R.I., May 31. 1880, and was for five years commo- dore of tlie New York Canoe club. He was the first editor of Harpers Round Table, 1879-82, and also edited " Eminent Men of our Time." His published books include: Wakulla (1886); The Flamingo Feather (1887) ; Derrick Sterling (1888) ; Chrystal Jack <& Co and Delta Bixhy (1889) ; Tlie Golden Days of '49 (1889) ; Dorymates (1890) ; Under Orders (1890) ; Prince Dust i/ (1891) ; Camp- mates (1891); Canoemates (1892) ; Cab and Ca- boose (1892) ; Raftniates (1893) ; The White Con- querors (1893); The Coral Ship (1893) ; The Fur Seal's Tooth (1894); Big Cypress (1894); Snow Shoes and Sledges (1895) ; At War with Pontiac (1895); Rick Dale (1896) ; Tlirough Swamp and Glade (1896); The Painted Desert (1897); With Crockett and Bowie (1897) ; Ready Rangers (1897) ; The Copper Princess (1898) ; In Private Waters (1898) ; Shine Terrill (1899) ; Forivard, March (1899); Midshipman Stuart (189d) ; Breth- ren of the Coast (1900) ; Under the Great Bear (1900) ; The Belt of Seven Totems (1901), and A Son of Satsuma (1901). nUNSELL, Joel, publisher, was born at North- field, Mass., April 13, 1808 ; son of Joel and Cynthia (Paine) Munsell. grandson of Hezekiah and Irene (Bissell) Munsell, and a descendant of Thomas Munsell, who emigrated from England to New London, Conn., about 1680. He was ed- ucated in the public schools of Northfield, Mass., and learned the wheelwright's trade under his father, and the printer's trade in Greenfield, Mass., where he became foreman of the office. He was employed as clerk in John Denio's book-store in Albany, N.Y., in 1827, and subsequently became manager of the business, but resigned and en- gaged as a printer. He established the Albany Minerva, in 1828, and issued eight numbers ; was employed in various newspaper offices, 1828-34, and in 1834 became associated with Henry D. Stone in publishing the Microscope. He pur- chased a job printing office in Albany in 1836, and engaged in publishing reference papers, pamphlets and books. He published and edited the New York Mechanic, a Whig camjviign paper, 1841-43, and began to publisli The Lady's Maga- zine, The Northern Star and 77ie Freeman's Ad- vocate in 1842 : Tlie Spectator, a religious paper, in 1844 ; the Guard and Odd Fellows' Journal in 1845, and aftprward, successively, the Unionist, the State Register, the Typographical Miscellany, the New York Teacher, the Albany Morning Fx- press and the Albany Daily Statesman. He also published Webstei-'s Almanac, and the Netc Eng- land Historical and Genealogical Register, 1861- 64. He made a studj' and collection of works on the art of printing, part of which was purchased by the New York state library, and projected, edited and annotated an " Historical Series," that proveverpi)rt, Breckinridge courty, Ky., Feb. 10, 1843 : son of Col. David R. and Ann Maria (Allen) Crittenden Murray, and grandson of Col. John and Jane (Logan) Allen. He was educated under private tutors, and in 1861 re- cruited a company for the 3d Kentucky cavalry under Col. S. Jackson, and was elected captain. He was promoted major in November, 1861, and colonel. Aug. 13, 1862, on the death of Colonel Jackson. He was attached to the Army of the Ten- nessee and served in Mundy's brigade, Kennett's division, Stanley's cavalry corps. At Stone's river, Dec. 31, 1862, his regiment prevented the Confederate cavalry cutting communications in the rear of the Federal army and destroying their supplies, and in November, 1863, he was sta- tioned at Caperton's Ferrj-. Tenn. In the Atlantic campaign he commanded the 3d brigade, Kil- patrick's 3d division, Elliott's cavalry corps, and in the battle of Resaca, May 13-16, 1864, when General Kilpatrick was detached on special ser- vice, commanded the division. He subsequently was with Gen. E. M. McCook's cavalry detach- ment in western Kentucky and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. He was graduated at the Louisville Law school in 1866, and was U.S. marshal for Kentucky, 1869-67, He was married in 1876 to Evelyn Neale of Louisville. He was manager of the Louisville Commercial, 1876-80, and in 1880 was appointed by President Hayes governor of Utah Territory and served under reappointment of President Arthur, until IH^Ty, when he resigned. He laid the foundation for tlie abolishment of polygamy in Utah by reporting its many evils to congress. He made his home in Bowling Green, Ky., where he died, Nov. 18, 1896. MURRAY, James Ormsbee, educator, wasbom inCam(ien,S.C.,Nov. 27, 1827; son of James Syng and Aurelia Powell (Pearce) Murray ; grandson of John and Elizabeth (Syng) Murray, and great grandson of Philip Syng, a friend of Benjamin Franklin. His father removed to Springfield, Ohio, in 1836, where he was prepared for college, and he matriculated at Brown university in 1844. He was absent two years on account of ill health, and was graduated valedictorian in ISoO. He was an instructor in Greek at Brown university, 1851-52 ; was graduated from Andover theological seminary in 1854. and was pastor of the Congre- gational church at South Danvers, Mass., 1854-61. He was married, Sept. 22, 1856, to Julia Richards Houghton of Boston. He was pastor at Cam- bridgeport, Mass., 1861-65; associate pastor of the Presbyterian " Brick church ", New York city, 1865-73, and pastor, 1873-75. He was Holmes professor of belles lettres and English language at Princeton university, 1875-99, and was dean of the faculty, 1886-99. He was a trustee of Princeton theological seminary, 1867- 99 ; a director of the seminary, 1874-99 ; vice- president of the board of trustees, 1889-99. He PRiM<:ET0A4 TMeOLO^ICAL SC-', was also a trustee of Union theological seminary, 1869-82. The honorary degree of D.D. was con- ferred on him by the College of New Jersey in 1867, that of A.M. in 1896, and that of LL.D. by Brown university in 1886. The Murray chair of English at Princeton was named in his honor. He compiled and edited The Sacrifice of Praise (1869) ; and edited J, Lewis Diman's Orations and Essays (1881). He is the author of : George Ide Chace, a Memorial (1886); William Oam- mell, LL.D., a Biographical Sketch with Selec- tions from his ivritings (ISQO); Francis Wayland (1891); Selections from the Poetical Wo7-ksof Wil- liam Coicper (1898). His lectures and addresses include : Tlie Debt of Civilization to Literature (1883); The Study of English Literature (1886); Skepticism in Literature (1893), and Religious Belief in Literature (1895); the last two. Stone lectures delivered at Princeton theological semi- nary. He died at Princeton, N.J., March 27, 1899. MURRAY, John, clergyman, was born in Alton, Hampshire, England, Dec. 10, 1741. He removed to Cork, Ii'eland, 1752, and attended .school there. MURRAY MURRAY He became a Methodist preacher, and in 1760 returned to England where he adopted Universa- list doctrines. In 1770 he immigrated to America and preached in several New England cities. Upon the outbreak of tlie Revolutionary war he was chaplain of a brigade of Rhode Island in- fantry, but ill health compelled him to return to Gloucester, Mass., where he established a Univer- salist society. He was a member of the first Uiiiversalist convention that met at Oxford, Mass., in 1758, and adopted the name of Indepen- dent Christian Universalists. He was in charge of a society in Boston, 1793-1815, and was known as the " Father of Universalism ", although his doc- trines differed from those afterwards recognized by that denomination. He was married in 1788 to Judith (Sargent) Stevens, a sister of Winthrop Sargent. She contributed to the Massachusetts Magazine and tlie Boston Weekly 3Iagazine under the pen name "Constantia" and was editor of the Repository and Gleaner (3 vols., 1798), and of An Autobiography of John Murray (1816). She died in Natchez, Miss., June 6, 1820. Mr. Murray is the author of Letters and Sketches. He died in Boston, Mass., Sept. 3. 1815. MURRAY, John M'Kane, author, was born in Glenariffe, county Antrim. Ireland, Dec. 12, 1847. He immigrated to New York with his parents, and was educated at St. John's college, Fordham, and was graduated in medicine from the University of the City of New York. He practised medicine in Brooklyn, N.Y., until 1880, also devoting him- self to literary work. He became a victim to phthisis, and spent the last five years of his life in seeking health. He spoke and read six languages, and contributed regularly to Roman Cafliolic periodicals. He answered the attacks made on the Roman Catholic church and its institutions, and was influential in securing the removal of many objectionable references to that church from text books. He revised Kerney's " General History," and was revising Lingard's " History of England " when he died. He received a medal and a letter from Pope Pius IX. for his Popidar History of the Catholic Church in America (1876). He is also the author of : Tlie Prose and Poetry of Ireland (1877) ; The Catholic Heroes and Hero- ines of America (1878) ; Little Lives of the Great Saints (1879), The Catholic Pioneers of America (1881), and Lessons in English Literature (1883). He died in Chicago, 111., July 30, 1885. MURRAY, Lindley, grammarian, was born in Swatara, Pa., April 23, 1745; son of Robert Murray. His parents were Quakers, and he was educated in the Friends school in Philadelphia. His father settled in New York city in 1753, and he was trained for a mercantile career. He ran away from home in 1759 to escape the severity of his father and began a course of study at BurlingtoUj N.J. He returned to his home in New York shortly afterward, was supplied with a tutor by his father, and with John Jay was a pupil in law under Benjamin Kissam, 1761-65. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1765, being licensed to practise in all the courts in the province, and shortly afterward went to England, where he remained until 1771. He practised law, 1771-75, and in 1775 retired to Islip, Long Island, and spent four years in out-door employment and pleasure. He returned to New York city in 1779 and under the direction of his father made a fortune in com- mercial speculation. He retired from active life at the close of the Revolution and resided first on the Hudson and afterward at Bethlehem, Pa., but ill health forced him to live in England and he settled at Holdgate near York, in 1784. He was confined to his room for sixteen years by a muscular affection. He devoted himself to study and literary work, collected a library of historical, philological and theological works, and wrote "Murray's English Grammar" and "Murray's English Reader", introduced into all the English and American schools. He made a study of botany during the last years of his life, and his garden in its variety and rarity excelled the Royal gardens at Kews. The date of liis marriage was June 22, 1767. Besides his English and French readers and spelling books he is the author of : Tlie Poiver of Religion on the Mind (1787); English Grammar (1795); Selections from Bishop Home's Commentaries on the Psalms (1812) ; Biographical Sketch of Henry Tuke (1815); Compendium of Religious Faith and Practice : designed for Young Persons of the Society of Friends (1815), and On the Duty and Benefit of a Daily Perusal of the Scriptures (1817). See Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Lindley Murray in a Series of Letters written by himself, with a Preface and Continuation by Elizabeth Frank (1826). He died at Holdgate, near York, England, Feb. 16, 1826. MURRAY, Nicholas, clergyman, was born in Ballynaskea, county Westmeath, Ireland, Dec. 25, 1802 ; son of Nicholas and Judith (Magum) Murray. He attended school in Ireland until 1814, when he was apprenticed for three years as a merchant's clerk, and being cruelly treated ran away, and in July, 1818, arrived in New York city. His mother it is said had him cursed from the altar of the Roman Catholic church for his disobedience. He entered the employ of Harper and Brothers, printers, and resided with the family. He was converted to the Methodist and later to the Presbyterian faith and deciding to en- ter the ministry he attended the academy at Am- herst, Mass., 1821-22, was graduated at Williams college, A.B., 1826. A.M., 1829, and studied at Princeton theological seminary, 1826-28. He MURRAY MURRAY served as an agent for the American Tract society during his student days, and was ordained by the presbytery of Susquelianna, Nov. 4, 1829. He was pastor at Wilkesbarre and Kingston, Pa., 1829-33 ; and at Elizabethtown, N.J., 1853-61. He was secretary of the Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Clmrch in 1835, moderator of the general assembly, 1849, and a founder of the New Jersey Historical society. He was a trustee of Princeton theological seminary, 1835-61 : a direc- tor, 1836-61 ; and a trustee of Williams college, 1860-4)1. He received the degree D.D. from Wil- liams college in 1843. In 1847 he wrote over, the signature " Kirwan " a series of letters published in tlie New York Observer, to Archbishop Hughes, in which he attacked the doctrine of the Roman Catliolic church. These resulted in a controversy between the two. Bishop Hughes's letters being published in the Freeman's Journal. He delivered several lectures on " Popery," and in 1851 and 1860 visited Ireland, where he preached and lectured against the Roman Catholic church. He was married in January, 1830, to Eliza J., daughter of the Rev. Morgan John Rliees of Pennsylvania. He is the author of : Notes, His- torical and Biographical, concerning Elizabeth- town. N.J. (I844j; Letters to the Right Rev. John Hughes (1848, enlarged edition 1855) ; Romanism at Home (1852); Men and Things as I saw them in Europe (1853); Parish and Pencillings (1854); Tlie Happy Home (1859); Preachers and Preaching (1860), and ^ Dying Legacy to the People of my Beloved Charge, sermon (ISQl). See Memoir by Samuel I. Prime (1862). He died in Elizabeth- town, N.J., Feb. 4, 1861. MURRAY, Robert, surgeon-general, was born in Howard county, Md., Aug. 6, 1822; son of Daniel and Mary (Dorsey) Murray; grandson of Dr. James and Sarah (Maynadier) Murray and of Edward and Elizabeth Dorsey, and a descendant of Dr. William Murray, born in Scotland, who came to Cambridge, Maryland, in 1716, and of Col. Edward Dorsey, born in Essex county, England, who came to St. Mary's county, Md., about 1645. He was graduated from the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1843 ; was appointed assistant .surgeon U.S.A., June 29, 1846; cap- tain and assistant surgeon in 1851, and major and surgeon, June 23. i860. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel, March 13. 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. He was appointed assistant medical pur- veyor and lieutenant-colonel, U.S.A., 1866; was promoted colonel and surgeon, June 20, 1870 ; colonel and assistant surgeon-general. Dec. 14, 1882 ; brigadier-general and surgeon-general, Nov. 23. 1883, and was retired from active service in the army, Aug. 6, 1886. by operation of law. After 1886 he made his home at Eldridge, Md. MURRAY, Thomas Hamilton, journalist and historian, was born in Brookline, Mass., May 25, 1857 ; son of Robert and Margaret (INIcGinnis) Murray ; grandson of Thomas and Ellen (Mc- Carthy) Murray, and great-grandson of Luke and Mary (Porter) Murray. His fatlier was born in Cork county, Ireland, and his mother at Corn- wallis. Nova Scotia, of Irish parentage. He was educated in the schools of Brookline, Newton, Cambridge and Boston, Mass.; engaged in daily journalism at Boston for several years ; edited daily papers in Providence. R.I., Bridgeport and Meriden. Conn., Lasvrence, Mass., and Woon- socket, R.I.; was one of the founders of the American-Irish Historical society in 1897, and was elected secretary-general of the same. He was married, April 13, 1885, to Mary H. Sullivan of Boston, Mass. He is the author of many papers on historical, genealogical, literary and educa- tional subjects, and in collaboration with the Hon. John C. Linehan of Concord, N.H., wrote : Irish Schoobnasters in the American Colonies, 1G40-1775 (1898), and with George Washington of Dublin, Ireland, Tlie Irish Wash- ingtons at Home and Abroad (1898). Among his published papers are : The Libraries of Boston (1882) ; The Old Schoolmasters of Boston (1884); The Maso7i Name in New England History (1884) ; The TJiayers in AmeHca (1884) ; Thirty Historic American Families (1889) ; The Irish Chapter in the History of Brown University {18%) ; Tlie Irish Soldiers in King Philip's TT ar, 1675-6 (1896) ; The Dempsey Name, Old and Puissant (1896) ; Some Patricks of the American Revolution (1897) ; Five Colonial Rhode Islanders (1897) ; Tlie Irish Mur- ray s and Tlieir American Descendants (1900) ; Tlie Romance of Sarah Alexander (mother of Commodore Perry) (1901); The Story of Miss Fitzgerald, Dartmouth, Mass., 16S7 (1901) ; Rich- ard Dexter, Irishman, Massachusetts Bay Colo- nist, 1641 (1902). nURRAY, William Henry Harrison, author, was born in Guilford, Conn., April 20, 1841 ; son of Dickinson and Sally (]\Iunger) Murray ; grand- son of Calvin and Diadema (Norton) Murray and of Chauncey Munger ; great-grandson of John Murray, and a descendant of John Murray, a Scottish Highlander, who came to America in 1635, and of Tlieodore Munger, who came over with the original settlers to Guilford in 1638. He was fitted for college at Guilford institute ; was graduated from Yale, A. B., 1862; studied theology at East Windsor, Conn., and under pri- vate instructors, and became a Congregational minister in 1863. He preached in Connecticut, 1863-68, being acting pastor at Washington, 1863- 64 ; pastor at Greenwich, 1864-66, and at Meriden, 1866-68. He was pastor of the Park Street church. Boston, Mass., until 1874, when he re- MURRAY MUSSEY signed and engaged in literary work for one year. He\vas preacher and pastor of the Independent Congregational church worsliipping in Music Hall, Boston, 1875-78, and then retired from the ministry to devote himself to travel and author- ship. He was married in 1886 to Frances Mary Rivers, and had four daughters. His published works include: Adventures in the Wilderness (1868) ; Sermons Delivered in Park Street Church and Music Hall, Boston (1870-78) ; Words Fitly Spoken (1873) ; The Perfect Horse (1873) ; Adiron- dack Tales (6 vols., 1877-97) ; Daylight Land (1888) ; Canadian Idyls, Mamelons (1890) ; Cana- dian Idyls. Ungava (1890) ; Holiday Tales (1897) ; Apple Tree's Easter (1900) ; Hoiv I am Educating My Daughters (1901). HURRAY, Wiiliam Vans, diplomatist, was born in Cambridge, Md., in 1762; son of Henry Murray ; grandson of William Murray, who came from Scotland to Cambridge, Md., in 1716, and a descendant on his mother's side of Bartholomew Ennalls, who came to Maryland about 1669. William Vans Murray was educated in Maryland until 1783, when he went to London, England, and studied law in the Temple. He returned to Maryland in 1785, practised law and represented Dorchester county in the Maryland legislature. He was a Federalist representative in the 2d, 3d and 4th congresses and served from Oct. 24, 1791, to March 3, 1797. In 1797 he was appointed by President Washington U.S. minister to the Netherlands, where he restored the harmony which had been interrupted through the influ- ence of France. He was appointed by President Adams sole envoy-extraordinary to France in 1799, but was afterward associated with Judge Oliver Ellsworth and Gov. William R. Davie. The Convention of Paris, Sept. 30, 1800, which put an end to the difficulty between France and the United States, was accomplished mainly through his efforts. He returned to his duties in the Netherlands in October, 1800, and in 1801 re- signed and returned to Maryland. He published The Constitution and Laws of the United States, a pamphlet. He died at Cambridge, Dorchester county, Md., Dec. 11. 1803. MUSQRAVE, George Washington, clergy- man, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 19, 1804 ; son of Joseph and Catharine (Schaumenkessel) Musgrave. He was prepared for the junior class of the College of New Jersey at Dr. Samuel B. Wylie's classical academy, but ill nealth pre- vented his entering, and he continued his studies privately and attended Princeton Theological seminary, 1836-27. He was licensed by the pres- bytery of Baltimore, Nov. 5, 1828, and engaged in city mission work. He was ordained pastor of the 3d Presbyterian church of Baltimore, July 85, 1830, and served, 1830-52 ; was corresponding secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Publica- tion, 1853-53, and of the Board of Domestic Mis- sions, 1853-61 and 1868. He was pastor of the North Penn church, Philadelphia, Pa., 18G3-68 : moderator of the General assembly, 1868 ; presi- dent of the Presbyterian Alliance, Philadelphia, 1870-82, and was chairman of the joint committee on reconstruction between the old and new school branches of the church. He was president of the board of trustees of the Presbyterian Histori- cal society, 1876-82 ; of the Presbyterian hospital for several years ; a director of the Princeton Theological seminary, 1837-83, and a trustee of the College of New Jersey, 1859-82. The honorary degree of S.T.D. was conferred on him bv the College of New Jersey in 1845 and that of LL.D. by the University of Indiana in 1862. He is tlie author of : Polity of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States (1843) ; sermons: Sermon on the death of Maj. James Oiven Law (1847); Vindication of Religious Liberty (1834) ; Brief Expos it io7i and Vindication of the Doctrine of the Divine Decrees (1843) ; Sermon on the Death of the Rev. Dr. WilUayn Kevins (1835). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 34, 1882. MUSICK, John Roy, author, was born in St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 28, 1849. He was graduated at Northern Missouri State Normal school, B.S., 1874, and was admitted to the bar in 1877. He practised in Kirkville, Mo., 1877-82, and was U.S. commissioner there for ten years. In 1882 he gave up the practice of law to devote himself to literature. He was married, June 13, 1876, to Augusta P. Roszelle. He was a member of the Society of American Authors ; of the Western Authors' Club of Kansas City, and of the Authors' Guild of New York, of which he was twice elected president. He is the author of : Brother against Brother; Banker of Bedford; Calamity Row; Columbian Historical Xovels (12 vols. 1891 et seq.) ; History Stories of Missouri (1897) : Hawaii: Our Neiv Possessions (1898) ; The War with Spain (1898) ; Lights and Shadotvs of the War with Sjxiin (1898) ; His Brother's Crime; Cuba Libre. He died in Omaha, Neb., from injuries received while rescuing the injured after a cyclone at Kirkville. Mo., April 14, 1901. MUSSEY, Ellen Spencer, educator and law- yer, was born in Geneva, Ohio, May 13, 1850 ; daughter of Piatt R. and Persis (Duty) Spencer ; granddaughter of Caleb Spencer, a Revolutionary soldier, and a descendant on the maternal side from Moses Warren, an officer of the war of the Revolution, and on the paternal side from the English Spencer family. Her fatlier was author of the Spencerian system of penmanship. She attended private academies, was principal of the ladies department. Spencerian college, D.C., and married in 1871 Gen. Reuben D. Mussey. She MUSSEY MUTCHMORE studied law and was associated with her luis- band in practice in Washington, D.C., until his death in 1S92, when she continued the practice alone. She was attorney for several foreign lega- tions ; for many national, patriotic and labor organizations ; was an incorporator of, and attorney for, the American National Red Cross society, and was appointed a delegate to the seventh international conference of the so- ciety at St. Petoi-sburg. May, 1902. Slie was president of the Legion of Loyal Women ; founder and dean of tlie Washington College of Law, and professor of the law of torts and of corpor- ation law at the college. She secured the pas- sage of the bill giving to each parent the same right to their children ; also, giving mar- ried women the right to engage in business and control their own earnings, and secured the first appropriation for a public kindergarten in the District of Columbia. The degree of LL.M. was conferred on lier by W;ishington College of Law, in 1S99. MUSSEY, Reuben Dimond, surgeon and edu- cator, was born at Pelham, Hillsboro county, N.H., June 23, 1780 ; son of Dr. John and Beulah (Butler) Mussey. He taught school and worked on a farm to obtain money to complete his educa- tion. He was graduated from Dartmouth. A.B., 1803. A.M., 1806. M.D., 1806. and practised in Essex, 1806-09, meanwhile attending a course of lectures in the University of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated M.D., 1809. He removed to Salem, Mass., where he practised medicine and .surgery with Dr. Daniel Oliver, 1809-14. He was profes- sor of theory and practice of medicine at Dart- mouth, 1814-20, and professor of anatomy and surgery, 1822-38, meanwhile engaging in general practice in Hanover and lecturing occasionally on materia medica and obstetrics. In 1818 he delivered a course of lectures on chemistry at Middlebury college, Vt., and also lectured on anatomy and surgery at Bowdoin college, 1833-35, and at the medical college at Fairfield, N.Y. He was professor of surgery at the Oliio Medical col- lege, 1838-53, and at Miami Medical college, 1852- 58. He resided in Boston, Mass., 1858-00. He was the first to prove that intra-capsular frac- tures could be united ; tlie first to tie both carotid arteries, and in 1877 removed the entire shoulder-blade and collar-bone of an osteo-sarcoma patient. He was president of the New Hamp- shire Medical society ; a fellow of Pliiladelphia Medical ollege : honorary member of the Massa- chusetts Meilical .society, and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was twice married ; first to Mary Sewall, and .secondly to Hetty, daughter of Dr. Osgood of Salem, Mass. Of his children, William Heberdon (1818-18S2) became an eminent surgeon in Cincinnati, Ohio, was professor of operative and chemical surgery at Miami Medical college, 1805-82 ; .surgeon-gen- eral of Ohio ; manager of tlie public library of Cincinnati, 1870-81, and founder of the Mussey scientific and medical library there, a memorial to liis father. Another son. Gen. Reuben D., was a soldier in tlie civil war, a lawj'er in Washington, D.C., and the husband of Ellen Spencer Mussey (q.v.) Dr. Musssey received the honorary degree of A.M. from Harvard in 1809, and that of LL.D. from Dartmouth in 1854. He is the author of Health : Its Friends and Foes (1862). He died in Boston. Mass., June 21. 1866. MUTCHLER, William, representative, was born at Chain Dam, near Easton, Pa., Dec. 21, 1831 ; son of John (1792-1838), and Margaret (Melick) Mutchier ; grandson of Valentine and Catharine (Steinbach) Mutchier, and great-grand- son of Valentine Mutchier, who came from near Hamburg, Germany, with two brothers, on the ship Duke of Bedford and landed in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 1751. AVilliam Mutchier studied law with his elder brother, Henry Melick Mutchier, and practised in Easton, Pa., 1852-93. He was prothonotary of Northampton county, 1800-66 ; assessor of internal revenue, 1867-09 : chaii'inan of the Democratic state committee, 1869-70 ; del- egate to all the Democratic national conventions from 1876 until his death, and a Democratic representative from the eighth district of Pennsyl- vania in the 44th, 47th, 48th, olst and 52d con- gresses, 1875-77, 1881-85 and 1889-93. In 1892 he was elected to theo3d congress but did not live to take his seat. His son, Howard Mutchier, proprie- tor and editor of the Easton Daily Express and of the Northampton Democrat, succeetled to his i^eat in the 53d, 1893-95. William Mutchier died in Easton, Pa., June 23, 1893. MUTCHMORE, Samuel Alexander, clergy- man and editor, was born in Ohio, May 12, 1830 ; son of Alexander and Mary Brady (McCune) Mutchmore, and grandson of Col. Thomas and Mary ( Brady) McCune. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812 and his maternal grand- motlier a sister of Gen. Hugh and Col. Samuel Brady. He was a student at Ohio university and in the junior class of Indiana universitj, 1853, and was graduated at Centre college, Ky., 1854. He was a student in the Danville Theologi- cal seminary, 1854-57 ; was home missionary at Bowling Green for southern Kentucky, 1858-59 ; was ordained at Columbia, Mo., 1859; pastor at Fulton, Mo., 1800-02 ; at Carondelet, Mo.. 1803-66 : of Cohocksink church, Philadelphia, 1806-75; of Alexander Presbyterian church, 1875-82. and of Memorial church, 1882-98. He founded also a Collegiate chapel, 19th and York streets, Phila- delpliia. Pa. He purchased a half interest in Ute Presbyterian in 1873 ; became one of the work- MUZZEY MYER ing editors, and was sole proprietor and chief editor at the time of liis death. He was mod- erator of the Presbyterian S3'nod of Pennsylvania, 1891, and moderator of the general assembly at Saratoga, N.Y., 1894. He was married, July 27, 1882, to Mary (Burtis) Reynolds of "VVilkesbarre, Pa. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from Lafayette college in 1871 and that of LL. D. from Centre college, Ky., in 1894. He is the author of : Mites against Millions (1883 ;) The Moghul, The Mongol, TJie Mikado and The Mis- sionary (1887) ; Spiritual Volapuk (1890). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 30, 1898. MUZZEY, Artemas Bowers, clergyman and author, was born in Lexington, Mass., Sept. 21, 1803 ; son of Amos and Lydia (Boutelle) Muzzey ; grandson of Amos and Abegail (Bowers) Muzzey, and of Timothy Boutelle, and a descendant of Benjamin and Alice (Dexter) Muzzy. He was graduated at Harvard A.B., 1824, A.M., 1827, B.D., 1828. He was ordained to the Uni- tarian ministry, June 10, 1830 ; was pastor at Framingham, Mass., 1830-33; at Cambridgeport, 1834-54; at Concord, N.H., 1854-57, and at New- buryport, Mass., 1857-65. He retired in the latter year to Cambridge, Mass., and devoted himself to literary work, and also filled the pulpit at Chestnut Hill, Brookline, Mass., for several years. He was an overseer at Harvard, 1860-66 ; a member of tlie state board of education, and received the degree D.D. from Tuftsin 1890. He was married, June 26, 1831, to Hepsabeth, daughter of Enoch Patterson of Boston, Mass., and secondly to Lucy J. Moseley of Newburyport, Mass. He is the author of : The Young Man's Friend (1836) ; Sundajj-School Guide (1837) ; Moral Teacher (1839) ; The Young Maiden (1840) ; Man, a Soul (1842) ; The Fireside (1849) ; Tlie Sab- both School Hymn and Time-Book (1855) ; Christ in the Will, the Heart, and the Life, sermons (1861) ; The Blade and the Ear. Thoughts for a Young Man (1864) ; Value of Study of Intellectual Philosophy to the Minister (1869) ; The Higher Education (1871) ; Personal Recollections of the Rev. Dr. Channing (1874-75) ; Immortality in the Sight of Scripture and Science (1876) ; Personal Recollections of Men in the Battle of Lexington (1877) ; Truths Consequent on Belief in a God (1879) ; Reminiscences of Men of the Revolution and their Families (1882) ; Education of Old Age (1884), and Prime Movers of the Revolution known to the Writer (1890). He died in Cam- bridge, Mass., April 21, 1893. MYER, Albert James, scientist, was born in Newburgh, N.Y.. Sept. 20, 1827 ; son of Henry Beekman and Elinor Pope (McClanahan) Myer ; grandson of Simon Johnson and Cornelia (Thorn) Myer and of Robert and Elinor (Baird) McClana- han, and a descendant of Jan Dircksen and vm.— 3 Tryntje Andriesse (Grevenraet) Myer, who emi- grated from Amsterdam to New Amsterdam previous to 1652. He was graduated at Hobart college, A.B., 1847, A.M., 1850, and at Buffalo Medical college in 1851, He entered the U.S. army as an assistant surgeon, Sept. 18, 1854, and served in Texas, 1854-57. He was married, Aug. 24, 1857, to Catherine, daughter of Judge Ebenezer and Susan (Marvin) Walden. He was on special signal service duty, 1858-60, when he devised a system for signalling messages with accuracy and rapidity for many miles, by the use of flags during the day and torches at night. He was promoted major and signal officer of the U.S. army, June 27, 1860 ; served on the department staff, June to October, 1860, and in the depart- ment of New Mexico until May, 1861, when he engaged in expeditions against the Navajo In- dians. He was signal officer on the staff of Gen- eral Butler ; organized and commanded the signal camp at Fort Monroe, Va. ; served as aide-de- camp to General McDowell, and was engaged in the first battle of Bull Run. He was chief signal officer on the staff of General McClellan, estab- lished camps of instruction, organized signal parties and introduced the system of signalling at the U.S. Naval academy. He commanded the signal corps of the Army of the Potomac, parti- cipated in the advance on Manassas, the siege of Yorktown and tlie battles of Williamsburg, West Point, Hanover Court House, Seven Pines, Fair Oaks, Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mill, Savage Sta- tion, White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, South Mountain and Antietam. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. May 27, 1863, and colonel, July 2, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at Hanover Court House and Malvern Hill, Va. He had charge of the signal office at Washington, D.C. from March to November, 1863 ; was pro- moted colonel, March 3, 1863 ; introduced the study of military signals into the U.S. Military academy in that year, and was a member of the central board of examination for admittance to the U.S. signal corps. He served on reconnois- sance of the Mississippi river between Cairo, 111., and Memphis, Tenn., December, 1863, to May, 1864 ; was chief signal officer of the military division of West Mississippi from May, 1864, to the close of the war ; served on the staff of General Canby, and participated in the capture of Fort Gaines. He was brevetted brigadier-general of the U.S. army, March 13, 1865. for distin- guished services in organizing, instructing and commanding the signal corps of the army and for its special service, Oct. 5. 1864, when the post and provision at Allatoona, Ga. , were saved from capture through the aid of the signals. He was promoted chief signal oflicer with the rank of colonel, July 28, 1866, and on Nov. 1, 1870, having MYER MYERS been entrusted with the experiments in tele- graphing and signalling the approach and force of storms, made his first observations which were received at twenty-four stations at twenty-tive minutes of eight in the morning and on Novem- ber 8, telegraphed his first storm warning to the stations on the Great Lakes. He represented the United States at the international congress of meteorologists in Vienna in 1873, and at tlie meteorological congress at Rome in 1879. He was promoted brigadier-general by congress, June 16, 1880, as a reward for his services. In 1873 he established a daily international bulletin and in 1878 a daily international chart in connec- tion with the signal service bureau ; a system of day and night signals for navigation, and a system of reports for the benefit of interior com- merce and for farmers. Hobart conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. in 1872 and Union that of Ph.D. in 1875. He is the author of Manual of Signals for the U.S. Army and Navy (1868). He died in Buffalo, N.Y. Aug. 24, 1880. MYER, Isaac, lawyer and author, was born in Philadelphia. Pa., March .5, 1836 ; son of Isaac and Margaretta (Shade) Myer ; grandson of Ben- jamin and Sarah (Riggs) Myer and of Peter and Susannah (Warner) Sliade, and a descendant of Martin Janszen Myer and of Edward Riggs, whose son Sargeant, Edward Riggs, fought in the Pequot war with the men from Roxbury, and settled in Newark, N.J., in 1666. Martin Janszen Myer emigrated to America from Holland in 1653 or earlier, and was a member of the Dutch Reformed Church, and Edward Riggs emigrated from Naz- ing parish, Waltham Abbey, Essex county, Eng- land, in the spring of 1633, and settled in Rox- bury, Mass. He was originally of the Anglican Church but emigrated as a Puritan. Isaac at- tended the academies of Philadelpliia, was grad- uated from the law department of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1857, and practised in Philadelphia and New Yi)rk. He was married in June, 1889, to Mary H. (Abbott) Sliarpsteen, then of New Y'ork. He was U.S. commissioner of western Pennsylvania in 1863 et seq. He was elected to membership in numerous societies, in- cluding the Numismatic and Antiquarian society ; the Royal Numismatic society of Belgium ; the New England society, the Holland society, the Society of Colonial wars, the Huguenot Society of America ; the American Oriental society ; the New Yorkand Pennsylvania historical societies,and the Society of American Authors. His library, which was rich in Oriental subjects and included many valuable manuscripts of his own, he bequeathed to the Lenox library. He devoted himself to literary and archseological work and is the autlior of : Presidential Power over Personal Liberty (1862) ; 27t€ Waterloo Medal (1885) ; The Qab- halah : The Philosophy of Ibn Gebirol. or Avice- bron (1888); On Dreams by Synesius (1888); Scarabs (1894) ; The Oldest Books in the World; Taken from the Papyri and Monuments (1900). He died at Narragansett Pier, R.I., Aug. 2, 1902. MYERS, Car^ Edgar, aeronautical engineer, was born at Fort Herkimer, N.Y\, March 2, 1842. son of Abram H. and Eliza Ann (Cristman) M3-ers ; and grandson of Michael Frederick and Margaret Myers and of Jacob and Mary Elizabeth (Small; Cristman. After attending the common schools he was employed as carpenter, mechanician, plumber, electrician and chemist, to 1864; banker, 1861-67 ; photograi)her, 1864-80 ; printer, 1870-86, and devoted his attention chiefly to aeronautical engineering after 1878. He became known as the inventor of new or improved systems for gen- erating gases, and as the constructor of hydrogen balloons and airships, including the aerial veloci- pede, gas kite, sky-cj'cle and electrical aerial tor- pedo. He married, Nov. 8, 1871, Mary Breed Hawley, the air current navigator " Carlotta." He wrote Aerial Adventures of /Carlotta (1883) and many contributions to periodicals. MYERS, Edward Howell, educator, was born in Orange county, N.Y., in 1816. He removed to Florida with his parents and attended school there ; was graduated from Randolph-Macon col- lege, Va., 2d in the class of 1838, A.M., in 1841. He taught in the Georgia Conference Manual Labor school at Oxford, Ga., an institution which subsequently became Emory college. He was admitted to the Georgia conference of the Methodist Episcopal church in January, 1841, and was an itinerant preacher, 1841-45. He was pro- fessor of national science at the Wesleyan Female college, Macon, Ga., 1845-51, and presi- dent of the college, 1851-54 and 1871-74. He was editor of the Southern Christian Advocate, Charleston, S.C, 1854-71. He was pastor of Trinity church, Savannah, Ga., 1874-76; was ciiairman of the Southern commission that met at Cape May, N.J..in 1876 to bring about a reunion of the Northern and Southern Methodist Episcopal churches, and had about completed this mission when the yellow fever broke out in Savannah, and he immediately rejoined his congregation and died of fever in Savanah, Ga., Sept. 26. 1876. MYERS, Henry van Schoonhoven, clergy- man, was born in New Y'ork city. May 27, 1842 ; son of James and Mary Skidmore (Wrigiit) Myers ; grandson of Peter Michael and Mary (Van Schoonhoven) Myers and of Benjamin and Martha (Herriman) Wright, and great-grandson of Michael Myers, a soldier in the Continental army, wounded at the battle of Johnstown. He prepared for college at the Polytechnic institute, Brooklyn, N.Y., was a student at the University of the City of New Y^ork, 1860-63, and was grad- MYERS MYLES uated from Williams college, A.B., 1865, A.M., 1868. He was pastor of the Reformed Dutch church at Upper Red Hook, N.Y"., 1871-74 ; of the South Reformed church of Brooklyn, X.Y''. , 1874— 82 ; the American Reformed church at Newburg, N.Y^., 1882-91 ; the Union Reformed church of New Y^ork city, 1891-94, and was installed as pastor of the Church of the Comforter. New Y'ork city, in 1894. The University of the City of New York gave him the degree of D.D. in 1885. He was married, April 4, 1871, to Margaret Blanche Martin of New Y'ork city, and of his children, Angle Martin Myers became a physician and labored in Amoy, China, and Charles Morris Myers devoted himself to missionary work in Steele college. Nagasaki, Japan. MYERS, Leonard, representative, was born near Attleborough, Bucks county, Pa., Nov. 13, 1837 ; son of Arnault and Fleurette (Gottschalk) Myers. He attended the University of Pennsyl- Tania. 1842-43 ; studied law, and practised in Philadelphia, Pa. He was a Republican repre- sentative in the 38th-43d congresses, 1863-75. During the threatened invasion of Pennsylvania in September, 1862, he served as major of the 9th regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers. He was married, in 1853, to Hettie de Benneville, daughter of John May Keim of Reading, Pa. He was solicitor of two of the municipal districts of Phil- adelphia before the consolidation, and is the author of: The Village Doctor {ISY!) ; Money Bags and Titles (1850) ; A Digest of the Ordinances for the Consolidation of the City of Philadelphia (1874) ; translations from the French, and many articles from the leading magazines and news- papers. His last service politically was as a presi- dential elector on the McKinley and Hobart ticket, serving, in January, 1897, as president of the Pennsylvania electorial college. On retiring from public life, Mr Myers resumed the practice of law in Philadelpliia. MYERS, Phiisp Van Ness, educator, was born in Tribes Hill, N.Y'., Aug. 10, 1846 ; son of Jacob and Catharine L. (Morris) Myers. He attended Gilmore academy, Ballston Spa. N.Y""., was gradu- ated from Williams college, A.B., 1871, A.M., 1874, and studied at Y'ale law school, 1873-74. He was principal of Pompey academy, N.Y''., 1869-70, and of Naples academy, N.Y., 1870-71. He was married at Pompey, N.Y., in 1875, to Ida Cornelia Miller. He was president of Farmers (later Bel- mont) college, Ohio, 1879-91, and was elected professor of history and political economy at the University of Cincinnati, in 1891. He was made a member of the American Historical association about 1885. The degree of LL.B. was conferred on him by Y^ale university in 1890, and that of L.H.D. by Miami university in 1891. He is the author of : Remains of Lost Empires (1874) ; Ancient History (1882) ; Mediceval and Modern History (1885); General History (1889); History of Greece (1895). and Rome, Its Rise and Fall (1900). MYERS, William Shields, educator, was born in Albany, N.Y"., Dec. 15, 1866, son of Benjamin F.Myers. He attended the Albany academy, 1881-85 ; was graduated from Rutgers college B.D., 1889, M.D., 1894; and studied in Munich, Berlin and London, 1890-92. He was married at New Brunswick, N. J., Sept. 11,1889, to Annie Tayler Lambert. He joined the state geological survey in 1893 and was appointed professor of chemistry at Rutgers college the same year. He was elected a member of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science ; the Society of Chemical Industry of Great Britain ; the American Chemical society, the British Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, and a fel- low of the Chemical society of London. He is the author of several papers on chemistry con- tributed to scientific journals. MYLES, Samuel, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., in 1604; son of John and Ann (Humfrey) Myles. His father, a Baptist minister, came from Swansea, Wales ; became pastor in Rehoboth, Mass., in 1663, and died Feb. 3, 1683. Samuel graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1684, A.M., 1687, and taught school in Charlestown, Mass., 1684-87. He visited England, and there is presumed to have received ordination to the Anglican ministry. He was the first rector of King's chapel, Boston, 1(»89- 92 ; was in Eng- land, 1693-96 where he re-' ceived grants ''| of communion plate from ' Queen Anne, and also the \ royal bounty, and an annuity of £100 for the^ support of an ' assistant min- ister for King's chapel. He re- turned in 1696 with the Rev. Joseph Dansey, who was to be his assistant, but who died on the voyage, and in 1698 he married Ann, the widow of his deceased assistant. She died on March 17, 1728. He laid the corner stone of Christ church, Boston, in 1723, of which church the Rev. Dr. Timothy Cutler was the first rector. He retired as rector of King's chapel on account of ill health, in 1727. He received the degree of A.M. from Oxford in 1693. He died in Boston, Mass., March 4, 1728. NAGLE NASH N. NAQLE, James, soldier, was born in Reading, Pa., April '), 18'22. He enlisted in the 1st Penn- sylvania volunteers upon the outbreak of the war with Mexico, and was stationed at Perote Castle in command of a regiment, to keep open com- munication with Vera Cruz during the siege. He was present at the battles of Huamantla, Puebla and Atlixco, and after the capture of the city of Mexico, Sept. 14, 1837, was stationed at San Angel. He was mustered out of service at Phil- adelphia, Pa., July 27. 1848, and was presented with a sword by the citizens of Schuylkill county. Pa. He was commissioned colonel of the 6th Pennsylvania regiment in 1861, and later in the year organized the 48th Pennsylvania reg- iment, of which lie was made colonel. He com- manded tlie 1st brigade, 2nd division, 9th armj' corps. Army of the Potomac, and was engaged in the battles of South Mountain. Md., Sept. 14, 1862; Crampton's Gap., Sept 14, 1862, and Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862. He made a gallant effort to approach and cross Antietam bridge, which, although futile, prepared the way for the subsequent capture of the bridge. He was commissioned brigadier-general, Sept. 10, 1862. and on March 13, 1863. his commission was renewed, and he served in Kentucky until May 9, 1863, when he resigned. He organized the 39th Pennsylvania regiment in June, 1863, and was commissioned its colonel. He commanded a brigade during Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, and was honorably mustered out of .service, Aug. 2, 1863. He organized and was colonel of the 149th Pennsylvania regiment in 1864, and guarded the approaches to Baltimore. He died in Pottsville, Pa., Aug. 22, 1866. NAQLEE, Henry Morris, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. l.j, 1815. He was graduated from tiie U.S. Military academy in 1835, and was appointed to the 5th infantry. He resigned his commission, Dec. 31, 1835, and en- gaged as a civil engineer, 183.5-46. At the out- break of the war with Mexico, he was commis- sioned a captain in the 1st New York volunteers, Aug. 15, 1846. He served throughout the war in California, and engaged in the banking business in San Franciso, 1849-61. He was re-appointed to the U.S. army, as lieutenant-colonel of the 16th U.S. infantry. May 14. 1861, and resigned, Jan. 10, 1862. to accept appointment as brigadier-gen- eral in the volunteer service. Feb. 4. 1862. He took part in the defence of Washington ; in tlie Peninsula campaign of 1862, wiiere he com- manded the 1st brigade, 3d division, 4th army corps, at Williamsburg, Va., May 6. 1862, and wa.s charged with the defence of White Oak cros.sing. He commanded the 1st brigade, 2d division, 4th army corps, at the battle of Seven Pines, May 31, 1862, wliere he was severely wounded, and the same brigade in the seven days battle about Richmond, Va., June 26 — July 2, 1862. He commanded a division in the depart- ment of North and South Carolina, in 1863, and was in command of the 7th army corps. July to August, 1863, at Harper's Ferry, Va., and in com- mand of the District of Virginia, August and September, 1863. He was on waiting orders at Cincinnati, Ohio, November, 1863, to April 4, 1864, when he was mustered out of service. He re- turned to San Francisco where he resumed his banking business ; established vineyards in San Jose, Cal., and engaged in distilling brandy. He died in San Francisco, Cal., March 5, 1886. NANCE, Albinus, governor of Nebraska, was born at Lafayette, 111., March 30, 1848 ; son of Hiram and Sarah (Smith) Nance ; grandson of William and Nancy (Smith) Nance, and of French Huguenot ancestry. He prepared for college in the schools of Lafayette and Kewanee. III. ; enlisted as a private in company H., 9th Illinois volunteer cavalry, April 24, 1864, and served un- til the close of the civil war. He matriculated at Knox col- lege, Galesburg, in the class of 1870, but left at the close of his freshman year and began the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 1872 and practised in Osceola, Neb. He was married, Sept. 30, 1875, to Sarah, daugh- ter of Egbert and Mary White of Farragut, Iowa. He was elected governor of Nebraska in 1879, and after the close of his second term in 1883, engaged as a banker and broker in Chicago, III. NAPHEN, Henry Francis, repre.sentative, was born in Ireland, Aug. 14, 1852. He immigrated to America with his parents in his youth and set- tled in Lowell, Mass. He attended the public schools ; pursued a course of studj' under private tutors ; was graduated at Harvard Law school, LL.B., 1878; took a post-graduate course there, and subsequently attended Boston University Law .school. He was admitted to the bar in 1880 and practised in Boston. He was a member of the school committee of the city, 1882-85 ; state senator, 1885-86; was appointed bail commission- er by the justice of the superior court, and was a Democratic representative in tlie .56th and 57lh congresses. 1899-1903. NASH, Abner, delegate, was born in Prince Edward county, Va., Aug. 8, 1716, of Welsh ancestrj'. He removed with his parents to New Berne, N.C., where he attended school, studied NASH NASH the spring of 1 law and practised with great success. He was a representative in the first provincial congress which met in New Berne, Aug. 25, 177-4, and was a delegate to the succeeding provincial congresses in 1775. In February, 1776, he was a member of a committee sent to Charleston to devise measures to unite the southern colonies. He was a member of the council, served on the committee that drew up the state constitution and was the first speaker of the new state senate. He was a representative in the provincial congress which met at Halifax, April 4, 1776, and was ^s===^ speaker of the state senate in 1777 and in 1779. In 1777 Nash county was formed and named in his honor, and Jones county in honor of the maiden name of his wife. He was governor of North Caro- lina, 1779-81. He resigned m as the legislature refused to support him in prosecuting the war, and was suc- ceeded by Thomas Burke. He was a member of the state assembly, 1782-85, and was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1782-86. While on the way to New York to take his seat in congress, he died in Philadelphia. Pa., Dec. 2, 1786. NASH, Charles Ellwood, educator, was born in Allamuchy, Warren county, N.J., March 31, 1855 ; son of Charles Pitman and Sarah Ann (Wade) Nash ; grandson of Anson and Hester (Huffman) Nash, and of Homer and Julia K. (Reeves) Wade. He was educated in the public schools of Bay City, Mich., and at Curry's acad- emy, Newton, Iowa, and was graduated at Lom- bard university, Galesburg, 111., A.B., 1875. A.M., 1878. He was graduated B.D. , from Tufts College Divinity school, Mass., in 1878, and was ordained to the Universalist ministry at Stamford, Conn., June 10, 1878. He was married, December 31, 1878, to Clara Maria, daughter of Nathan Hale Sawtelle of Livermore, Maine. He was pastor at Abington, Mass., 1877-78; at Stamford, Conn., 1878-81; at Newtonville, Mass., 1881-84 ; at Akron, Oliio, 1884-91, and at Brooklyn, N.Y., 1891-95. He was elected president of Lombard university (now Lombard college), Galesburg. 111., in 1895. He received the degree of S.T.D. from Tufts col- lege in 1891. He contributed to The Colmnbian Congress of tlie Universalist church in 1893, and to Our Word and Work for missions in 1894, and is the author of : Tlie Saviour of the World (1895). NASH, Francis, soldier, was born in Prince Edward county, Va., May 10, 1720 ; brother of Abner Nash (q.v.). He removed with his parents to New Berne, N.C.; was clerk of the superior court of Orange county, and held a captain's com- mission in the British army. He opposed the Regulators at the battle of Alamance in 1771 ; was a member of the Provincial congress of North Carolina in August, 1775, and was ap- pointed lieutenant-colonel of the 1st North Carolina regiment. He was promoted briga- dier-general by the Continental congress in February, 1777 ; commanded a brigade in the bat- tle of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777, and was mor- tally wounded. Congress voted $500 for a monu- ment to his memory, which was never erected. He died at Germantown, Pa., Oct. 7, 1777. NASH, Frederick, jurist, was born in New Berne, N.C., Feb. 8, 1781 ; son of Gov. Abner and (Jones) Nash, and a nephew of Gen. Francis Nash (q.v.). He attended school at Wil- liamsboro and New Berne, and was graduated fron\ the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1799, A.M., 1802. He practised law in New Berne : was representative in the state legislature, 1804-05, 1814-15 and 1827-28 ; judge of the superior court, 1819-44, and was transferred to the supreme court in 1844, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Gaston. He succeeded Judge Ruflfin, resigned, as chief justice of the supreme court, 1852-58, and on his death in 1858, was suc- ceeded by Judge Ruffin, reappointed. The Uni- versity of North Carolina, of which he was a trustee, 1807-57, conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1853. He was married in 1803 to Mary Kollock of Elizabethtown, N. J., and their son, Henry Kollock Nash (University of North Carolina A.B. , 1836), was a lawj^er and mem- ber of the general assembly. Judge Frederick Nash died at Hillsborough, N.C., Dec. 4, 1858. NASH, George Kilburn, governor of Ohio, was born in Medina county, Ohio, Aug. 14. 1842 ; son of Asa and Electa (Branch) Nash ; grandsoni of Capt. Asa Nash, and a descendant of Thomas Nash. He was a student at Oberlin college, 1862- 64 ; on leaving college entered the army, and then studied law. He removed to Colum- bus, Ohio, in 1865 ; was ad- mitted to the bar in 1867, and practised law in Columbus. He was cliief clerk in the of- fice of the secretary of state of Ohio, 1869 ; prosecuting attorney of Franklin county, 1870-74, and attorney-general of the state, 1880-83. He was married in April, 1882, to Ada M. Dishler, widow of W. K. Dishler. He was a member of the state supreme court commission, 1883-85 ; chairman of the Republican executive committee in 1880, 1881 and 1897 ; unsuccessful candidate for the nomination as governor of Ohio in 1895, but was nominated in June, 1899. He was elected to the ofiice, Nov. 7, 1899, and rp- elected in 1901, his second term expiring, Janu- ary, 1904. NASON NAST NASON, Elias, clergyman and author, was born in Wrentham, Mass., April 21, 1811. He was graduated from Brown university, A.B., 183o. A.M., 183G. and taught in Cauibridge. Mass., 1835-36, and in Augusta, Ga., 1830-40. He edited tlie Georgia Courier and delivered lectures on the flora of the south. He edited the Watch Tower, Newburyport, Ma-ss. ; was a teacher of the Liitin and higli school, 1840-49, and master of the high school at Milford, Mass., 1849-52. lie was pastor of t!ie Fir.st church (Congregational) at Xatick, 1852-58; pastor at Medford. 1858-60; Exeter. N.H., 1860-65; resided at North Bil- lerica, Mass., 1865-87 ; wjvs pastor at Dracut, Mass. , 1865-77, and at Lowell, Mass. , 1877-85. He served as a member of the Cliristian commission during the civil war ; was a member of the New England Historic Genealogical society ; of the New York Historical society, and of the American Antiquarian society. He edited the i\'eic England Historical aiid Genealogical Register and is the author of: Songs for the School Room (1842) ; Christomathie Frangaise (1849) ; Memoir of Rev. Xathaniel Howe (1851) ; Thou Shalt Not Steal (1852) ; Strength and Beauty of the Sanctu- ary (1854) ; Congregational Hymn Book (1857) ; Hymn and Tune Book (1858) ; Our Obligations to Defend Our Country, and Sermons on the War (1861) : Songs for Social and Public Worship (1862) : Eulogy on Eaivard Everett (1865) ; Foun- tains of Salvation (1865) ; Eulogy on Abraham Lincoln (1865) ; Life of Sir Charles Henry Frank- land (1865) ; Gazetteer of Massachusetts (1872) ; Life of Henry Wilson (1872) ; Lives of Moody and Sankey (1872) ; Histoi-y of Middlesex County (1872). and left in manuHcript a. History of Hop- kinton and History of the Nason Family. He died in North Billerica, Mass., June 17, 1887. NASSAU, Charles William, educator, was born in Philadelpliia, Pa., April 12, 1804; son of William anrl Ann (Parkinson) Nassau ; grand.son of Charles William and Hester (Clymer) Nassau, and great-grandson of Charles John Von Nassau, the immigrant, who came from tlie Duchy of Nassau and settled in Pennsylvania, 1745. He was graduated from the University of Pennsyl- vania, A.B., 1821. A.M., 1824 ; attended Princeton Theological seminary in 1822, and was ordained by the presbytery of Philadelphia, Nov. 16, 1825. He was married in May, 1828. to Hannah, daugh- ter of Robert and Isabella (Todd) Hamill, and granddaughter of Col, Andrew Todd. He was pastor at Norristown, Pa., 1825-28; was teacher of a school for boys in Montgomery Sfiuare, Pa., 1829-32, and pastor in various parts of Pennsyl- vania, 1832-.33. He was professor of Latin and Greek at Marion college, Mo., 1836-38, and at Lafayette college, 1841-50, and vice-president of tlie latter, 1841-49. Upon the resignation of President Junkin in 1848, he succeeded him as acting president and professor of mental and moral philosophy, and was president elect of the college, but was never inaugurated, and re- signed in September, 1850. During his presidency the college was connected with tlie synod of Philadelphia and became a Presbyterian institu- tion. He \va.s proprietor and principal of a young ladies' seminary at Lawrenceville. N. J., 1850-75. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Jefferson college in 1850. NAST, Thomas, caricaturist, was born at Landau, Bavaria, Sept. 27, 1840. He accom- panied his father to New York in 1846, and studied drawing for six months under Theodore Kaufman. He was employed by Frank Leslie, and in 1860 was sent to England to make sketches of a prize fight for the New York Illustrated Xews. He followed Garibaldi's army in Italy, making war sketclies for New Y'ork, London and Paris illustrated newspapers. On his return to New Y^'ork in 1861, he was employed to make war sketches for Harper's Weekly. He attained emi- nence by his caricature work, for Harper's Weekly aimed to ridicule slavery, to sujijiort tlie administration during the civil war and to pro- mote municipal reform. He began a course of lectures in 1873, and drew his illustrations in chalk on a black surface. He appeared again on the lecture platform in 1885 and 1887, and exe- cuted in the presence of his audience paintings in oil colors and other sketches, with astonishing rapidity. He illustrated several books, including those of Petroleum V. Nasby, and Xast's Illus- trated Almanac, in 1872, and issued a series of sixty caricatures in water colors for Bal d'op^ra, in 1866. By his caricatures he rendered impor- tant service in the overthrow of the Tweed ring in New Y'ork city. He was presented with a sil- ver cup by his friends in the army and navy as a testimonial, in 1879. His oil paintings inchide : Departure of the Seventh Regiment for the War, April 10, ISGl ; Tlie Surrender of Appomattox, Peace in Union, April 9, 1SG5 ; Tlie Immortal Light of Genius, Shakespeare, commission from Sir Henry Irving, and other subjects. He was appointed by President Roosevelt in May, 1902, LT.S. consul-general toGuayacjuil, Ecuador, where he died, Dec. 7. 1902. NAST, William, educator, was born in Stutt- gart, Germany, June 15, 1807. He was graduated from the University of Tubingen, studied theology, immigrated to the United States in 1828, and was a teacher at the U.S. Military academy. He joined the Methodist Episcopal church in 1835 ; was licensed to preach at the general conference of 1837 ; was appointed to estaVjlish a German mission in Cincinnati, Ohio, and subsequently German Methodist cliurches were established all NAUDAIN NEAL over the United States, and in Germany, Norway and Sweden. Tlie honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him. He edited the German publi- cations of the Methodist Episcopal church including the Christian Apologist, 1837-99. He is the author of : Christological Meditations (I808); A Commentary on the New Testament in German (1860); Gospel Records (1866); Christolo- gische, Betrachtiingen (^866), and Das Christen- thum iind seine Gegensdtze (1883). He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 16, 1899. NAUDAIN, Arnold, senator, was born near Dover, Del., Jan. 6, 1790. His grandfather, a Huguenot, emigrated from France to America and settled in Delaware. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1806, A.M., 1809, and from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., in 1810. He served during the war of 1812, as surgeon-general of the Delaware militia ; was speaker of the Delaware house of representa- tives in 1826 ; was elected to the U.S. senate in 1829 to fill the term of Louis McLane (q.v.), re- signed ; was elected for a full term in 1832, and resigned in 1836, when he was succeeded by R. H. Bayard (q.v.). He was collector of the port of Wilmington, Del. , 1841-45. He removed to Phila- delphia, Pa., in 1845, where he engaged in medical practice. He died in Odessa, Del., Jan. 4, 1872. NAVARRO, Mary Anderson de. See Ander- son. Mary. NEAQLE, John, portrait painter, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 4, 1796. His parents were residents of Philadelphia, Pa., and he was educated in that city. Ho studied drawing for a short time and took a few lessons in painting. He devoted himself to portrait painting in 1818 ; established studios successively in Lexington and Louisville, Ky., and New Orleans, La., and re- turned to Philadelphia in 1820. He was married in 1820 to a daughter of Thomas Sully, the artist. He was a director of the Pennsylvannia Academy of Fine Arts, 1830-31, and first president of the Artists' Fund Society of Philadelphia, 1835-44. Among his most prominent portraits are those of William Russell Buck ; Matthew Cary ; Thomas Pym Cope ; Dr. Wm. Potts Dewees ; Dr. Wil- liam Gibson ; John Grigg ; Rev. Richard Drason HiU ; Prof. W. E. Homer ; Chief Justice George Sharswood ; William Siiort ; Gilbert Stuart ; An- drew Wallace ; Mrs. Julia Wood ; Samuel B. Wylie ; Henry Clay, and Patrick Lyon. He died in Philadelphia, Pa.. Sept. 17, 1865. NEAL, David (Dalhoff), artist, was born in Lowell, Mass., Oct. 20, 1838; son of Stephen Bryant and Mary (Dalhoff) Neal, and grandson of Stephen Neal and of David Dalhoff. His first ancestor in America, Christoph Logadin Dalhoff, immigrated to New Amsterdam from Holland in 1830. He attended the higli school at Lawrence, Mass., and a private academy in Andover, N.H. Deciding to devote himself to the study of art, he removed to San Francisco, Cal., where he made drawings on wood. He studied in the Royal academy, Munich, and under Maximilian Ainmtil- ler and Alexander Wagner. He was married, Dec. 9, 1862, to Marie, daughter of Maximilian Ainmiiller of Munich. She died Sept. 29, 1897. In 1870, under the direction of Carl von Pilotz, he gave his attention entirely to figure painting. Among his earlier paintings are : The Chajiel of the Nonberg Convent, Salzburg (1864); Chapel of the Kings, Westminster (1869); St. Marks (1869); On the Grand Canal Venice (1869). His figure subjects of later period include : Retour dii Chasse (1870); James Watt (1873); The Burgo- master (1873); Tlie First Meeting of Mary Stuart and Rizzio (1876), which received the highest award at the Royal academy of Munich ; Oliver Cromwell Visits John Milton (1883); Nuns at Prayer (belonging to the Royal Gallery, Stuttgart) (1884); Admiral du Qnesne receives Louis XIV. on hoard the flagship Louis Le Grand, at Cherbourg (1885); Boy ivith Violin (1887). His later and more noteworthy work consists of portraits, the most important being those of : Countess Ler- chenfeld, the Rev. Mark Hopkins, Mrs. W. C. Whitney, Mrs. Harrison Garrett, the Hon. Adolph Sutro (Paris, 1890), Governor Nesmith, Judge Ogden Hoffman (for the U.S. District Court room, San Francisco, Cal)., Rev. Dr. William Henry Green (for the Lenox Library, Princeton university), D. O. Mills, the Misses Mills, White- law Reid, Miss Reid. Mr. Neal made his home in Europe, visiting America occasionally. NEAL, Henry Safford, representative, was born in Gallipolis, Ohio, Aug, 25, 1828 ; son of Henry H. and Lydia (Safford) Neal ; gi-andson of John Neal, resident of Parkersburg, Va., and of Dr. Jonas and Joanna (Merrill) Safford, who immigrated to Gallipolis, Ohio, in 1811 ; a descendant of James O'Neill, a native of Ireland, who immi- grated to Virginia with two brothers before the Revolution, changed his name to " Neal " and was captain in the 13th Virginia regiment in the Continental army, and also a lineal descendant of Thomas Safford, who came to Ipswich, Mass., from England in 1641. Henry Safford Neal grad- uated from Marietta college in 1847. engaged in mercantile business as his father's clerk, studied law under Simeon Nash, state senator and a prominent jurist of southern Ohio, and settled in practice in Ironton, Ohio, in 1851. He was prosecuting attorney of Lawrence county, 1853-57 ; a state senator from the eighth district, 1862-66 ; U.S. consul to Lisbon, Portugal, from July, 1869, to January, 1870, and charge d'affaires to that kingdom from December, 1869, to July, 1870. He was chairman of the commission ap- NEAL NEALE pointed in 1871 to investigate alleged frauds under the treaties with the Cliippewa Indians, and a member of tlie Ohio constitutional convention of 187^-73. He was a Republican representative from tlie eleventh district of Ohio in the 4.jth, 46tli and 47th congresses, 1877-83, and served as chairman of the committee on the District of Columbia and as a member of the committee on territories. He was solicitor of the U.S. treasury, 1883-85. He was married in 1861 to Mary J., daughter of John Campbell, an iron manufacturer of Ironton, Ohio, and secondly to Mrs. L. C. Gibbs of Zanesville, Ohio. He was a resident of Ironton in 1902. NEAL, John, author, was born in Portland, Maine, Aug. io, 1793. His parents were mem- bers of tlie Society of Friends and he remained in that body until 1818. He attended school until 1805 when he obtained employment in a mercan- tile house, and afterward tauglit penmanship, drawing and painting. He engaged in the dry goods trade in Boston. Mass., and subsequently with John Pierpont in Baltimore, Md., and upon the failure of the house in 1816, studied law and engaged in literature. He was admitted to the Maryland bar in 1819 and practised until 1823, when he visited England, where he succeeded in drawing the attention of the English public to American literature, hitherto practically ignored in tlie old world. He was the first American writer to contribute to the English and Scotch quarterlies and his sketches of the five American Presidents and of the five unsuccessful candi- dates, which appeared in Blacktcood's Magazine, established his reputation. He became a secretary to Jeremy Bf'ntham at whose house he met the notable English literary men of that day. In 1827 he returned to the United States and opened a law office in Portland. He made a stud}' of physi- cal training, established the first gymnasium in America and gave lessons in boxing, fencing, and other physical exercises. He founded The Yankee and was its editor, 1823-76 ; contributed largely to magazines and newspapers, and is the author of: Keep Cool (1817); The Battle of Niagara (1818) ; Goldan and other Poems (1818); Otho.a Tragedy (IS\9) ; JE:n-afa (1823) ; Randolph {\S23); Seventy-Sijc {\S2S) ; Logan (1823); Brother Jonathan (1825); Rachel Dyer (1828); Ben- tham's Morals and Legislation (1830) ; The Down Easters (1833); One Word More (1854); True Womanhood (1859) ; Wandering Recollections of a Somewhat Busy Life (1869). and Great Mysteries and Little Plagues (1870). He died in Portland, Maine, June 21, 187G. NEAL, Joseph Clay, satirist, was born in Greenland, N.H., Feb. 3, 1807; son of a retired clergyman and schoolteacher, wlio died in 1809. Joseph attended s'jhool in Pottsville, Pa., and after 1830, in Philadelphia. He published articles in various periodicals ; edited the Penn- sylvanian, 1831-44 ; traveled in Europe for his health, 1842, and on liis return established and edited Xeal's Saturday Gazette. He was married in 1846 to Alice Bradley (see Haven, Alice Brad- ley). He contributed satirical sketches to the Democratic Review and is the author of : Charcoal Sketches or Scenes in a Metropolis (1837) ; Peter Ploddy and other Oddities (1844), and Charcoal Sketches (2d series, 1849). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 18, 1847. NEAL, Lawrence Talbott, representative, was born in Parkersburg, Va., Sept. 22, 1844 ; son of Lawrence Perry and Mary Hall (Talbott) Neal. His great grandfather. Captain Neal, built a block- house known as Neal's Station on the site of Parkersburg. Lawrence T. Neal attended the public schools and in 1862 obtained employment in a dry goods store. He studied law with Judge W. H. Stafford at Chillicothe, Ohio, 1863-66; was admitted to the bar in 1866, and entered into practice at Chillicothe in 1867. He was city solic- itor, 1867-68 ; a Democratic representative in the state legislature, 1868-69, and prosecuting attor- ney for Ross county, 1869-72. He was a Demo- cratic representative from the seventh district of Ohio in the 43d and 44th congresses, 1873-77, and was defeated in 1876 and 1878 for the 45th and 46th congresses. He was also defeated for state senator in 1887. He was a delegate from Ohio to the Democratic national convention of 1888, and one of the four delegates-at-large from that state to the Democratic national convention in 1892. He was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor of Ohio in 1893, being defeated by William McKinley. He retired from active polit- ical life and continued the practice of law in Chillicothe. NEALE, Leonard, archbishop, was born near Port Tobacco, Charles county, Md., Oct. 15, 1746 ; a descendant of Capt. James and Ann Neal, who came from England to Maryland before 1642. He purchased the vast tract of land known as Cob Neck and was prominent in colonial affairs, a member of the governor's council and of the colonial legislature. Leonard attended the col- lege of St. Omer, France, and the theological seminaries at Bruges and Liege. He became a member of the Society of Jesus at Ghent, Sept. 7, 1707 ; was ordained priest, June 5, 1773, at Liege, Belgium ; was a professor in the Jesuit college, Bruges, when it was seized by the Austro-Belgian government, and was expelled witli the otiier Jesuits. He had charge of a small congregation in England and in 1779 was .sent as a missionary to Demerara. British Guiana, where he labored until 1783, when he returned to Maryland. He had charge of the congregation at St. Thomas NECKERE NEEDHAM CATHEPRAL Manor, Charles county, 1783-93 ; and adminis- tered to the yellow fever patients, Philadelphia, Pa., 1793-94 and 1797-98, meanwhile serving as vicar-general of the northern state. He induced Miss Lalor to open a school in Georgetown, D.C., vphich was the foundation of the order of Visita- tion Nuns. He was president of Georgetown college, 1798- "7cs 1S06, and was consecrated tit- ^^%vt-^ ular bishop of "Gortyna"i.p.i. and coadjutor e^=— 'ijja I ) ■■.fl|ii, to the Bishop @Sx£K^"S^ '^^' - - -i^ of Baltimore, =^^- Dec. 7, 1800, by Bishop John Carroll, and succeeded to the arch- diocese of Baltimore, Dec. 3, 1815, receiving the pallium, Nov. 19, 1816. He obtained from the pope power to establish the Convent and Academy of tlie Visitation in Georgetown, and the order instituted by Miss Lalor thus became the founda- tion of the order of Visitation Nuns in the United States. He died at the convent of the Visitation, Georgetown, D.C., June 18, 1817. NECKERE, Leo Raymond de, R.C. bishop, was born in Wevelghem, Belgium, June 6, 1800. He was graduated from the College of Rouhers in 1817, and studied theology at the Seminary of Ghent, Belgium. He emigrated from Bordeaux in Sep- tember, 1817, visited Charles Carroll at Carrollton, Md., and joined Bishop Dubourg on his journey to Kentucky. He attended the theological sem- inary at Bardstown, Ky., for one year, and in 1830 joined the Lazarists at the Barrens, near St. Louis, Mo. He was ordained priest, Oct. 13, 1823, at the CM. Seminary (the Barrens) ; was a professor in the seminary and also did mission- ai-y svork, and in 1836 was appointed superior of the seminary during the absence of Bishop Rosati. Ill health obliged him to go to New Orleans, but he soon returned to St. Louis. He visited Europe for his health in 1837 and was pre-canonized by the pope for the diocese of New Orleans in 1838, was appointed, Aug. 4, 1839, and on May 24, 1830, was consecrated at St. Louis's cathedral, New Orleans, by Bishop Rosati. He donated a mag- nificent organ to St. Mary's church in New Orleans. He was spending the summer of 1833 in retirement at St. Michael's when the yellow fever broke out in New Orleans, and he returned to the city and labored among the sick until he finally succumbed to the disease. He died in New Orleans, La., Sept. 4, 1833. NEEDHAM, Charles Austin, artist, was born in Buffalo, N.Y., Oct. 30, 1844 ; sonof Elias Park- man (q.v.) and Lorana (Newberry) Needham. In 1848 his father removed to New York city, where Charles attended the public schools and entered the Free academy, receiving the Pell medal for proficiency in natural history. He studied art at the Art Students' league and with August Will. In 1868 he was received in his father's organ factory as co-partner, but while devoting himself to the requirements of his posi- tion, his love of art found expression in many pictures. He finally retired from business and devoted himself to art, painting chiefly in oils. His pictures were exhibited at the Society of American Artists, the National Academy of De- sign, the American Water Color society, the Boston Art club, the New York Water Color club, the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, the Art Institution of Chicago, the Detroit Museum of Art, the St. Louis Museum of Fine Arts, the Art Institution of Terre Haute, the Art Institution of Indianapolis. He was married, Oct. 39, 1868, to Fanny Montross of New York city. He became a member of the New York Water Color club, the National Arts club, the Salmagundi club and the Kit Kat club, all of New York. He received honorable mention and a medal at the International exposition, Atlanta, Ga., 1895, and at the State fair, Syracuse, N.Y., 1898, and a bronze medal at the Paris exposition, 1900. NEEDHAM, Charles Willis, lawyer and edu- cator, was born in Castile, N.Y., Sept. 30, 1848 ; son of Charles RoUin and Arvilla (Reed) Need- ham. He was graduated from the Albany Law school in 1870 ; was married, Nov. 2, 1870, to Caroline Mary, daughter of Charles S. Beach of Castile, N.Y., and removed to Chicago, 111., in 1874, where he practised law until 1890. He drafted the charter of the Chicago imiversity and was a member of its first board of trustees. He removed his practice to Washington, D.C., in 1890 ; was elected dean of the Schools of Law of Columbia University, Washington, D.C., 1891, and professor of law at Columbia uni- versity in 1897. He organized the School of Comparative Jurisprudence and Diplomacy at Washington, and in 1897 was chosen its dean and professor of common law, transportation and interstate commerce. In June, 1901, the hon- orary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by the University of Rochester, New York. NEEDHAM, Elias Parkman, inventor, was born in Delhi, N.Y., Sept. 29, 1812 ; son of Daniel and Betsey (Fisk) Needham ; grandson of Elias and Mercy (Stocking) Needham and of Joseph Fisk, and a descendant of Parkman Needham, who came from England to America with his family in the 18th century. In 1815 his father, a house carpenter, removed to Erie county, where he carried on his trade and cultivated a farm. Elias left home before reaching his majority, NEEDHAM NEGLEY worked as a carpenter in Buffalo, N.Y., and there had as a fellow craftsman, Jeremiah Carhai't ((^.v.). They establislied a melodeon manufac- tory in 1846, which they removed to New York city in 1848, and which under later inventions made b\' Needliam became one of the most exten- sive manufactories of reeds and reed organs in the world. He patented, in 1864, a pneumatic tube capable of transmitting not only parcels, but cars laden witlx passengers, by means of his novel principle of a continuous circuit of air. In 1878 he received fifteen patents covering the prin- ciple of the api)lication of perforated paper to the construction of automatic musical intruments, and developed tlie organette, since known as the j^olian and by other titles. He was married in 1840 to Lorana. daughter of William and Millana (Johnson) Newberry. His widow died, April 16, 1900. He died in New York city, Nov. 28, 1889. NEEDHAM, James Carson, representative, was born in Carson City, Nev., Sept. 17, 1864 ; son of Charles E. and Olive L. (Drake) Needham ; grandson of Cliarles and Minerva (Porter) Need- ham, and of David and Sally (Bigelow) Drake. His parents were en route to California in an emigrant wagon at the time of his birth. He was graduated from the University of the Pacific, Ph.B., 1886, and from the law department of the University of Michigan, LL.B., 1889. He was clerk in the adjutant-general's office at Washing- ton. D.C., 1887-88; opened a law office in Mod- esto, Cal., in 1889. and in 1890 was an unsuccess- ful candidate for state senator. He was married, Jidy 1, 1894, to Dora Deetta Parsons. He was chairman of the Republican county committee ; a member of the state central committee and of the national congressional committee, and was a Repiddican representative from the seventh California district in the ."jeth, 57th and 58th con- gresses. 1899-1905. NEELY, Henry Adams, second bishop of Maine, and 83d in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Fayetteville, N.Y., May 14, 1830; son of Albert and Phoebe (Pearsall) Neely. He was graduated from Hobart college, A.B., 1849, A.M., 1832, and was a tutor there, 18.j0-52. He studied theology under Bishop Wm. H. De Lancey ; was admitted to the diaconate in Trinity church, Geneva, N.Y., in 1852, and was ordained a priest in 1854. He was rector of Cal- vary church, Utica, N.Y., 1853-55 ; Christ church, Rochester, N.Y., 1855-62 ; chaplain of Hobart col- lege, 18G2-64, and assistant minister in Trinity parish, New York city, with special charge of Trinity chapel, 1864-67. He was married, Nov. 4, 1S58, to Mary, daughter of Harriott and John Dt-l- afield. He was elected bisliop of Maine to suc- ceed Bishop Burgess, wliodied, April 23, 1866, and was consecrated in Trinity chapel, N.Y., Jan. 25, 1867, by Bishop Potter of New York, assisted by Bishops Williams, Odenheimer, Clarkson and Randall. In connection with his bishopric he was rector of St. Luke's, the cathedral church of the diocese. Through his efforts St. Luke's cathe- dral was erected on State street, Portland, 1867-68, and was en- tirely paid for in 1876. He also established St. Catharine's Hall, a seminary for young women, at Augusta, Maine, and St. John's school for boys at Presque Isle. He was chairman of the house of bishops for six years. The 25th an- niversary of his con- secration was cele- brated in 1892. The honorary degree of S.T.D. was conferred on him by Hobart college in 1866, and by Bishop's college, Lennoxville, Ont., in 1872. He was a member of the Maine Historical society, 1870-99. He died iuPortland, Maine, Oct. 31. 1899. NEQLEY, James Scott, soldier, was born in East Liberty, Allegheny county. Pa., Dec. 22. 1826 ; son of Jacob and Mary Ann (Scott) Neg- ley ; grandson of Jacob Negley, and of Swiss ancestry. He was graduated from the Western Universityof Pennsylvania at Allegheny, in 1846, and enlisted as a private in the 1st Pennsylvania regiment for service in tlie Mexican war. In April, 1861, he raised and equipped a brigade of volunteers and with three regiments re- ported to the governor at Harrisburg, April 28, 1861, and was assigned to the corps commanded by Gen. Robert Patterson. His first battle was at Falling Waters, Va., July 2, 1861, where he followed up the retreating forces of Gen. T. J. Jackson to Martinsburg, and gained permission from General Patterson to cut the Confederate communications between Winchester and Bull Run, but after he had proceeded on the expedition, was ordered to return and the disastrous battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, followed. At the end of his three months' service he was re-commissioned brig- adier-general of volunteers and was placed in command of the volunteer camp at Harrisburg, but was soon after ordered to Pittsburg to hold his brigade in readiness to join General Rosecrans in western Virginia. He was, however, ordered by the President to re-inforce General Sherman at Louisville, Ky., and subsequently served under General Buell in northern Alabama and Tennessee, where he commanded one of the columns of Mitchell's force, comprised of about NEHLIG NEILL 6000 men. In May, 1863, he surprised the Con- federate cavalry under Col. Wirt Adams, at Sw-eeden's Cave, killing and capturing a large number and putting the remainder to flight. He was then ordered to take the town of Chatta- nooga, and after shelling the place was unable to cross the river from need of boats, and was ordered back by Gen- eral Mitchell, June 9. He was promoted major-general of vol- unteers for gallantry at Stone's river, Nov. 29, 1863, where he commanded the sec- ond (late eighth) division, 14th army corps. Gen. George H. Thomas, and oc- cupied the centre of the line of battle, where he greatly distinguished him- self. He was also present at the battle of Chattanooga, Sept. 19-30, 1863, wliere he re-captured 50 pieces of artillery abandoned by the right wing of Rosecrans' army, and was charged with disobedience of orders, but was exonerated by a court-martial convened at his request. He was honorably discharged. Jan, 19. 1865, returned to Pittsburg and engaged in business. He was the Republican representa- tive from the twenty-second Pennsylvania dis- trict in the 41st, 43d, 44th and 49th congresses, 1869-73, 1875-77, and 1885-87. He was a manager of the National Home for Volunteers for fifteen years ; president of the National Union League of America ; a member of the G.A.R. Veteran legion ; Scott's legion ; Military Order of For- eign Wars, and other patriotic orders. He was twice married ; first to Kate Losey of Pittsburg, and secondly in 1869, to Grace Ashton of Phila- delphia, who with three daughters survived him. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from the College of New Jersey, in 1875. He died in Plainfield, N.J., Aug. 7, 1901. NEHLIG, Victor, artist, was born in Paris, France, in 1830. He studied art under Leon Cog- niet and Abel de Pujol, and immigrated to the United States in 1856. He opened a studio in New York city, where he remained until 1873, when he returned to Paris. He was elected an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1863, and an academician in 1870. His works, principally figure pieces, illustrative of American history, include : TJie Cavalry Charge of St. Harry B. Hidden (1863), owned by the New York Historical society ; Tlie Artisfs Dream ; Tlie Captive Hugue- not; Gertrude of Wyoming ; Hiaioatha and Min- nehaha ; Armorer in the Olden Time ; Battle at Antietam ; Battle of Gettysburg ; Waiting for my Enemy ; Serenade ; Pocahontas {lSQd-72) ; The Bravo (1870) ; Mahogany Cutting (1871) ; Tlie Princess, and book illustrations. NEILL, Edward Duffield, educationist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 9, 1833 ; son of Dr. Henry and Martha Rebecca (Duffield) Neill ; grandson of Dr. John and Elizabeth (Martin) Neill, and of Dr. Benjamin and Rebecca (Potts) Duffield, and a descendant of John Neill, a lawyer, who emigrated from the north of Ireland to America about 1739, and settled in Delaware. He attended the University of Pennsylvania, 1837-38 ; was graduated at Amherst college, Mass. , 1843 ; studied theology in Andover Theo- logical seminary in 1843, and completed his studies under the Rev. Albert Barnes and Dr, Thomas Brainerd of Philadelphia. He was mar- ried in October, 1847, to Nancy, daughter of Richard Hall of Worcester county, Md. He was home missionary at Elizabeth, 111., 1847-49 ; was ordained in 1848 ; in 1849 established a Pres- byterian church in St. Paul, Minnesota Territory ; was pastoi", 1849-55, and of the Second Pres- byterian church known as the House of Hope, 1855-60. He was influential in establishing the first public schools in St. Paul ; was first terri- torial superintendent of instruction, 1851-53 ; chancellor of the University of Minnesota, 1858- 61 ; secretary of the citj^ board of education, and superintendent of the public schools for several years. He served as chaplain to the 1st Minne- sota volunteers, 1861-63, and as hospital chaplain to the U.S. Army at the South Street military hospital, Philadelphia, Pa., 1863-64. He was ap- pointed to read and arrange the correspondence of President Lincoln, was his secretary to sign land patents in Febi-uary, 1864, and served in the executive mansion after the Presidents as- sassination until 1868. He was appointed U.S. consul at Dublin, Ireland, by President Grant, serving, 1869-70 ; returned to St. Paul in 1871, where he established Macalester college, was its president, 1873-84, and professor of history and political science there, 1884-93. He joined the Reformed Episcopal church in 1874, and was rector of the Cavalry Reformed Episcopal church in St. Paul for several years, but subsequently returned to the Presbyterian church. He was a member of the American Historical association ; the Historical Society of Wisconsin ; a corre- sponding member of the Massachusetts Histor- ical society, and of the New England Historic Genealogical society. He received the degree D.D. from Lafayette college in 1886. He is the author of: A History of mnnesota (1858) ; Tei-ra Marice, or. Threads of Maryland Colonial History (1867); Virginian Company of London 0 VFTT.T. NEILL English Colonization of Arneri(Xi {ISTD : Founders of Mar-jlaiid (1ST6} ; Virginia Vetusta, the Colon;/ Under Janes I. (1885) ; Virginia Carolontm ( 1S.S6) ; A Concise History of Minnesota ( 1837) . He .lied in Sc. Fdul, Minn., Sept. 26, 1S93. NEILL, John, surgeon, was born in Philadel- phia, Pa.. July 9, 1S19 : son of Dr. Hemy and Martha Rebecca (Duffield) Neill. He was gradu- ated at the University of Pennsylvania. A.B., ld;37. A. M. and M.D. , 18-40. He settled in practice in Phjladelpliia. He was married. Sept. 2-t, 18-44, to Anna >Iaria Wharton, daughter of Samuel BLillings worth of Philadelphia. He was assistant demonstrator and demonstrator of anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania. 18-42-46 : lecturer on anatomy in the Philadelphia Medical institute, 1846—50 ; professor of surgery in Pennsylvania college. Gettysburg. 18o-4-o9, professor of clin- ical surgery in the University of Pennsylvania, 1874r-77, and emeritus professor, 1877-80. He served as contract sturgeon in the U.S. army : had charge of the U.S. Military hospitals at Philadelphia. 1361-62. and organized the first eight general hospitals of that city. He vvas appointed me-iical director of the Home Guards of Phila- delphia in 1362, and was brevetted lieutenant- colonel for meritorious services in 1863. He es- tabLishe-41, and surgeon there in 1347 : surgeon to the Philadelphia hos- pital and Southeast cholera hospital in 18-49 ; to the Pennsylvania hospital, 18.52-59 : to the Penn- sylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb in 1865, and to the Presbyterian hospital. He was a mem- of the Philadelphia Medical society, and its vice- president in 1859 : a member of the American Meiiical association : the Philadelphia County Meiical ass<5ciation ; the American Philosophical society, and a fellow of the Philadelphia College of Physicians. He <:jontribute-61 ; a private, lieu- tenant and captain in the Ist Arkansas mounted riflemen. Confederate army, 1861-65. serving in Gen. Ben. McCulloch's Army of the West and afterward in the Army of Tennessee. He was clerk of the circuit court of Independence county, 1866-63 ; was admitted to the bar in 1868, and settled in active practice in Batesville. Ark., in 1872. He was married, April 27. 1869. to ilary Adelia, daughter of John H. and Esther Byers, natives of Ohio. He held the rank of lieutenant- colonel in the Arkansas state guards. 1874-77. and brigadier-general of state militia, 1877-32 ; was a delegate and vice-president for Arkansas in the Democratic national convention at St, Louis in 1888 : was a member of the Democratic state cen- tral committee, and a Democratic representative from the sixth Arkansas district in the 53d and 54th congresses. 1893-97. NEILL, Thonsas Hewson, soldier, was bom in Philadelphia. Pa., April 9, 1826 ; son of Dr. Henry and Martha Rebecca (DuiSeld) XeilL He attended the University of Pennsylvania, 1341—42, was graduated at the U.S. military academy and assigned to the 4th infantry, July 1, 1347. He served in the war with Mexico, 1847-43 : was promoted 2d. Lieutenant and transferred to the 5th infantry, Sept. 3, 1347, served in garrison and on frontier duty, 1843-53. He was promoted 1st Lieutenant, July 31, 1350 ; was assistant pro- fessor of drawing at the U.S. military academy, 1853-55 ; principal assistant professor of drawing, 1855-57 ; was promoted captain of the 5th infantry, April 1, 1857 ; served in the Utah expedition, 1857-60, and in New Mexico, 1860-61. He was acting assistant adjutant-general on the staff Of General Cadwalader, 1861-62 ; was commissioned colonel of the 23d Pennsylvania volunteers, Feb. 17, 1862 ; served with the Army of the Potomac, March to August, 1862, being engaged in the siege of Yorktown, the battles of Williamsburg. Fair Oaks, Savage's Station and ilalvem HiU. and was brevetted major, July 1, 1852. for gallant and meritorious services at ilalvem Hill. He commanded his regiment in the 3d brigade, Ist division, 4th army corps, in the Maryland cam- paign, and was promoted brigadier general, U.S. volunteers, Nov. 29, 1862. He commanded the 3d brigade, 2d division, 6th army corps, at Fred- ricksburg, after Gen. F. L. Vinton and Col. R. F. Taylor were wounded, and also in the Chancel- lorsville, Gettysburg and Richmond ca,mpaigns of 186:3-64. He was promoted major of the 11th infantry, Aug. 26, 1863. and commanded the 2d division, 6th corps, at Cold Harbor, June 1, 1864. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. May 3. 1863, and colonel. May 12, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services at Chancellorsville and Spottsylvania. He served as acting inspector general in the Shenandoah campaign, 1864, being engaged at the College of New Jersey. A.B., 1803. A.M., 1806 ; remained there as a student of theology and w^as a tutor, 1903-05 : was licensed by the presbytery of New Brunswick iu October. 1W5, and ordlained by the presbytery of Oneida in September. 1806. He was pastor at Cc>opersti">wn,N.Y., 1805-09 ; of the First church, Albany. N.T., 180^16: of the Sixth church, Philadelphia. Pa., 1816-24. and was moderator of the Oreneral Assembly in 1815. He was the sixth president of Dickinson col- lege, Carlisle, Pa., 1824-29 : secretary and general agent of the Presbyterian board of education. 1829-31, and y^astor at German town. Pa., "iS31-42. He resided in Phil- adelphia, Pa.. 1842-60. where he .it - :- ". : . :r.self to literary and city missionary work. He received the degree D.D. from Union college, N. Y. . in 1812. He edited the Presbyterian for several years, contributed to other reKgious periodicals and is the author of: Lectures on Bib] iea! History (1846); Epcposif ion of the Epistle to the Ephcsinms (1850): Divine Origin of tJie Christi.an Religion (1854). and Ministry of F^fty Tears fcjth Aneedotcs and Reminiscences (1857). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 8, 1860. NEILSON, John, delegate, wasbomatBaritaua Landing. N.Y.. M.irch 11. 1745; son of Dr. JisSxa., a native of Belfast, Ireland, and Joanna (Coey- maus) Neilson. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and engaged as a shipping merchant at New Brunswick. N.J. He raised a company of militia in 1775. of which he was ap- pointed captain in July of that year. He was appointed colonel of a regiment of minute-men, Aug. 31. 1775 ; colonel of the 2d regiment of militia from Middlesex county, N.J., in August, 1776, and brigadier-general of militia, Feb. 21, 1777. He was engaged in repelling British inroads ; planned and surprised the British at Bennett's Island, and in 1779 commanded tlie New Jersey militia in the northern part of the state. He was a delegate from New Jersey to the Continental congress, 1778-79, and was deputy quartermaster-general for New Jersey, 1780-83. He was elected a delegate to the Federal constitu- tional convention in 1787, but failed to attend ; was a member of the state convention that ratified the Federal constitution in 1790. and represented New Brunswick in the New Jersey assembly. 1800-01. Lafayette presented him with a sword in 1824. He was president of the board of trustees, Rutgers college. 1783-1833. He was mar- ried to Catharine, daughter of John Toorhees. He died in New Brunswick, N.J., March 3, 1833. NELSON, Charles Alexander, librarian, was born in Calais. Maine. April 14, 1839: son c.f Israel Potter and Jane (Capen) Nelson : grandson of Jonathan and Lydia (Potter) Nelson, and a descendant of Bernard Capen of Dorchester, Mass., admitted freeman. May 16, 1636. Ee was a student and librarian at Gorham academy, Maine, 1854-55, and librarian of the ■VTashington Irving Literary association, Cambridge, Mass., 1856-61. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1860. A.M., 1863; studied civil engineering at the Lawrence scientific school, 1861-62. and li- brary science at Harvard college library, 1857-64. He taught school, 1861-64 ; was a civil engineer in the quartermasters department of the U.S. army at New Berne. N.C., 1864-65. and a delegate to the Republican state convention at Raleigh, N.C., 1865. He engaged in business in New Berne, 1865-74 ; was in the book business in Boston. Mass.. 1874-79. and also occupied himself with library, literary and editorial work. He was professor of Greek and librarian in Drury college, Springfield, Mo., 1877-80; manager of the Old South book-st.ore, Boston, Mass.. and editor of its publication, 1878-81 ; catalogue libra- rian of the Astor library. New York city. 1881- SS : librarian of the Howard Memorial library. New Orleans, La., 1888-91 ; assistant librarian of the Newberry library, Chicago. IlL, 1891-93. and in 1893 became deputy librarian at Columbia university, New York city. He made a special study of library enconomy ; was elected a mem- ber and secretary of the American Library asso- NELSON NELSON elation ; was a fonmier, secretary and president of the New York library club, and at the Pan-Amer- ican exposition, 1901, was awarded " honorable mention " for his catalogue of the Astor library. He was married, July 2o, 1873, to Emma, daughter of Benson and Eliza (Quick) Norris of Slaterville Springs, N.Y. He was the Boston correspondent of the American Bookseller. 1875-81 ; a member of the editorial stalT of The Tra^f/ima?jand of Zioii's Herald, 1876-88 ; compiled and edited Catalogue of the Astor Library (4 vols., 1886-88) ; edited Catalogue of the Avery Memorial Library (1895) ; comi»iIed Books on Education in the Libraries of Columbia Univei'sity (1901). and is the author of : Waltham, Past and Present (1879) ; Weston, in Samuel A. Drake's "History of Middlesex County, ^lass.'' (1888), and The ManuscrijJts and Early Printed Books Bequeathed to the Long Island Historical Society by S. B. Duryea (1897). NELSON, Cleland Kinloch, third bishop of Georgia and 160th in succession in the American episcopate, was born at Greenwood, near Cobham, Albemarle county, Va., May 23, 1853 ; son of Keating S. and Julia (Rogers) Nelson, and a lineal descendant of William Nelson, president of Virginia colony, and of Gen, Thomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and governor of Virginia. He was graduated at St. John's college, 1872 ; studied for the priesthood under his uncle, the Rev. Dr. C. K. Nelson, and at the Berkeley divinity school, Conn. He was ordained deacon in the church of tlie Ascension, Wasliington, D.C., Sept. 19, 1875, and priest in Holy Trinity church, Pliiladelphia, Pa., June 22, 187G. He was rector of the church of St. John the Baptist, Germantown, Pa., 1876-82, and of the Cliurch of the Nativity, Soutli Bethlehem, Pa., 1882-92. He was elected bishop of Georgia, Nov. 12, 1891, and was consecrated in St. Luke's cathedral, Atlanta, Ga., Feb. 24, 1892, by Bishops Quintard, W. B. W. Howe, Lyman, Whitehead, Rulison, Coleman, Jackson and Watson. NELSON, David, educator, was born near Jonesbcjrough, Tenn., Sept. 24, 1793 ; son of Henry and Anna (Kelsey) Nelson. He was a student at Washington college, Tenn. ; studied medicine at Danville, Ky., and in Pliiladelphia, and was a surgeon in the war of 1812, in Canada and in Alabama and Florida. He was licensed to preach by tlie presbytery of Holston in April, 1825, and while preaching in Tennessee conducted the Calvinistic Magazine, Rogersville. On the death of his brother, Samuel Kelsey Nelson, May 27, 1827, he succeeded him as pastor of tlie churcli at Danville, Ky. He was a trustee of Centre college, 1827-30. He founded Marion college, near Palmyra, Mo., in 1830, and was its president, 1830-36. In 1836 he removed to Quincy, 111., and established a school for young men. He is the author of Cause and Cure of Lifidelity (1836.) He died in Oakland, 111., Oct. 17, 1844. NELSON, Hugh, representative, was born in Yorktown, Va., Sept. 30, 1768; son of Gov. Tliomas and Lucy (Grymes) Nelson ; grandson of Gov. AVilliam Nelson, and of Philip and Mary (Randolph) Grymes, and a great-grandson of Thomas Nelson, a native of Scotland, who .settled in Virginia in 1690, and founded the town of York in 1705. Hugh Nelson was graduated at the College of Williani and Mary in 1790, was a member of the house of delegates in the Virginia legislature, speaker of the house and a judge of the general court. He was married in 1799 to Eliza Kinlock. He was a presidential elector on the Pinckney and King ticket in 1808, and was a Republican representative in the 12th-lSth con- gresses, serving from Nov. 4, 1811, to Jan. 14, 1823. He resigned to accept the appointment by President Monroe of U.S. minister to Spain, and held the office until Nov. 23, 1824. He died in Albemarle county, Va., March 18, 1836. NELSON, Jeremiah, representative, was born at Rowley. Mass., Sept. 18, 1768 ; son of Solomon and Elizabeth (Mighill) Nelson ; grandson of Solomon and Mercy (Chaplin) Nelson, and a descendant of Thomas Nelson, who emigrated from England to America in Mr. Rogers's com- pany, and settled in Rowley, Mass., where he was made freeman, May 23, 1639. Jeremiah Nelson was graduated at Dartmouth, A.B., 1790, A.M., 1793. He studied law, settling in New- buryport, Mass., as a merchant, became engaged in the West India trade, and in marine and fire insurance. He was the first president of the Newburyport Mutual Fire Insurance company, 1829-36 ; treasurer of the Newburyport Insti- tution of Savings, 1827-38 ; chairman of the selectmen of the town at the time of the great fire of 1811, and held several other important local offices. He married Mary, daughter of John Balch of Newburyport. He became a leader in Federal politics ; was a representative to the general court in 1804 ; a presidential elector in 1812 ; a Federalist representative in the 9th congress, 1805-07, succeeding Rev. Man- asseh Cutler in 1805, and a W^liig representa- tive in the 14th-18th congresses, 1815-25, and in the second session of the 22d congress, from Dec. 6, 1832, to Marcli 2, 1833, to fill the unex- pired term of Rufus Choate, resigned. He was chairman of the committee on public buildings, 1821-24. From 1830 to 1836 he was prominently engaged in the pro.secution of Spanish and French claims, being attorney for most of the claimants in Newburyport and vicinity. He died at Newl)i]ryport, Mass., Oct. 2. 1838. NELSON, John, cabinet officer, was born in Fredericktown, Md., June 1, 1791 ; son of Roger NELSON NELSON Nelson (q.v.). He was graduated at the College of William and Mary in 1811, and was admitted to the bar in 1813. He settled in i^ractice in Fredericktown ; was a Republican representa- tive to the 17th congress, 1821-23 ; was appointed U.S. minister to Naples by President Jackson, serving. 1831-32, and attorney -general in Presi- dent Tylers cabinet, to succeed Hugh S. Legare and served, 1843-45. He died in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 8, 1860. NELSON, Knute, senator, was born in Vosse- vangen parish, Norway, Feb. 2, 1843. He immigrated to the United States with his mother in 1849, and resided in Chicago, 111., 1849-50, and in Walworth and Dane counties, Wis., 1850-71, He was graduated from Al- bion academy, Wis., in 1865 ; enlisted in the 4th Wisconsin infantry, and served, 1861-65, being wounded and taken prisoner at the siege of Port Hudson, La., June 14, 1863. He was admitted to the bar in member of the Wisconsin as- sembly, 1868-69. He removed to Alexandria, Minn., in 1871 ; was county attorney for Douglas county, 1872-74 ; state senator, 1875-78 ; presi- dential elector on the Republican ticket in 1880 ; was a member of the state board of University regents, 1882-93, and a Republican representative in the 48th, 49th and 50th congresses, 1883-89. He was governor of Minnesota, 1892-94, U.S. senator, 1895-1901, and by re-election, 1901-07. In the senate he was chairman of the committee on improvement of the Mississippi river and its tributaries. NELSON, Rensselaer Russel, jurist, was born in Cooperstown, N.Y., May 12, 1826 ; son of Judge Samuel and Catherine Ann (Russell) Nel- son ; grandson of John Rogers and Jean (Mc- Arthur) Nelson and of John and Elizabeth (Williams) Russell, and a descendant of John Nelson, who emigrated from Ballingarry, Ireland, and settled in Salem, N.Y., in 1762. He was graduated at Yale, 1846 ; was admitted to the bar in 1849 ; began practice in Buffalo, N. Y. : in 1850 removed to St. Paul, Minn., and engaged in practice there. He was appointed associate judge of the supreme court of Minnesota terri- tory in 1857, and upon its admission as a state was appointed district judge of Minnesota by President Buchanan, May 11, 1858, holding the office until May 16, 1896, when he resigned. He was at the time the oldest Federal judge in the service of the United States. He was married, Nov. 3, 1858. to Emma, daughter of Washington Beebee of New York state. In 1901 he was made the candidate of the Democratic party in the Minnesota legislature for U.S. senator. NELSON, Roger, soldier, was born in Fred- ericktown, Md., in 1735 ; son of John Nelson. He entered the Continental army and was com- missioned 2d lieutenant of the 5th Maryland regiment in 1779. He was promoted 1st lieu- tenant, July 15, 1780, was seriously wounded and left for dead, and made a prisoner at the battle of Camden, S.C., Aug. 16, 1780. He was ex- changed in December, 1789, and transferred to Baylor's regiment of Continental dragoons, Nov. 9, 1782, where he served till the close of the war. After the war lie became prominent as a lawyer ,• was elected a representative from Maryland in the 8th congress to take the place of Daniel Hiester, deceased, and was re-elected to the 9th, 10th, and 11th congresses, serving from Nov. 5, 1804, till May 14, 1810, when he resigned to ac- cept the appointment of associate justice of the 5th judicial circuit of Maryland. He died in Fredericktown, Md.. June 7, 1815. NELSON, Samuel, jurist, was born in Hebron, Washington county, N.Y., Nov. 10, 1792; son of John Rogers and Jean (Mc Arthur) Nelson. He was graduated at Middlebury college in 1813, studied law in Granville, N. 5^., under Chief- Justice Savage and was admitted to the bar in 1817. He settled in practice in Cortland, N.Y., and in trying his first suit won his case through superior knowledge of tlie law by which he obtained a stay. He was a presiden- tial elector on the Monroe and Tomp- kins ticket in 1820 and postmaster of Cort- land, 1820-23. He was married in 1819 to Pamella, daughter of Judge Andrew S. Wood of Bath. N.Y., and secondly, in 1825, to Catharine Ann, daughter of Judge Russell of Cooperstown, N.Y. In 1829 he made his home at Fenimore, where he was a friend and neiglibor of Cooper, the novelist. He was a member of the state con- stitutional conventions in 1822 and 1844 ; judge of the sixth circuit court of New York, 1823-31 ; associate justice of the supreme court of New York, 1831-37, and chief justice, 1837-45. He was appointed associate justice of the U.S. su- preme court by President Tyler in 1845, as suc- cessor to Justice Smith Thompson, deceased, and served until October, 1872. when he re- signed. When the"Dred Scott" decision was pronounced by the U.S. supreme court in 1857. he concurred with Chief-Justice Taney. In 1871 ^y^^****^^ /^£^(J/^i} NELSON NELSON he was appointed by President Grant a member of tlie joint liigli commission that met in V.'asii- ington, D.C., to arbitrate the Alabama claims, and while in attendance on tliat commission con- tracted a cold that forced him to resign his seat on tiie supreme bench. His name was before several Democratic national conventions as an available nominee for president. He received tlie degree of LL.D. from Geneva in 1837. from Middlebury in 1841, from Columbia in 1841 and from Hamilton in 1870. He died in Coopers- town. X.Y., Dec. 18. 1873. NELSON, Samuel Kelsey, clergyman, was born near Jonesborough. Tenn., Oct. 9, 1787 ; son of H^?nry ami Anna (Kelsey) Nelson. He was graduated at Washington college, Tenn., in 1803, taugiit school in 'Kentucky for a sliort time and also studied law. He studied theology under Dr. Samuel Doak, president of Washington college, and was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Holston in 1807. He preached in South Caro- lina and Tennessee, 1807-'9, and was pastor of the cliurcli in Danville. Ky., 1809-27. He was one of tiie principal founders of Centre college at Danville. Ky., chartered in 1819, and of the Kentucky Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. He went to Florida to found a like institution in 18'37. He was a charter trustee of Centre college, 1819-27, and received the degree D.D., probably from Washington college. He died in Tallahas- see. Fla.. May 7, 1827. NELSON, Thomas, Jr., signer, was born in Yc.rktown. Va., Dec. 26, 1738; son of Judge William Nelson (1711-1772) (q.v.). He received his preliminary education at Nelson House, under the Rev. Mr. Yates ; was placed in a preparatory school at Hackney, England, in 1752, and was graduated at Trinity college, Cam- bridge, returning to Virginia in 17G1, where, in 17G2, he was married to Lucy, daughter of Col. Philip and Mary (Randolph) Grimes of Middlesex county. He was a member of the Virginia house of burgesses in 1761, and in 1774, when that body was dissolved by Lord Dunmore. he was among the protestants against the action of tiie governor ; urged the ap- pointment of deputies to a general congress, and was returned to the next house. He was a member of the convention that met at Williams- burg, Aug. 1. 1774, ;in(l fli.it of March, 1775, '^.J^r.^^ where he proposed to meet British aggression with armed opposition, and was appointed colonel of the 2d Virginia regiment by the convention in July, 1775. On his election as a delegate to the Continental congress from Virginia in 1775, he resigned his commission as colonel and .served in congress, 1775-77, signing the Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776. He was a member of the Virginia con.stitutional convention of May, 1776. He resigned his seat in congress in May, 1777, on account of temporary illness, and in August, 1777, was appointed commander of the Virginia state forces, and in response to an appeal from congress raised and equipped a troop of cavalrymen, accompanying them to Philadelphia. He expended a large sum of money in this patriotic purpose, but as the troop was not called into service he was never repaid for his outlay except by the act of Aug. 8, 1778, in which it was " resolved that the thanks of congress be given to the Honorable General Nelson and to the officers and gentlemen for their brave, generous and patriotic efforts in the cause of their country." He was returned to congress from Virginia in 1779, and .served for a few months, but another sudden illness forced him to resign. When the invasion of Virginia was threatened in May, 1779, he organized the militia and subse- quently at his own expense sent two regiments to the south, guaranteeing the payment of their arrears to secure their service. In June, 1780, when Virginia resolved to borrow $2,000,000 for the Continental treasury to provide for the main- tenance of the French fleet, he secured a large part of the amount by personal endorsement, which he was obliged to pay. He was elected governor of Virginia, June 12, 1781 ; commanded the Virginia militia in the siege of Yorktown ; ordered the artillery to open upon his own house, which he supposed was the heailquarters of the British general ; was present at the surrender of Cornwallis, and received the thanks of Wash- ington in general orders. He retired from the office of governor, Nov. 30, 1781, whereupon he was accused of mal-administration for assum- ing dictatorial powers during the perilous term of his administration. He was, however, exon- erated by the state legislature. He spent the re- mainder of his life in retirement and povert}', his fortune having been expended for his country, and no recompense was ever made by the govern- ment to his family. His grave at Yorktown, Va., was not marked, but his statue was placed in the group on the W^ashington monument at Rich- mond, Va. He died at " Offley ", Hanover county, Va., Jan. 4. 1789. NELSON, Thomas Amos Rogers, representa- tive, was born in lloaiu* county. Tenn.. March 19, 1812; son of David and Phoebe (White) NELSON NELSON Nelson, and grandson of John Nelson of Rock- bridge county, Va. He was graduated at East Tennessee college in 1828 ; was admitted to the bar in 1832, and settled in practice in Washing- ton county. He was married, July 30, 1839, to Ann E., daughter of Montgomery Stuart of Wasliington county, Tenn. He was attorney and solicitor-general for the first district of Tennes- see, 1833 ; attorney-general, first district, 1841-47 ; a presidential elector on the Clay and Freling- huyseu ticket in 1844, and on the Taylor and Fillmore ticket in 1848. He declined the U.S. con- sulship to China in 1851, was defeated by James C. Jones by one vote in the Whig caucus for the U.S. senatorship, 1851, and by John Bell in 1853 ; was a Whig representative from the first Ten- nessee district in the 36th congress, 1859-61, and was re-elected to the 37th congress. In endeav- oring to make his way to Washington to take his seat lie was captured by Confederate scouts in soutliwestern Virginia, taken to Richmond, and obtained his parole upon condition that he would return home and not engage in hostilities against the Confederate States while they had pos- session of Tennessee. He was president of East Tennessee Union conventions at Knoxville and Greenville in 1861 ; removed to Knoxville in 1863 ; was a trustee of East Tennessee university, 1865 ; counsel for President Johnson in the impeach- ment trial, 1868 ; a delegate to the Democratic national convention at New York in 1868 ; judge of the state supreme court. 1870-71, and resigned in 1871. He is the author of the poems : East Ten- nessee ; King Caucus, and Secession. He died in Knoxville, Tenn., Aug. 24, 1873. NELSON, William, president of Virginia, was born in 1711 ; son of Thomas Nelson (1677-1745), a native of Penriff, Scotland, who emigrated to America about 1690 ; settled in Virginia, where he was known as " Scotch Tom ; " founded and laid out the town of York in 1705 ; built the first custom house in the colonies ; founded Nelson House, which was rebuilt by his son William in 1740, and was still in possession of the Nelson family in 1902, and married a Miss Reid and af- terward a Mrs. Tucker. William inherited his father's fortune and added to it by his own mer- cantile ventures and through the purchase of large landed estate. He was president of the Virginia council for a long term of years, and acting gov- ernor of Virginia from Oct. 1 15, 1770, to August, 1771, be- Itweenthe death of Lord Bote- tourt and the coming of the Earl of Dunmore. He also presided over the general or supreme court of law and equity for the province. He dispensed a liberal hospitality and his charities Till. — 4 were extensive and judicious. He married Miss Burwell of Virginia, granddaughter of Robin Car- ter. He died in Yorktown, Va., Nov. 19, 1772. NELSON, William, soldier, was born near Maysville, Ky., in 1825. He entered the U.S. navy as a midshipman, Jan. 28, 1840 ; was pro- moted passed midshipman, July 11, 1846 ; com- manded a battery at the siege of Vera Cruz, Mexico, March 9-29, 1847, and afterward served in the Mediterranean squadron. He was pro- moted master, Sept. 19, 1854 ; lieutenant, April 18, 1855, and was attached to the Niagara in 1858, in which vessel the negroes taken from the slave-ship Echo were returned to Africa. He was serving on ordnance duty at Washington, D.C., early in 1861 ; was promoted lieutenant- commander, July 16, 1861, and had charge of the gunboats on the Ohio river. He notified Presi- dent Lincoln that to hold Kentucky to the Union it would be necessary to send to the state 10,000 stands of arms, as the secessionists had taken pos- session of the state arms, and at the same time he offered his services to recruit and equip a Union home guard. His services were promptly accepted and the arms furnished, and on tlie day after tlie August election, 1861, the recruits began to gather at Camp Dick Robinson, and by Sei)tember 1, there were four Kentucky regi- ments. Lieutenant Nelson was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers and resigned from the navy. He had also gathered from eastern Tennessee 2000 volunteers under Captain Carter, and some difficulty arising as to the dis- tribution of troops. Gen. George H. Thomas succeeded to the command of Camp Dick Robin- son and General Nelson was sent on raids in east- ern Kentucky. On Nov. 8, 1861, he engaged with two Ohio regiments re-enforced by detachments from several Kentucky regiments, in checking the advance of Col. John S. Williams on Preston- burg and forced the Confederate leader to re- treat into Virginia. Nelson was then ordered to join the column in front of Louisville, where he was assigned to the command of the 4th division under Gen. D. C. Buell, who had as- sumed command of the Army of the Ohio, Nov. 15, 1861. In tlie battle of Pittsburg Landing, April 6-7, 1862, he took a conspicuous part as commander of the 4th division, and was pro- moted major-general of volunteers, occupying Murfreesboro, Tenn., July 13, 1862, after which he joined in repelling the raids of Morgan in Kentucky. He was defeated at Richmond, Ky., Aug. 30, 1862, and defended Louisville against Bragg's threatened attack. In a dispute with Gen. Jefferson C. Davis at the Gait House in Louisville, while in command of that city, General Davis, either intentionally or otlierwise, flipped a small wad of paper in General Nelson's NELSON NETTLETON face and Nelson tliereupon slapped Davis's face with tlie back of liis hand. Wlien they next met General Davis drew a pistol and shot Nelson, who died within half an hour. General Davis was arrested, but had no trial. General Nelson died in Gait House. Louisville, Ky., Sept. 29, 18G2. NELSON, William, author, was born in Newark, N.J.. Feb. 10, 1847 ; son of William and Susan (Cherry) Nelson, and grandson of Tiiomas Nelson. He was educated in tlie public sclu>ols of Newark, and engaged in journalism in New- ark, and Paterson, N.J. He was admitted to the bar in 1878. and settled in practice in Pater- son. He was elected secretary of tlie New Jer- sey historical society in 1880 ; a member of the board of managers of the Societj' of American Authors, and an honorary and corresponding member of many historical, literary and scien- tific societies in Europe and tiie United States. He received tlie honorary degree of A.M. from Princeton university in 18'J6. He was married, July 25, 1889, to Salome W., daughter of Henry C. Doremus of Paterson, N.J. He edited the Xeti' Jersey Archives, 1885-1901, and is the author of : The Inflhtns of Xew Jerseij (1894) ; The Dore- mus Family in America (1897) ; History of the City of Paterson (1901), and numerous legal, biographical and scientific monographs. NERAZ, John Claude, R.C. bisliop, was born in Anse, Rhone. France, Jan. 12, 1828, He was educated in the college of St. Godard and in the seminary of St. Jodard at Alix, and completed his theological studies in the Sulpitian seminary at Lyons, France, in 1852. He was ordained sub- deacon and deacon by Bishop Odin, at Galveston, in September, 1852, and engaged in missionary work at Nacogdoches, Texas. He was ordained priest at Galveston, Feb. 19, 1853, by Bishop Odin ; engaged in missionary work in Liberty county, Texas, 1854-66 ; served as an assistant priest in San Antonio, Texas, 1866-68 ; engaged in mission- ary work at Laredo, 1868-73, where he completed a church and convent, and was rector of the church of San Fernando, San Antonio. Texas, 1873-75. He was vicar-general anil cliancellor of the diocese of San Antonio, 1874-80; administra- tor of the diocese of San Antonio, after the death of Bishop Pellicer, April 14, 1880, and was con- .secrated bishop of San Antonio, May 8, 1881, by Bishop Fitzgerald. He also .served as administra- tor of the vicariate-apostolic of Brownsville, on the promotion of Bishop Manucy in 1884, and as acting vicar-apostolic after the death of the bishop, Dec. 4, 1885, until the appointment of Bishop Verdaguer, July 3. 1890. He attended the third plenary council of Baltimore in 1884. He was influential in founding a college in Travis county and a spminary at Hallettsville. He died at San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 15, 1894. NES, Henry, represcnlative, was born in York, Pa., in 17'J'J. lie studied medicine and settled in practice in his native place. He filled many local oftices, and was an Independent Whig represent- ative in tlie 28th congress, 1843-45, and a Whig representative in the 30th and 31st congresses, 1847-50. He attended the venerable John Quincy Adams, when he fell in the hall of the House of Representatives, in 1848, stricken with apoph-xy. He was married to Elizabeth Weiser of York countj', Pa., and their son, Dr. Charles Martin Nes, in conjunction with other scientific men, dis- covered the steel-making properties of magnetic silicate of iron ore when combined witii pig and scrap iron, patented this product as silicon steel, and formed a company to develop the discovery. Henry Nes dii'd in York, Pa.. Sept. 10, 1850. NESMITH, James Willis, senator, was born in Wasliington county, Maine. July 23, 1820; son of William Morrison and Harriet (Willis) Nes- mith, and was of Irish and Scotch ancestry. His parents removed to New Hampshire, where he attended school. In 1838 he went to the Western Reserve and made his home with his uncle Joseph G. Willis, near Cincinnati, Ohio. He started for Oregon in 1842, joined tlie Applegate party at Fort Scott, and settled in Salem, Oregon, in 1843, where he was influential in forming the provi- sional government. He studied law, 1843-45, and was appointed judge in 1845. He married Pauline Goff in 1846. He commanded a company on ex- peditions against tlie Indians, 1848 and 1853, was U. S. marshal for Oregon territory, 1853-55; super- intendent of Indian affairs, 1857-61 , and was elected senator by the Republican legislature as successor to Joseph Lane, serving, 1861-67. He was a mem- ber of the committee on militaiw affairs, Indian affairs and of the special committees on commerce and Revolutionary claims, and of a committee ap- pointed to visit the Indian tribes of the west. He also served as a visitor to the U.S. military academy and as an attendant on the funeral of General Scott. He was a delegate to the National Union convention at Pliiladelphia, in 1866, and was appointed by President Johnson, U.S. minis- ter to Austria in 1867, but his appointment was not confirmed by tlie senate. He settled in Rick- reall, Polk count}', Oregon, as a farmer and stock raiser; and was Democratic representative in tlie 43d congress, 1873-75. He died at Rickreall, Oregon. June 17. 18S5. NETTLETON, Alured Bayard, soldier, was born in BtMiiii. Delaware county, Ohio, Nov. 14, 1838; son of Iliram and Lavina (James) Nettle- ton, who were among the earliest settlers in cen- tral Ohio. His first anc(>stor in America, John Nettleton, came from Kenilworth. England, and was one of the founders of Killingworth. Conn., 1663. His immediate paternal ancestors lived in NETTLETON NEUENDORFF Newport, N.H. On his mother's side he descend- ed from Elijah Janes, an officer of dragoons and afterward paj'master in the Revokitionary army. Until 1852 he Uved on his father's farm, and attended tlie district school and a local academy. "While book-keeper for a lumber milling company in Michi- gan, 1853-56. he stud- ied evenings, and was a student at Oberlin college, 1857- 61, being meantime active in autislavery agitation. In April, 1861, on the fall of Fort Sumter, he volunteered in a company of students, but Ohio's quota being full they were not mustered. In August, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the 2d Ohio cavalry, was elected first lieutenant of his company, was promoted through the intermediate grades to colonel of the regiment, and served contin- uously in the field to the close of the war, be- ing miistered out in June, 1865. His most active service was in Custer's division of the cavalry corps, Army of the "Potomac, mcluding Grant's battles of the Wilderness, Sheridan's several raids and his Shenandoah campaign and the siege of Richmond and Petersburg. His army record shows him to have served in fourteen states and one territory; to have participated in seventy- t%vo battles and minor engagements ; to have had three horses shot under him in action, and to have been brevetted brigadier-general by the President for gallant and meritorious services under Sheri- dan. He was married, in 1863, to Melissa, daugh- ter of Dr. Luman Tenney of Ohio, and had two daughters and one son. He received liis diploma in arts from Oberlin in 1863 and his A.M. degree in 1866 ; was a trustee of Oberlin college, 1870-92, and a trustee of Carleton college (Minn.), 1885-6. He studied law at Albany Law school, 1865-6; was editor and joint owner of the Sandusky Daily Register, 1867-9 ; published the Chicago Ad- vance, 1869-70 ; was managing editor of the Phil- adelphia Enquirer, 1878, and founder, editor and proprietor of the Minneapolis Daihj Tribune, 1880- 85. He resided in Philadelphia and was associ- ated with Jay Cooke in the projection and con- struction of the Northern Pacific railroad, 1870- 76, and in mining and other enterprises, 1875-80; removed to Minnesota in 1880, and in 1890 was appointed assistant secretary of the treasury and served tlirougli President Harrison's administra- tion. He was acting secretary of the treasury ^ ^ from the death of Secretary Windom, Jan. 29, 1891, until the accession of Charles Foster in March following. He was tlie financial member of the board of management of the government department, Columbian exposition, 1890-93. He was a delegate to the Republican national con- vention, 1868 ; a member of the anti-saloon Re- publican national committee, 1884-89, and in 1900 became joint owner of extensive sugar plan- tations in Sinaloa, Mexico. He was a contributor to magazines and author of : Trusts or Competi- tion (1900). NEUENDORFF, Adolph Henry Anthony Magnus, musician and composer, was born in Hamburg. Germany, June 13, 1843. He came to New York with his parents in June, 1855, and began immediately the study of the violin with Matka, and theory and composition with Gustave Schilling. In the spring of 1859 he made his first appear- ance as a pianist in a concert at Dodworth Hall, New York. He also became connect- ed with orchestras as a violinist. In 1860 he accompanied his father to Brazil, where he gave violin recitals in every im- portant town in the empire. On his re- turn to the United States in 1863 he became musical director of the German theatre in Mil- waukee, Wis., remaining there until the spring of 1864, when he studied tlieory and composition under Carl Anschuetz in New York cit}', who trained him as chorus-master and operatic con- ductor. In the fall of 1864, NeuendorfiF succeeded Anschuetz as conductor of the German opera, which he directed, 1864-67. He was director of the New York Stadt-Theatre, 1867-71, and pro- duced a large number of operas, including some of Wagner's works, notably, "Lohengrin" in its first production in the United States. In tlie fall of 1871 he brought Wachtel. the tenor, and Pauline Lucca to America, and in the fol- lowing year was associated with Carl Rosa in the management of a season at the Academy of Music, when he presented Parepa-Rosa, Ade- laide Phillips, Wachtel and Santly. He man- aged the Germania theatre in New York, 1872-84. In 1875 he gave another long season of opera at the Academy of Music, introducing Wachtel and Mine. Pappenheim, and in 1876 conducted the Beethoven centennial performances there. In the summer of 1876 he went to Bayreuth to ^e^^yi NEUMANN NEVADA attend tlie first Wagner festival as correspond- ent of the New York Staats-Zeitung. In 1877 he conducted the Wagner festival in New York city, wlien "The Flying Dutchman," " Tann- hauser" and "Lohengrin" were performed: also the " Walkyre," for the first time in the United States. He was elected conductor of the Philharmonic Society of New York in 1878, as successor to Theodore Thomas. He inaugurated popular promenade concerts at Boston music hall, whicli he successfully can-ied on for five seasons, 1880-85. He conducted tlie summer concerts at the Central Park Garden, New York, in 1886, and introduced Josef Hofman, tlie boy pianist. He was conductor of an English opera company, 1889- 97, in a tour over the United States and Mexico, producing the Wagner operas. He composed two symphonies ; a number of overtures and can- tatas ; four operas: Der Minstrel {\87d); Tlie Rat Catcher of Hamclin (1880) ; Don Quixote (1883) ; Waldnieister's Brautfahrt (1887); a mass, and many songs and quartettes for male and female voices. He married a singer whose stage name was Georgine Von Januschowski, who survived him. He died in New York city, Dec. 4, 1897. NEUMANN,. John Nepomucene, R. C. bishop, was born at Pracluititz, Bohemia. Austria, March 28, 1811; son of Philip and Agnes (Lebis) Neu- mann. He attended the college and the theological seminary at Budweis, 1823-33, and the seminary at Prague, 1833-35. He was ordained priest, June 25, 1836, by Bishop Dubois in St. Patrick's cathe- dral. New York city. He was missionary to the district of Niagara Falls with headquarters at Williamsville, 1836-40, and built a church in that vicinity. He studied medicine and gathered to- gether a large collection of botanical specimens, which he sent to the museum at Munich. He entered the order of the Redemptorists at Pitts- burg, Pa., Oct. 18, 1840, and on Jan. 10, 1842, made liis profession in St. James's church, Baltimore, Md., the first profession in the order made in the United States. He was attached to the church of St. James in Baltimore for which he did missionary work in Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1843-44. On March 5, 1844. he was appointed superior of the Redemptorist convent at Pittsburgh, built the church of St. Philomena and commenced a new pastoral residence to serve as a convent for the fathers as well as for a novitiate. He was appointed vice-provincial by Father de Held of Belgia. Dec. 15, 1840, and in this capacity organized and maintained schools, asylums and benevolent and religious societies _ and also established churches in various cities. He retired from office in 1849, was made consultor to the Provincial that succeeded him and served as pastor of St. Alphonsus' church, Baltimore, in 1851. He was appointed bishop of Philadel- phia in 1851, by command of Pius IX., and was consecrated at Baltimore on Passion Sunday, March 28, 1853, by Arclibishop Francis Patrick Kenrick, assisted by Bishop O'Reilly of Hart- ford, and Rev. Francis L'Homme. He attended the first plenary council in Baltimore in 1852. During the first five years of his episcopacy he established over fifty new churches and paro- chial schools, St. Joseph's college in Susquelianna county, St. Vincent's home for orphans, a Ger- man hosjiital, various academies and industrial schools for girls and a preparatory seminary for theological students. He visited Rome in 1854 to take part in the deliberations on the Im- maculate Conception of the Virgin Mary ; paid Wf^- -tl ^^', THEPRAL OFI5T. PtT£.R«- S.T.PAU1-. a visit to his home and in 1858 opened the new cathedral. He wrote a Bible history and manuals for devotions. See " Life of The Right Reverend John Neumann, D.D.", by Rev. Eugene Grimm, C.SS.R., from German of Rev. John A. Berger, C.SS.R. (1884). During 1886-88, the preparatory process of his beatification was instituted at Phil- adelphia. He was declared ' ' Venerable " by the authorities of Rome, Dec. 15, 1896. In October, 1897, the "Apostolic Process "of his beatifica- tion and canonization was begun in Philadelphia ; and the final preliminarj^ act, tliatof opening his tomb by a special ecclesiastical court, was made April 22, 1902, in order to identify his body and report to Rome. He died in Philadelphia, Pa , Jan. 5, 1860. NEVADA, Emma, prima donna, was born in Austin, Nev., in 1861; daughter of Dr. Wixon. She was educated in Mills seminary at Oakland, Cal., and early evinced musical talent. She re- turned to Austin, Nev., and received a prepara- tory training in vocal and instrumental music there and in San Francisco. In 1877 she went to Europe, where she studied under Marches! until 1880. She adopted Emma Nevada as a stage name, and made her debut in the Italian opera "La Sonnambula" in London, England, in 1880, in the Mapleson opera company, gaining imme- diate recognition. She sang with pronounced NEVILLE NEVIN success in Itah*, and appeared in Paris in David's " Perle du Bresil " and in Thomas's " Mignon " at the Opera Comique, in 1883. In 1884 she sang in " Lucia di Lammermoor " and other operas with the Italian opera company, and in the same year appeared at the Norwich festival, in England, and at a concert of tlie Sacred Harmonic society, in London. She made a concert tour of the United States, Portugal, Spain, and a second tour of Italy, 1885-87, and in 1887 joined the Italian opera company at Covent Garden, London. Her voice, a soprano of great range, enabled her to render her parts with intense dramatic effect and her repertory included all the standard operas. She was married, Oct. 1, 1885, to Dr. Raymond Palmer and they made their home in Paris. In 1901-03 she made a concert tour through the principal American cities. NEVILLE, William, representative, was born in "Washington county, 111., Dec. 29, 1843 ; son of Capt. Harvey and Aly (Harrimann) Neville ; grandson of John and Milly (Neville) Neville, and great-grandson of William Neville and of James Neville, who were born on Potomac river, in Virginia, about 1750 and 1752, and whose parents came from Durham, England. His parents re- moved to Randolph county, 111., in 1851, where he was a student at McKendree college, Lebanon, 111. He served in the Federal army as sergeant, 142d Illinois volunteer infantry, 1864-65. He was admitted to the bar in 1874, and practised in Omaha and North Platte, Neb. He was a repre- sentative in the Illinois legislature in 1872 ; re- moved to Omaha, Neb., in 1874, and was a repre- sentative in the Nebraska legislature in 1876. He settled at North Platte, Neb., in 1877, and was married in 1882 to Mary Ann Keith, who died in 1884, and he was married secondly in 1886, to Irene Morrison Rector, granddaughter of Gen. Pitcairn Morrison, U.S.A. He was defeated for the 49th congress in 1884, by G. W. E. Dorsey ; was judge of the 13th judicial district, 1891-95, and was elected judge of the Nebraska supreme court in 1896, but as the amendment of the con- stitution providing for an increased court did not pass, he did not take his seat. He was elected by the Democrats, Populists and Silver Republicans of the sixth district of Nebraska, a representative in the 56th congress to fill the vacancy caused by the deatii of W. L. Greene, and was re-elected by the Democrats in 1900 to the 57th congress, serv- ing, 18it9-1903. NEVIN, Alfred, editor and author, was born in Shippensburg, Pa., March 14, 1816; son of Maj. David and Mary (Pierce) Nevin, and grand- son of Daniel and Margaret (Williamson) Rey- nolds Nevin. Daniel Nevin came from England with his brother^ and settled in Cumberland Valley, Pa., before 1800. Maj. David Nevin was a merchant ; served in the war of 1812, and was a member of the Pennsylvania constitutional convention of 1837. Alfred Nevin was graduated at Jefferson college, A.B., 1833, A.M., 1838 ; was admitted to the bar in 1837 ; abandoned law, and was graduated at Western Theological seminary, Allegheny, Pa., in 1840. He was ordained by the presbytery of New Castle in May, 1840, pastor at Cedar Grove, Pa., where he served, 1840-45. He was married. May, 6, 1841, to Sarah J., daughter of the Hon. Robert Jenkins of Lancaster county. Pa. He was pastor of the German Reformed church at Chambersburg, Pa. , 1845-52 ; of the Second church at Lancaster, Pa., 1852-57; of Alexander church at Philadelphia, Pa., 1857-61, and was moderator of the synod of Philadelphia in 1856. He edited Tlie Standard, 1861-66, which was merged into the Nortlui-estern Presbyterian, Chicago, 111., in 1866, and the Presbyterian Weekly, 1872-74, and was chief, editor of the Presbyterian Journal, 1875-80. He lectured in the National School of Oratory in Philadelphia, Pa., 1878-80, and was frequently a commissioner to the general assemblies and synods of the Presbyterian church. He was a member of the Presbyterian, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin his- torical societies, a member of the Presbyterian board of publication, and a trustee of Lafayette college, 1863-65. He received the degree of D.D. from Lafayette college in 1855, and LL.D. from Western Theological seminary in 1873. He edited the Presbyteria7i Encycloxicedia (1884), and the Presbyterian Year Book for 1SS7-SS (1887), and is the author of : Christian's Pest (ISid); Spiritual Progression (1848); Churches of the Valley (1852); Guide to the Oracles (1857); Words of Comfort for Doubting Hearts (1867) ; Commentary on Luke (1867); Tlie Age Question (1868); Popular Ccmi- mentary (1868); The Voice of God (1873): Sabbath- School Help (1874); Xotes on Exodus (1874); Men of Mark of Cumberland Valley, Pa. (1876); Notes on the Shorter Catechism (1878) ; Glimpses of the Coming World (1880); Triumph of Truth (1880); Prayer-Meeting Talks (1880); Parables of Jesus (1881); Letters to Col. Robert G. Ingersoll (1882); Hoio TJiey Died (1883); Folded Leaves (1885), and Twelve Revival Sermons (1885). He died in Lan- caster, Pa., Sept. 2, 1890. NEVIN, Blanche, sculptor, was born in I\Ier- cersburg. Pa.. Sept. 25, 1841 ; daughter of the Rev. John Williamson (q.v.) and of Martha (Jenkins) Nevin. She studied art in Philadelphia, making a specialty of sculpture, and in Rome, Venice and Florence. She opened a studio in Philadelphia, Pa., where she executed in addition to portrait busts, statues of : Maud Muller (1865); Eve (1876); Cinderella (1876), and Gen. Peter Muhlenberg (1887), placed in the capitol at Wash- ington. :sEvix NEVIN NEVIN, Edwin Henry, clergyman and educa- tor, was born in Sliippenshurg, Pa., May 9, 1814; son of Maj. David and Mary (Pierce) Xevin. He was graduated at Jefferson college in 1833 ; at- tended Western Theological seminar}-, 1833-34, and Princeton Theological seminary. 1834-3G. He was licensed to preach by tlie presbytery of Philadelpliia in 1836 ; ordained by the presbytery of Malioning, June 'i'y, 1839 ; was pastor at Ports- moutli, Ohio. 1836-39, and at Poland. Ohio, 1839- 41. He was the first president of Franklin college, New Athens. Ohio, under its departure 'as an antislavery institution, and as the old building was purchased by tlie pro-slavery party and nameil Providence college, he erected a new col- lege building. "While serving as president of Franklin college, he was also pastor of the Pres- byterian churches at New Athens and Mount Vernon. He was pastor of the Plymouth Con- gregational church, Cleveland, Ohio, 1848-53 ; of Congregational churclies in "Walpole, Edgar- town and Chelsea, Mass., 1853-62 ; of a Reformed churcii in Lancaster, Pa., 1865-70, and of the Reformed (German) church in Philadelpliia, Pa., 1870-75. He devoted himself entirely to literarj- work, 1875-89, and in recognition of his achieve- ments, was elected an honorary member of the Victorian Institute and Piiilosophical Society of Great Britian. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from Franklm college in 1870. He was married, July 6, 1837, to Ruth C, daughter of Abner G. Little of HoUis, N.H. He is the author of: Mode of Bajitism (1847); War7ii7ig Against Popery (1851); Faith in God, the Foun- dation of Individual and Xational Greatness (1852) ; TJie Men of Faith ( 1856) ; The City of God (1868); The Miiiister's Handbook (1872); History of all Religions (in collaboration witli his son, William Channing) (1871); Humanity and its Responsibility (1872); Thoughts About Christ (1882): A Handbook of Church History (1884), and Carmina Cordis, poems (1885). He died in Philadelphia, Pa.. June 2, 1889. NEVIN, Ethelbert, composer, was born at the family home Vine-acre, in the Sewickley valley, Allegheny county, Pa., Nov. 25, 1862 ; son of Robert and Elizaljeth (Oliphant) Nevin ; grand- son of Jolm and Martha (McCmcken) Nevin, and a descendant of Daniel Nevin, who came from north Ireland about 1740-50, and of John Williamson, wlio came from England to Chester, Pa., in 1730. He attended the common school at Edgeworth, and after a brief clerkship de- cided to^become a concert pianist. He studied the pianoforte under B. J. Lang of Boston, and harmony under Stephen Emery at the same time. In 188J-S7 he was in Berlin, where he studied under Karl Kiind worth and von Bfdow. and was persuaded by Klindvvortli to give his attention solely to composition. He was in Boston, 1887- 90 ; in France and Germany, 1890-92 ; again in Boston, 1892-94, and in Europe, 1894-98. He was married in 1888 to Anne Paul of Pittsburg, Pa. A few weeks before his death, he removed to New Haven to lead a quiet life and devote himself to composition. Xarcissiis. said to be the most popular of his pianoforte comi)ositions, had received a sale exceeding 125,000 copies before his death, and one of his most widely known songs, Tlie Rosary, also reached a phenomenal sale. Among liis early compositions are Good Night, Good Night, Beloved (1875). and O That We Two Were Maying (1877). His better known pianoforte compositions include : A Day in Venice; Water Sketches; A Sketch Book, and May in Tuscany, the last being his most am- bitious work. His compositions number over 250, and many of his songs and piano pieces became exceedingly popular, the former being considered by critics to be generally more meritorious. He died in New Haven. Conn., Feb. 17, 1901. NEVIN, George Batch, composer, was born at Shippensburg, Pa., March 15, 1859 ; son of Samuel Williamson and Harriet (Macomb) Nevin ; grand- son of Maj. David and Mary (Pierce) Nevin, and a descendant of Daniel Nevin, the immigrant. He attended tlie Cumberland Valley state normal school, and matriculated at Lafayette college in the class of 1883. He studied music and in 1883 engaged in the wholesale paper trade in Easton, Pa., but still continued his musical studies. He composed among others the songs : Tlie Hills of God; Tlie Song of Eternity; At the Cross ; The Minster Song ; Tlie PJiantom Horse- man, and the duets My Faith Looks uj) to Tliee, Eventide and Twilight. He also wrote numer- ous part songs and anthems mucli used by vocal teachers, singing clubs and in churches. He com- posed the music for which the Rev. Dr. Henry C. McCook (q.v.) wrote the national liymn, "God Guard Columbia."' He was married, April, 25, 1888, to Lillias C, daughter of the Rev. William Hawley Dean of California. NEVIN; John Williamson, educator, was born at Herrons Branch near Shippensburg. Pa., Feb. 20, 1803 ; son of Jolin and Martlia (Mc- Cracken) Nevin ; grandson of Daniel and Margaret (Williamson) Nevin, and a descendant of Daniel Nevin. emigrant, and of John Williamson, who came from England to Chester, Pa., 1730. He was graduated from Union college in 1821 and from the Princeton Theological seminary in 1826. He was instructor in oriental and biblical literature at the Princeton Theological seminary during the absence of Dr. Charles Holic Lands of the United States (1895) ; Irrigation in t/ie United States (1902) ; the annual reports of the U.S. division of hydro- grapliy, a series of pamphlets entitled. Water Supply. Irrigation Papers, and is a writer on geographic, economic and engineering subjects in current magazines. NEWELL, Peter, artist, was born near Ma- omb, 111., Marcli 5, 1862 ; son of George F. and Louisa (Dodge) Newell, and grandson of Henry and Amanda Dodge. After attending the local schools he engaged in the tobacco trade for a brief period in 1879, and was then employed by a firm of pliotographers and makers of crayon por- traits in Jacksonville, 111. With money saved from his salary he began to study at the Art Stu- dents' league in 1882, and continued to employ his leisure time in making liumorous drawings, which he contributed chiefly to the Harper publi- cations. He won his widest reputation through his work in flat tones, dating from 1893. Some of his serious work was exhibited at the National Academy of Design and at the Atlanta exposi- tion. Besides his quaint drawings with original captions in verse, his work includes : Topsy Turvey Books (3 vols., 1893, 189-1 and 1902), and illustrations for several books, notably : " The Houseboat on the Styx ; " "The Pursuit of the Houseboat," and "Mr. Munchausen,'' by John Kenrick Bangs ; " The Great Stone of Sardis," by Frank R. Stockton ; " Whilomville Sketches," by Stephen Crane, and a new edition of Lewis Carroll's " Alice in Wonderland'" (1901). Some of his drawings were published in book form as Pictures andRIiynies (1900). NEWELL, Robert Henry (Orpheus C. Kerr), author, was born in New York city, Dec. 13, 1836. He was a pupil of the public schools ; literary editor of the New York Mercury, 1858-62 ; war correspondent of the New York Herald, 1862-63 ; a writer on the New York World, 1869-74, and was editor of the Hearth and Home, a weekly journal, 1874-76. He wrote a series of humorous letters on the Civil war under the pen-name Orpheus C. Kerr, which were published in 4 volumes (1862- 68), and is the author of: The Palace Beautiful and other Poems (1865) ; Avery Glibun, or Between Two Fires, an American romance (1867) ; 77*6 Cloven Foot, an adaptation of " The Myster}" of Edwin Drood " to American scenes and American readers (1870) ; Versatilities, poems (1871) ; The Walking' Doll, novel (1872) ; Studies in Stanzas (1882). and TJiere Was Once a Man (1884). He died in Brooklyn, N.Y.. about July 1, 1901. NEWELL, William Augustus, governor of New Jersey, was born in Franklin, Ohio, Sept. 5, 1817 ; son of James H. and Eliza D. (Hankin- son) Newell; grandson of Hugh Newell, and a descendant of Hugli Newell, a native'of Ireland, who settled in Monmouth county, N.J. He was graduated at Rutgers college, A.B., 1836. A.M., 1839, and from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1839, and practised successively at Mana- hawkin, Imlaystown and AUentown. N.J. He was a Whig representative in the 30th and 31st congresses, 1847-51, introducing on Feb. 6, 1851, a resolution that led to the establishment of the agricultural bureau, and while in congress at- tended professionally John Quincy Adams when stricken with fatal illness in the Representative chamber. He was also family physician to President Lincoln and was selected by New Jersey to represent the state at the funerals of both ex- President Adams and Presi- dent Lincoln. He secured in 1848 an approi)riation of ^10.- 000 for the establishment of life-.saving stations along the New Jersey coast. He was married in December, 1848, to Joanna, daughter of Dr. Will- iam Van Deursen of New Brunswick. He was the first Republican governor of New Jersey, NEWHALL NEAVMAN 1857-60, and superintendent of the life-saving service of New Jersey, 1861-64. He was a Repub- lican representative in the 39th congress, 1865-G7 ; the defeated candidate for governor of New Jersey in 1877, Gen. George B. McClellan being elected ; was governor of Washington Territory, 1880-8-1 ; U.S. Indian inspector, 1884-86, and resident-sur- geon of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, state of Washington, 1894-98. He returned to Allentown, N.J., in 1899 and practised medicine. He re- ceived tlie degree LL.D. from Rutgers college in 1881. He died in Allentown, N. J., Aug. 8, 1901. NEWHALL, Charles Stedman, forester, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 4, 1843 ; son of Henry A. and Sarah B. (Luther) Newhall ; grand- son of Pliny and Catharine (White) Newhall and of Nathaniel and Sarah (Borden) Luther, and a des- cendant of Richard Warren and Perigrine White, passengers in the Mayfloiver in 1620. He was prepared for college in Williston seminary, Mass. ; served in the 45th Massachusetts infantry', 1861- 62, and was graduated at Amherst, 1869, and at Union Theological seminary. New York city, in 1872. He was ordained pastor of the Congrega- tional cimrch, Oriskany Falls, N.Y., Dec. 11, 1872, and served, 1872-74. He was stated supply at the Presbyterian church, Oceanic, N.J., 1874- 79, and traveled in Europe, 1879 ; was stated supply at the Congregational church in Postville, Iowa, 1880-82, and at Tipton, 1882-84 ; pastor of the Presbyterian church at Keeseville, N.Y., 1885-87 ; at Mt. Pleasant, N.J., 1887-88 ; professor at Daniel Baker college, Brownwood, Texas, 1890- 93, and home missionary at McAlester, Indian Territory, 1894-96. He was U.S. assistant special forest agent, 1897, and w^as appointed U.S. super- intendent of the forest reserves of northern and central California in 1898. He was married, March 7, 1881, to Katharine A., daughter of Samuel Harvey of Oceanic, N.J. He is the author of: History of Fall River, Mass. (1862); Joe and the Hoicards (1869) ; Harry's Trip to the Orient (1885) ; Ruthie's Story (1888) ; Trees of Northeastern America (1890) ; Shrubs of North- eastern America (1893), and Vines of North- eastern America (1897). NEWLANDS, Francis Griffith, representa- tive, was born in Natchez, Miss., Aug. 28, 1848; son of James Birney and Jessie (Burland) New- lands. He attended Yale college in the class of 1867, and the Columbian University Law school, D.C., but did not graduate. He was admitted to the bar at Washington, D.C., and removed to San Francisco, Cal., where he practised until 1886, when he was appointed a trustee of the estate of William Sharon (q.v.), and removed to Nevada. He advocated the free coinage of silver ; was vice-chaix-man of the national silver committee, and was a Democratic representative in the 53d, 54th, 55th, 56th and 57th congresses, 1893-1903. He was twice married, first in 1874 to Clara Adelaide, daughter of Senator William Sharon, and secondly in 1888 to Edith, daughter of Hall McAllister of California. He received the honorary degree of M. A. from Yale univer- sity in 1901. NEWMAN, John Philip, M.E. bishop, was born in Leonard street, in the neighborhood of the " Five Points," New York city, Sept. 1, 1826, of German parentage, the original spelling being Neuman. His mother was of French descent. He joined the Metho- dist church in 1842; was educated for the ministry in Cazenovia seminary, N.Y., and entered the Oneida conference in 1849. He was stationed at Lenox, N.Y., 1849, at Hamilton, 1850, Cherry Valley, 1851- 52, Fort Plain, 1853- 54, Amsterdam (Troy conference) in 1855, Garretson station, Albany, 1856-57, Bed- ford street (New York conference), 1858-59, was traveling in Europe, Palestine and Egypt, 1860-61, pastor at Washington square. New York, 1862-63, and in 1864 was designated by Bishop Ames to organize the M.E. church in the states of Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, to which task he devoted five years of labor. He was a missionary in New Orleans, 1864-65 ; organized the Mississippi mis- sion conference, 1866 ; was presiding elder of the New Orleans district and president of Tliomsoa Biblical institute (now New Orleans university) 1866-67 : founded the Southwestern Christian Adi^ocate in New Orleans, and a church costing $50,000, 1867, and was presiding elder of the southern New Orleans district, 1868. He was transferred to the Baltimore conference in 1869, and in March, 1869, was elected chaplain of the U.S. senate, also serving as pastor of the Metropolitan church in Washington, D.C., 1869- 71. He resigned his pastorate in December, 1871 ; was chaplain of the U.S. senate, 1872-73 ; financial agent of the Metropolitan church, 1874, pastor, 1875-77, and again financial agent, 1878, when he saved the church to the Methodists. President Grant made him inspector of the U.S. consulates in Asia, and lie served, 1874-76. He was trans- ferred to the New York conference in 1879, was pastor of Central church. New York city, 1880, and corresponding secretary. New York Confer- ence Educational societv, 1881. He vacated at NEWMAN NEWTON his own request to become pastor of the ^ladison Avenue Congregational cliureh in New York city, where General Grant attended, and served the cliurch, 1883-84. He was re-adinitted to the New York conference in 1885, visited CaUfornia and returned to New York on learning of the fatal illness of General Grant and acted as his spiritual adviser. He was transferred to the Baltimore conference in 1886, was pastor of the Metropolitan church. Washington, D.C., 1880-88, and was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church at the general conference held in New York, 1888, tliough not a member of tliat body. In 1896 he was appointed resident bisliop of California. He served as a commissioner to re-establish fraternal relations between the cimrch north and south in 1876, and was a delegate to the Methodist Ecu- menical conference in London, England, in 1881. He delivered the discourse at General Grant's funeral in 1885, and at Gen. John A. Logan's funeral in 1887. He received the degree D.D. from tlie University of Rocliester in 1863, and LL.D. from the Otterbein university and Grant Memorial university in 1881. He was a member of the American Geograpliical society and the Society of Biblical Archieologv. He was married, in 1855, to AngelineF., daughter of the Rev. Datus Ensign of the Troy conference. He is the author of: Character of the Resurrection Body (1859); I'roin Dan to Beersheba (1864); Thrones and Palaces of Nineveh (1875); Religions Liberty (1875); Sermons (1877); Christianity Triumphant (1884); Evenings with the Prophets, or the Lost Empires of the World {\SS7); America for Ameri- cans (1880); The Mission of Science (1892); Tlie Supremacy of Law (1892); Aurora Borealis, Amid Icebergs of Greenland's Mountains (1896) ; St. John the Prisoner of Patmos (1896) ; Entire S inctific'ttion (1898); Conversations icith Christ (postluim msly, 1900). His fortune of .$25,000 by the terms of his will was donated to Drew Theo- logical seminary after tiie death of his widow. His library was also given to the seminary. He died at Saratoga. N.Y.. .July 5. 1899. NEWMAN, Samuel Phillips, educator, was born in Andover, Mass., June 0, 1797; son of Deacon Mark and Sally (Pliillips) Newman. His father, born 177:3. Dartmouth, A.B., 1793, A.M., 1796, was principal of Phillips academy, Andover, Mass. ; li- censed to prea;;li in the Congregational cliurch ; engaged in publisliing religious books; was a trustee of Andover Theological seminary, 179.5- ls36. and died in 1859. Samuel Pliillips Newman was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1816, A.M., 1819, attended Andover Tlieological seminary, 1810-17 ; was professor of the Latin and Greek languages and literature in Bowdoin college, 1820-24 ; of rhetoric and oratory there, 1824-39, and principal of tlie state normal school at Barre, Mass., 1839-42. He is the author of: A Practical System of Rhetoric in the Principles and Practice of Style tvith Examples (1829), which passed through sixty editions and reached its sixth London edition in 1846 ; Elements of Politi- cal Economy (1837), and Tlte Southern Eclectic Reader, Parts I. IL and HI. He died at Andover, Mass.. Feb. 10, 1842. NEWSHAM, Joseph Parkinson, representa- tive, was born in Preston, Lancashire, England, May 24, 1837 ; son of James and Nancy Newsliam. He immigrated to the United States with his parents who settled in Monroe county. III., 1839. He was educated in the public schools of St. Louis, was admitted to tiie bar and practised law in Edwardsville, 111., 1859-61. He entered the Federal army in 1861 ; served as 1st lieutenant of cavalry and on the staffs of Gen. John C. Fre- mont and Gen. Charles F. Smith respectively, 1861-62, and afterwards as adjutant of the 32d Missouri volunteer infantry in Blair's brigade, and was wounded at Chickasaw Bajou, Dec. 28, 1862. He resigned from tlie service, July 4, 1864, removed to Louisiana, was clerk of the court of Ascension parish, La., and practised law in Donaldsonville, 1865-67. He removed to St. Francisville, La., in 1867 ; was a member of the state constitutional convention, 1868-69 ; held several local offices, and established and edited the West Feliciana Republican, 1868-72. He was a Republican representative in the 40th and 41st congresses, 1808-71. Micliael Ryan, liis Democra- tic opponent, claimed election to the 41st con- gress, but the house decided in favor of Newsham, who took the seat. May 25, 1890. At the close of his term, March 3, 1871, he retired to his planta- tion and subsequently engaged in merchandising in St. Francisville. NEWTON, Henry, geologist, was born in New York city, Aug. 12, 1845 ; son of Isaac Newton (1794-1858), naval architect. He was graduated from the College of tlie City of New York, A.B., 1800, and from the School of Mines, Columbia col- lege, E.M., 1809. He was assistant in mineralogy and geology at Columbia, 1870-75, and also as- sisted Prof. John H. Newberry in the Ohio geolo- gical survey. He served as assistant engineer in tlie geological expedition to the Black Hills sent out by tlie department of tlie interior, under AValter P. Jenney, 1870-77, and was appointed professor of mining and metallurgy at the Oiiio State university, but before he could enter upon his duties was stricken with the fever while in the Black Hills. The degree of Pli.D. was con- ferred on him by Columbia college in 1876. He was a member of many scientific societies and was a specialist on the metallurgy of iron and steel. He contributed many papers to scientific journals and a Report on the Geology and Re- ^'EWTON NEWTON soui-ces of the Black Hills of Dakota, with a me- moir by Prof. John S. Newberry (1880). He died in Deadvvood, Dakota, Aug. 5, 1877. NEWTON, Hubert Anson, mathematician, was born in Sherburne, N.Y., March 19, 1830 ; son of William and Lois (Butler) Newton, and a descendant of Thomas Newton, a carpenter, who settled in Fairfield, Conn., as early as 1639. He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 18.10, A.M., 1853, studied mathematics, 1851-53, and was a tutor in mathematics at Yale, where he was in charge of the chair of mathematics during the illness and after the death of Prof. Arthur D. Stanley, 1853-55, succeeding to the chair after one year's study at Paris. He was married, Apdl 14, 1859, to Anna C, daughter of the Rev. Joseph C. Stiles. He directed his earlier years to special studies in modern higher geometry, but later devoted him- self to the problems of meteoric astronomy. Through his investigation the stream of meteors was connected with the comet of 1866 as soon as tlie orbit of that comet was completed. He was regarded as one of the highest authorities on meteors in the world. In 1864 lie introduced into the arithmetics of the United States a table of the metric system of weights and measures. He was an original member of the National Academy of Sciences ; a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society of London, and of the Royal Piiiiosophi- cal Society of Edinburgh ; president of the Con- . necticut Academy of Arts and Sciences ; vice-pres- ident in 1875. and president in 1885 of the Ameri- can Association for the Advancement of Science ; a member of various other societies, and director of the Yale university observatory, 1S82-84. He received the degree LL.D. from the University of Michigan in 1868, and was awarded tlie Law- rence-Smith medal by the National Academy of Sciences for his study of meteoric bodies. He was an associate editor of tlie American Jovrnal of Science ; published in 1804 a memoir upon the sporadic meteors ; contributed to cyclopaedies, and his scientific papers were published in the Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences and in the American Journal of Sciences. He died in New Haven, Conn., Aug. 12, 1896. NEWTON, Isaac, naval architect, was born at Sohodack Landing, Rensselaer county, N.Y., Jan. 16. 1794 ; son of Abner Newton, an officer in the Continental army during the Revolutionary war. He attended the district school, learned the ship- building trade in Hudson, N.Y., and engaged in building sailing vessels for the river and whal- ing trades. He built many of the first steamboats used on the Hudson river ; was the founder of the People's line between Albany and New York, and extended his business to the great lakes. He was the first to substitute anthracite coal for wood as fuel on a steamboat. He subse- quently turned his attention to building ocean steamers for the Collins and other lines. He was also a pioneer in railroading and one of the pro- jectors of the New York Central, the Lake Shore and the Michigan Southern railroads. He died in New York city, Nov. 22. 1858. NEWTON, Isaac, agriculturist, was born in Burlington county, N.J., March 31, 1800. He attended the common schools and engaged in farming in Delaware county. Pa., where he was recognized as a model farmer. He was a mem- ber of various agricultural associations and was frequently a delegate to the meetings of the U.S. Agricultural society. He proposed the establish- ment of a national department of agriculture to each recurring administration from Harri- son, 1841, to Lincoln, 1861, finally succeeding in inducing President Lincoln to adopt the measure in 1862, and served as U.S. commissioner of agriculture, 1862-67. He died in Washington, D.C., June 19, 1867. NEWTON, Isaac, engineer, was born in New York city, Aug. 4, 1837 : son of Isaac Newton, the naval architect (q.v.). He attended Hamilton college and took a course in civil engineering, and one in medicine at the University of the City of New York, but received no degrees. He was employed as an engineer at the Delamater iron works in New York city, an^ was subsequently associated with his father as assistant engineer of the People's line of Hudson river steamers, and as chief engineer of the Collins line between New York and Liverpool. In 1861 he entered the U.S. navy as first assistant engineer on board the Roa- noke. He assisted Capt. John Ericsson in the construction of the Monitor, and acted as its engineer on the voyage to Hampton Roads. During the engagement with the Merrimac. March 9, 1862. he had charge of the engines and turret, and at the risk of his life repaired the deranged ventilating apparatus, thereby saving the lives of the stokers in the boiler rooms. He was supervising constructor of ironclads in New York city until 1865. when he resigned from the navy. He was appointed by congress in 1869 to investigate and report on the condition of the U.S. navv. He assisted Gen. George B. McCell- NEWTON NEWTON Ian in constructing the Stevens battery in 1871, and in 1872 became assistant engineer of the department of jniblic works in New York city under General McClellan. He was a member of the rapid transit commission, wliich establislied the system of elevated railroads. He was chief engineer of the department of public works in New York city, 1881-84, and inaugurated the new Croton aqueduct. He was a member of the Society of Mechanical Engineei-s and of the American Society of Civil Engineers. He died in New York city. Sept. 25, 1884. NEWTON, John, soldier, was born in Norfolk, Va., Aug. 24, 1823; son of the Hon. Thomas Newton (q.v.). He attended the public schools and studied civil engineering under a private tutor. He was graduated from the U.S. I\Iilitary academy second in the class of 1842, and pro- moted 2d lieutenant of the corps of engineers, July 1, 1842. He was assistant professor of en- gineering at the U.S. Military academy, 1843-44, and principal assistant professor, 1844-46. He was assistant engineer in the construction of Fort Warren, Mass., in 1846, and of Fort Trumbull, Conn., 1846-49. He also superintended the con- struction of Fort Wayne, Mich., and of Forts Porter, Niagara and Ontario, N.Y., 1849-52. He was pronaoted 1st lieutenant. Oct. 16, 1852. and was engaged on the survej's for the breakwater at Owl's Head, Maine, 1852-53. and for the military improvements in Florida. 18.53-54. He engineered the construction of Forts Pulaski and Jackson, Georgia, 1854, and of fortifications at Pensacola, Fla., 1855-58. He was promoted captain, July 1, 1856, was chief engineer of the Utah ex- pedition of 1858, and was superintending en- gineer in the construction of Fort Mifflin, Del., 1858-61. In 1860 he was chosen a member of the special board of engineers on harbor defences, New York harbor. Upon the outbreak of the civil war in 1861 he was appointed chief en- gineer of the Department of Pennsylvania ; ac- companied General Patterson's column into Virginia, and took part in the action of Falling Waters, Va., June 30, 1861. He was chief en- gineer of the department of tlie Shenandoah, July-August, 1S61, and was promoted major, Aug. 6. 1861, He was appointed brigadier-gen- eral of volunteers, Sept. 23, 1861, and served as assistant engineer on the defences, Washington, D.C., September, 1861 , to March, 1862, at the same time commanding a brigade for the defence of the capital. He commanded the 3d brigade, 1st division, 6th corps, in the Army of the Potomac, and took part in tlie action at West Point, May 7, 1862: the battle of Gaines's Mill, June 27, 1862; the battle of Glendale, June 30, 1862, and covered the retreat of Pope's army from Bull Run to Washington, D.C., Sept. 1-2, 1862. He served in the Maryland campaign, September-November, 1862, being engaged in the battle of South Moun- tain and receiving tlie brevet of lieutenant-colo- nel for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862. He com- manded the 3d division, 6th corps. Army of the Potomac, at Fredericksburg and in the Chancel- loisville campaign, December, 1862-June, 1863, the successful assault upon the enemy at Marye's Heights, May 3, 1803, being under his direction. He was promoted major-general U.S. volun- teers, March 30, 1863 ; commanded his division at Gettysburg. July 1-3, 1863, wdiere after the death of General Reynolds he temporarily com- manded the 1st corps, and was brevetted colonel U.S.A. for gallant and meritorious ser- vices there. He commanded the 1st corps. Army of the Potomac, in the liapidan campaign, October-December, 1863 ; the 2d division, 4th army corps, Army of tlie Cumberland, May-vSep- tember, 1864, and took jjart in all the important engagements during the invasion of Georgia, in- cluding the seige and occupation of Atlanta, July-September, 1864. He was brevetted briga- dier-general U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for services at Peach Tree Creek and in the campaign against Atlanta, Ga., and was brevetted major-general, U.S. volunteers and major-general U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for services in the field during the war. He was transferred to the command of the dis- trict of Key West and Tortugas in October, 1864, and commanded the entire state of Florida, June 19-Aug. 7, 1865 ; the district of middle Florida and the sub-districts of west Florida and Key West, Aug. 7-Nov. 6, 1865, and the districts of southern, western and middle Florida, Nov. 6, 1865, to Jan. 24, 1866. He was promoted lieuten- ant-colonel, corps of engineers, Dec. 28, 1865 ; was mustered out of volunteer service, Jan. 15, 1866 ; was promoted colonel U.S.A., June 30, 1879, and on March 6. 1884, was made chief of engineers with rank of brigadier-general. U.S.A. He had charge of the construction of the new batteiy near Fort Hamilton, N.Y., and of Fort Hancock, Sandy Hook, N.J., and was a member of the board of engineers appointed to carry out in de- tail the modifications of the defences in the vicin- ity of New York, 1866-67. He was in charge of the removal of obstructions from the channel at Hell Gate, East River, N.Y., and conceived and carried out the plan of the removal of the rocks at Hallett's Point bj- submarine mining and blasting, the mines being successfully ex- ploded at Hallett's Point, Sept. 24, 1876, and at Flood Rock, Oct. 10, 1885. He was retired Aug. 27, 1886 ; wassuperintendentof public works 1887- 88, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Society of Civil En- gineers. He died in New York city. May 1. 1895. NEWTON NEWTON NEWTON, John Brockenbrough, coadjutor bishop of Virginia and 174th in succession in tlie American episcopate, was born at his father's home "Linden," in Westmoreland county, Va., Feb. 7, 1839; son of Willougliby and Mary (Brockenbrough) Newton ; grandson of Wil- loughby and Sally Bland (Poythress) Newton and of Judge William Brockenbrougli of the Virginia court of appeals, and his wife, Judith Wliite, daughter of Rev. John White and granddaughter of Carter Braxton, the signer. On his father's side he was descended from Col. Richard Bland of Revolutionary fame, who was the sou of Theo- dorick Bland, one of tlie earliest settlers in Vir- ginia. His earliest Newton ancestor in America, John Newton, came to Virginia in 1670, and set- tled in Westmoreland county. He was a student at the Episcopal high school near Alexandria, and was graduated at the Medical College of Virginia, M.D., in 1860. He served as assistant and full surgeon in the Confederate States army, 1861-65, and after the close of the war practised his profession in Westmoreland county until 1870, when he determined to enter the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church. That his family might not suffer, lie continued to practise medi- cine while studying the prescribed course at his home in Westmoi'eland, taking the regular ex- aminations with the class at the Virginia Theo- logical seminary. He was ordained deacon. June 25. 1871, and priest. June 29. 1872, by Bishop Whittle. He was rector of St. John's and St. Paul's churches, South Farnham parish, Tappa- hannock, Essex county, Va., 1871-76 ; of St. Luke's church, Norfolk, Va.. 1876-84, and of Monumental church, Richmond, Va., 1884-94. He was a dele- gate to the Genei'al convention at Chicago in 1886, at New York in 1889, at Baltimore in 1892, and present as a member of the House of Bishops at ^Minneapolis in 1895. He was elected coadjutor bishop of Virginia, Jan. 31, 1894, and was con- secrated in Monumental church, Richmond, Va., May 16, 1894, by Bishops Whittle, Dudley, Peter- kin. Randolph, Jackson and Capers. The degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Washington and Lee university and by the L^niversity of the South, in 1896. He died in Richmond, Va., May 28. 1897. NEWTON, John Thomas, naval officer, was born in Alexandria, Va., May 20, 1793. He was appointed to the U.S. navy as a midshipman, Jan. 16, 1809, and served as acting lieutenant of the Hornet in the engagement with tlie Peacocl-. Feb. 24, 1813. He was promoted lieutenant, July 24, 1813, and first lieutenant of the Hornet during her action with the Penguin, March 23, 1815. He was promoted commander, March 3, 1827 ; captain. Feb. 9, 1837, and commanded the steamers Fulton and Missouri, and the navvvard VIII. — 5 at Pensacola, Fla., 1848-52. He was flag-officer of the home squadron, 1852-55, which gave him the title of commodore, and commanded the navy yard at Portsmouth. N.H., 1855-57. He died in AVashington, D.C.. July 28, 1857. NEWTON, Richard, clergyman, was born in Liverpool, England, July 25, 1813 ; son of Richard and Elizabeth (Cluett) Newton. He immigrated to the United States with his parents in 1823, and settled in Philadelphia, Pa. He was gi-aduated at the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1836, A.M., 1839. and at the General Theological semi- nary, New York city, in 1839. He was married July 31, 1834, to Lydia, daughter of Lawrence Greatorex of Philadelphia, Pa. He was ordered deacon in 1839, was rector of the Church of the Holy Trinity, W^est Chester, Pa., 1839; was or- dained priest in 1840, and was rector of St. Paul's church, Philadelphia, 1840-62 ; of the Church of the Epiphany, Philadelphia, 1862-81. and of the Church of the Covenant, Philadelphia. 1881-87. He traveled in Europe, 1869-70. He was a trustee of the University of Philadelphia. 1869-87, and received the degree of D.D. from Kenyon college in 1851. He contributed extensively to juvenile literature and many of his sermons prepared for children have been translated into French, Ger- man, Arabic and other languages. He is the author of: Rills from the Fountain of Life (1856); The Kim/s Highu-ay (1858); Bible Jewels (1867); Nature's Wonders (1872); The King in His Beauty (1875): Bible Promises (1876); Natural History of the Bible (1877); Covenant Names and Privileges (1880); Leaves from the Tree of Life; Giants and How to Fight Them ; The Heath in the Wilderness; Travels in Bible Lands; Heroes of the Early Church; Heroes of the Reformation ; Tlie Life of Christ for the Young; Bible Animals. He died at Chestnut Hill. Philadelphia, Pa., 31ay 25, 1887. NEWTON, Richard Heber, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia. Pa., Oct. 31, 1840 ; son of the Rev. Richard and Lydia (Greatorex) Newton. He attended the University of Pennsylvania and the Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal church in Philadelphia, 1857-62 ; was ordained deacort in 1862 ; was assistant to his father at St. Paul's. Philadelphia, 1862-63 ; assistant at the Church of the Epiphany, Philadelphia, 1863-64, and deacon in charge of Trinity church, at Sharon Springs, N.Y., 1864-66. He was married, April 14, 1864, to Mary E. , daughter of Charles S. Lewis of Phil- adelphia, Pa. He was ordained priest in 1866 was rector of St. Paul's church. Philadelphia. 1866- 69. and of All Souls church. New York city. 1869- 1902. He became special preacher at Leland Stan- ford university. Cal.. in 1902, but resigned in May, 1903, discouraged in his efforts to harmonize differ- ent creeds. He was charged with heresy as early as NEWTON NEWTON t^Mefuz4ftu^t:^ 18S3 and again in 1891, when he demanded a regular trial from liis bishop, which was not granted. He was active in philantlnopic and re- form movements and became known as a Chris- tian socialist. In 1S90 he attempted witli Father Diicey a municipal reform in New York city, being largely in- strumental in organ- izing tlie People's Municipal league. His parish bought the building of the Church of the Holy Spirit, Madison ave- nue and 66th street, in 1890. He served as vice-president of the Liberal Congress of Religions and di- rector of the New York State Confer- ence of Religions, also president of the Inter- national Mttapliysical league. He received the degree of D.D. from Union college in 1881. He is the author of: Cldklren's Church, a hymn- book (1872); The Morals of Trade (1876); Woman- hood (1879); Studies' of Jesus {18Sl)\ The Right and Wrong Uses of the Bible (1883): The Book of the Beginnings, a Study of Genesis {188i); PJiil- istinismilSS')): Social Stiidies (1886): Church and Creed (1891) ; Christian Science (1898), and mag- azine articles, reviews, sermons and addresses. NEWTON, Robert Crittenden, soldier, was born in Little Rock, Ark., June 3, 1840; son of Thomas W. and Eliza (Allen) Newton: grandson of Col. John Allen, who wa-s killed wliile leading his regiment at the battle of River Raisin, Jan. 22, 1813, and a descendant of Jared Newton, an Englishman, who immigrated to Westmoreland county. Pa., in the 17th century. Thomas W. Newton was cashier of the Real Estate bank, clerk of Pulaski county, member of the state leg- islature in both houses, U.S. marshal and repre- sentative in the 29th congress. Robert C. Newton was educated in the Western Militarj' institute, Tyree Springs. Tenn., in the literary department of the University of Nashville, and studied math- ematics and languages under a private tutor. He was admitted to the bar in 1860, and practised in Little Rock. He entered the Confederate army as a private in 1861, was promoted lieutenant and assistant adjutant-general on the staff of Gen. Thomas C. Hindinan, and took part in the battles of W^oodsonville. Shiloh. Corinth. Prairie Grove, Helena, Little Rock. Jenkins's Ferry and minor engagements. He was regularly i)romoted, be- coming colonel of the ."ith Arkansas cavalry, and was acting brigadier-general in command of the Arkansas state troops at the close of the war. He was a commissioner from Arkansas to the authori- ties at W^ashington in 1866 to secure representa- tion for the state in congress ; was ai)pointed major-general of the state troops by Governor Baxter in 1873, and filled that position during the Brooks-Baxter controversy in 1874. Commodore Thomas Nelson, U.S.N. , was his uncle, and his mother's sister, Ann Maria Allen, married Henry Crittenden and was the mother of Gov. Tliomas S. Crittenden (q.v.) of Missouri, and by a second marriage became the mother of Governor Eli Houston Murray (q.v.) of Utah. General Newton died at Little Rock. Ark., June 2, 1887. NEWTON, Robert Safford, surgeon, was born in Gallipolis. Oido, Dec. 12, 1818. He was edu- cated first at Gallia college, and was graduated in medicine at the Universitj' of Kentucky in 1841. He practised in his native city four years, and then removed to Cincinnati, whei'e he acquired a high reputation as a physician and surgeon. He was professor of surgery in Mempliis university in 1849-51, and from 18.51 to 1862 filled the same chair in the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincin- nati. He removed to New York in 1863. He had already assisted in organizing a National Eclectic ]Medical society, and he now organized a similar one for New York State, and in 1865 founded the Eclectic Medical college of the City of New Y*ork, of which he was president from 1875 till his death. He also occupied the professorship of surgerj'. For nearlj' fort}' years he made investigations in cell pathology, and he invented many improve- ments in surgery and several instruments. He made a special study of cancerous diseases. The circular operation for removal of the breast was first performed by him. Dr. Newton edited and published successively the Eclectic Medical Jour- nal and the Eclectic Medical Review. Tlie latter, in 1874, was merged in the Medical Eclectic. He contributed to tiie United States Eclectic Dis- pensatory, edited Chapman on Ulcers (1853) ; Eclectic Pi-actice of Medicine (1854); Diseases of Children {\So4); Syme\s Surgery (ISm); ami Path- ology of Inflammation and Fever (1867); and was the author of A Treatise on Antiseptic Surgery (1876). His son, Robert Safford. born in 1855, fol- lowed tlie father's profession, was educated largely in Europe, and became professor of diseases of the eye, throat and skin in the New York Eclectic college, and edited medical periodicals. The elder Dr. Newton died in New Y^ork city. Oct. 9, 1881. NEWTON, Thomas, representative, was born in Norfolk. Va. in 1769; son of Thomas and Martha (Tucker) Newton ; grandson of Thomas and Amy (Hutchins) Newton, and of Robert Tucker, and a great grandson of George and Aphie (Wilson) Newton. George Newton was mayor of the borough of Norfolk, Va., in 1736 NEWTON NICHOLA and 1742. Thomas received a good education, studied law and settled in practice in Norfolk. He was a Republican representative in the 7th- 20th and the 22d congresses, 1801-29 and 1831-33. He claimed election to the 21st congress, but the house by a majority of thirteen gave the seat to George Loyall who had contested it. He retired the oldest member in point of service in the house, having also served for many years as chair- man of the committee on commerce and manu- factures. His son, John Newton (q.v,), was the distinguished soldier and engineer. He died in Norfolk, Va., Aug. 5, 1847. NEWTON, William Wilberforce, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 4, 1843 ; son of the Rev. Richard and Lydia (Greatorex) New- ton. He left the University of Pennsylvania with other students in 1863 to serve in Landis battery in the emergency corps for the defence of the state against Lee's invasion. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1865, A.M., 1868, and at the Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal church, Philadelphia, in 1868. He was ordered deacon in 1868, and ordained priest, June 19, 1869, and was as- sistant at the Church of the Epiphany, Philadel- phia, during his father's absence in Europe, 1869- 70. He was married, Nov. 16, 1870, to Emily Stevenson, daughter of the Rev. James Welsh Cooke, of Philadelphia, Pa. He was rector of St. Paul's, Brookline, Mass., 1870-75 ; of Trinity, Newark, N. J., 1875-77; of St. Paul's, Boston, Mass., 1877-81, and in 1881 became rector of St. Stephen's, Pittsfield, Mass. He was a member of the school committee while in Brookline, Mass., and held a similar office in Pittsfield, Mass., 1887- 88. He organized the American congress of churches, which met at Hartford, Conn., in 1885, and at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1886. He received the degree of D.D. from the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1890. He is the author of : Little and Wise (1877) ; Neio Tracts for Neiv Times (1877); The Wicket Gate (1878); Essays of To-day (1879); The Interpreter s House (1879) ; The Palace Beau- tiful (1880); Great Heart (1881); Tlie Voice of St. John (1881) ; Troublesome Children (1880); Priest and Man (1883); Summer Sermons (1885); Toyland (1885); The Vine Out of Egijpt (1887); Prayers of the Ages (1887); A Fathers Blessing (1888); Ragnar the Sea-King (1888) ; Tlie Life of Dr. William A. 3Iuhlenburg, D.D. (1890); The Child and the Bishop (1894) ; A Run Tlirough Russia (1894) ; Philip McGregor (1895). His three poems in The Voice of St. John : Paradise, Tele- machus a,nd Ragnar, were set to music in cantata form by Prof. F. J. Liddle, organist of St. Stephen's church. Pittsfield. NIBLACK, William Ellis, representative, was born ill Dubois county, Ind., May 19, 1822 ; son of John and Martha (Hargrave) Niblack. He matriculated at Indiana university in the class of 1844, but left at the close of his freshman year, studied law, was admitted to the bar and after- ward settled in practice in Vincennes. He rep- resented Martin county in the Indiana legislature in 1849 and 1858, and was a state senator, 1850-52. He was appointed circuit judge in January, 1854, and in October, 1854, was re-appointed for a term of six years, but resigned in October, 1857, hav- ing been elected to the 35th congress from the first Indiana district to fill the term of James Lockhart, who died Sept. 7, 1857. He served in the 35th, 86th and 39th-43d congresses, 1857-61, and 1865-75. He was a delegate at large from Indiana to the Democratic national conventions of 1864, 1868 and 1876 ; a member from Indiana of the Democratic congressional committee, 1865-72, and a judge of the supreme court for the first district of Indiana, 1877-89, being defeated for re-election in 1888 by S. D. Cofifey. He was married to Eliza A. Sherman of Cazenovia, N.Y., and of their sons, William Caldwell Niblack, a lawyer of Chicago, 111., is the author of "Niblack on Benefit Societies and Accident Insurance ; " Mason Jenks Niblack, lawyer, Vincennes, Ind., was speaker of the house of representatives in the Indiana legislature, 1889-91, and Albert Par- ker Niblack, lieutenant U.S.N. , was inspector of naval militia, 1895-96, naval attache at Berlin, Rome and Vienna, 1896-98, served in Cuba, Man- illa and China waters, 1898-1901, and is the au- thor of " Coast Indians of Alaska." Judge Niblack died in Indianapolis, Ind., May 7, 1893. NICHOLA, Lewis, soldier, was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1717, of Huguenot descent. He fol- lowed the calling of his father and grandfather, entering the British army in 1740 as an ensign, and was promoted major. He came to America in 1766 and settled in Philadelphia, Pa., where he was a surveyor. He established and edited the American Magazine in 1769, and edited the Trans- actions of the American Philosophical society of which he was a member. He was appointed barracks-master-general of Pliiladelphia, in 1776, and was subsequently given command of the city guard. He was town-major, with the rank of major in the state militia, 1776-82. He planned a river defence boat and drew maps of the injuries done by the British w.hile they oeeu- pied the city. He offered to congress the sugges- tion that a regiment of invalid soldiers be re- cruited from men disabled in the service, and used as a camp of instruction or military school. His plan was acted upon, and in 1777 he was commissioned colonel and commandant of the school of instruction. He was brevetted brigadiei'-general in November, 1783. He was ail original member of the Pennsylvania branch. NICHOLAS NICIIOLLS Society of the Cincinnati. He favored a limited monarchical government, and even suggested to General Wasliington tliat he would best serve liis country by assuming the title of king. For tliis suggestion he received a severe rebuke from Wasliington. He is the author of : A Treatise of Military Exei'cise Calculated for the UseofAiiter- icaiifi, in which Everything that is SnpjHtsed to be of Use to Them is Retained, and such Maneui'ers as are only for Shoic and Parade are Omitted (1777). Hediedin Alexandria. Va., Aug. 9. 1807. NICHOLAS, John, representative, was born in Williamsburg. Va., Jan, 19, 1761 ; son of Robert Carter (q.v.) and Ann (Cary) Nicholas. He was graduated at the College of William and ]\Iary and became a planter. He was an Anti-Feder- alist representative from Virginia in the 3d~6th congresses, 1793-1801, removed to Geneva. N.Y., in 1803, where he cultivated a farm, was judge of the court of common pleas, 1806-19, and served as state senator, 1807-09. He died in Geneva, N.Y.. Dec. 31, 1819. NICHOLAS, Robert Carter, statesman, was born in Hanover, Va.. in 171.1 ; son of Dr. George Nicliolas. who immigrated to Virginia about 1700. His brother. John Nicholas, was the progenitor of the Nicholas familj' of the Seven Islands in the James river and was married to Martha, daughter of Col. Joshua and Mary (Micon) Fry. Robert Carter Nicholas was graduated from the College of William and Mary about 1733, and practised law in James City. Va. He was married to a daughter of Wilson Cary and had sons : George ( 175.3-1799) ; Wilson Cary (q.v.); John (q.v.). and Philip Norborne (1773-1849). judge of the general court of Virginia, 1823-49. He -was treasurer of the colony of Virginia, 1766-77, the member from James City in the house of bur- gesses until 1777, and a member of the house of delegates. 1777-79. He was opposed to the stamp act resolutions proposed bj' Patrick Henry, hold- ing tliat the act was void because unconstitu- tional. He was a member of the committee of correspondence, 1773, and of the various state conventions, being \n-esu\ent pro temjiore of tlie one of Jul}', 1775. He was appointed judge of the high court of chancery in 1779 and subse- quently became judge of the court of appeals. Hp died in Hanover, Va., in 1780. NICHOLAS, Robert Carter, senator, was born in Hanover, Va., in 1790 ; son of Col. George and Mary (Smith) Nicliolas, and grandson of Judge Robert Carter (q.v.) and Ann (Cary) Nicholas. His father was born in Hanover about 17.>i ; graduated at the College of William and Mary ; was colonel, 2d Virginia regiment, in the Revolution : a member of the convention that rat- ified the Federal constitution ; a member of the house of delegates, and in 1790 removed to Kentucky where he was a member of the state constitutional convention, April 1, 1792, and author of the document ; first attorney -gen- eral of the state, and died in 1799. Robert Carter Nicholas was graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1810 ; was appointed captain in the 25th U.S. infantry, March 12, 1812 ; was promoted major and assigned to the 12th U.S. infantry, March 3, 1813 ; lieutenant-colonel and assigned to the 44th U.S. infantry, Aug. 20, 1814, and was transferred to the 30th U.S. infan- try, Nov. 14, 1814. He served in the war of 1812 and on the Canadian frontier and was mustered out of service on the reduction of the army in June, 1815. He retired to a sugar plantation in Louisiana. He was U.S. charge d'affaires to Naples ; secretary of the state of Louisiana for several years; U.S. senator, 1836-41, and state superintendent of public instruction, 1851-57. He died in Terrebonne parish. La., Dec. 24, 1857. NICHOLAS, Samuel Smith, jurist, was born in Lexington, Kj"., in 1796; son of Geoi-ge and Marj- (Smith) Nicholas, and brother of Robert Carter Nicholas (1790-1857). He became a prom- inent merchant of New Orleans and subsequently removed to Louisville. Ky., wliere he engaged in the practice of law. He was appointed judge of the court of appeals in 1831 and was later elected a representative in the state legislatui'e. He assisted in revising the code of Kentucky and is the author of Constitutional Lata (1857). He died in Louisville, Ky., Nov. 27, 1869. NICHOLAS, Wilson Cary, governor of Vir- ginia, was born in Hanover, Va., in 1757 ; son of Robert Carter (q.v.) and Ann (Cary) Nicliolas. He was giaduated from the College of William and Mary in 1774, and served througiiout the Revolu- tion as an officer in the Con- tinental army. He com- manded Washington's life guard ; was a member of the Virginia convention that ratified the Federal constitu- tion, and was a friend and .supporter of Thomas Jeffer- son. He was elected U.S. senator from Virginia in 1799 and resigned in 1804, to accept the collec- torship of the ports of Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va., where he served, 1804-07. He was a Demo- cratic rejn-esentative in the 9th and 10th con- gresses, 1805-09, and was governor of Virginia, 1814-17. He died in ISfilton, Va., Oct. 10, 1820. NICHOLLS, Francis Tillou, governor of Louis- iana, was born in Donaldson ville. La.. Aug. 20, 1834 ; son of Thomas Clarke and Louisa H.( Drake) NichoUs, and grandson of Edward Churcli and Wilhelmina (Hamilton) Nicholls. His father was a member of the general assembly of Louisinna ; judge of the district court and senior judge of NICHOLS NICHOLS the court of errors and appeals, and his mother was a sister of Joseph Rodman Drake (q.v.). Francis was graduated from the U.S. Military academy and assign- ed to the 2d U.S. artillery, July 1, 1855, and served in Florida and at Fort Yuma, Cal., 1855-56. He was promoted 2d lieuten- ant in the 3d artillery, Oct. 19, 1855 ; re- signed his commis- ''-' sion, Oct. 1, 1856, and ' , , removed to Louisiana, , / where he was mar- * ried in April, 1860, to (f) ' ' ^ , /; Caroline Z. Guion hdAxt^ ^i/he^^'^^ of Lafourche parish. He practised law at Napoleonville, 1856-61. He was commissioned captain in the 8th Louisiana volunteer regiment early in 1861, becoming lieutenant-colonel on the organization of the regiment in the C.S.A ; was promoted colonel of the 15th Louisiana regi- ment in 1862, and shortly after brigadier-general in command of the 2d Louisiana brigade. He led his brigade in the battle of Winchester, Va., where he lost liis left arm, and at Chancellorsville, where he lost his left foot. He was superintendent of the conscript bureau, trans-Mississippi department, 1864-65, and after the close of the war returned to Louisiana and practised law, 1865-76. He was Democratic governor of Louisiana, 1877-80 and 1888-92, and after the expiration of his first term as governor, practised law in New Orleans. He was a member and president of the board of visitors to the U.S. Military academy in 1886, and after the expiration of his second term as governor, he was appointed chief justice of the supreme court of Louisiana for a term of twelve years, 1892-1904. NICHOLS, Edward Leamington, physicist, was born in Leamington, England, Sept. 14, 1854; son of Edward Willard and Maria (VVatkinson) Nichols ; grandson of Rev. Noah and Mary H. (Low) Nichols of Rumney, N.H., and of Edward and Lavinia (Hudson) Watkinson of Hartford, Conn. , and a descendant of David Nichols of Cohas- set, Mass, and of the Watkinsons of Black Notely Hall, England. His parents, who were Amer- icans, were at the time of his birth visiting Eng- land. He attended the Peekskill Military acad- emy and was graduated from Cornell university, B.S., 1875. He studied at the universities of Leipzig, Berlin and Gottingen (Ph.D. 1879) and was appointed a fellow in physics at the Jolins Hopkins university in 1S79. He was connected with Thomas A. Edison at Menlo Park, N.J., 1880-81, where he was employed principally upon problems in testing incandescent liglit. He was married in 1881 to Ida Preston of South Dover, N. Y. He was professor of physics and chemistry in Central university, Richmond, Ky., 1881-83 ; professor of physics and astronomy at tlie Uni- versity of Kansas, 1883-87, and in 1887 became professor of physics at Cornell university. He was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the Amer- ican Academy of Arts and Sciences ; member of the Kansas Academy of Science and its presi- dent, 1885-86, member of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers ; the American Physical society ; the Franklin Institute, and the National Academy of Sciences. He became editor of the Physical Review and is the author of: The Gal- vanometer (1894) ; Laboratory Manual of Physics and Applied Electricity (1894); The Elements of Physics (3 vols., 1895) ; Outline of Physics (1897), and numerous articles on experimental physics. NICHOLS, Edward Tatnall, naval officer, was born in Augusta, Ga., March 1, 1823. He was appointed midshiijman, U.S.N. , in December, 1836 ; was promoted passed midshipman in 1842, and lieutenant in March, 1850. He served in the Mediterranean squadron, 1853-56 ; in the Home squadron, 1858-60 ; commanded the U. S. steamer Winona of the Western Gulf blockading squad- ron, participating in the bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and receiving the surren- der of Fort St. Philip, April 28, 1862. He also directed the Winona in botli passages of the Vicksburg batteries and in the engagement with the Confederate ram Arkansas. He was pro- moted commander in July, 1862, commanded the U.S.S. Alabama of the West India squadron in 1863, and the Mendota of the South Atlantic squadron, 1864-65. He successfully engaged a Confederate batterj'^ at Four Mile creek, James river, Va., June 16, 1864 ; was detailed on special duty in New York, 1866-68, and was chief-of- staff of the Asiatic squadron in 1870. He was promoted captain in 1866 ; commodore in 1872 ; rear-admiral in 1878, and was retired in March, 1885. He made his home at Pomfret, Conn., where he died, Oct. 12. 1886. NICHOLS, Ernest Reuben, educator, was born in Farmington, Conn., Sept. 11, 1858 ; son of An- drew Frisbie and Jane Elizabeth (Crampton) Nichols, and grandson of Reuben and Jeruslia (Frisbie) Nichols, and of Rufus and Naomi (Chid- zie) Crampton. He attended the public schools of Clayton county, Iowa, and was graduated from the Iowa state normal school, B.D., 1882; from the State University of Iowa, B.S., 1887, A.M., 1890, and was a graduate student at the Univer- sity of Chicago, 1894-95. He taught school for two years; was principal of the high school at NICHOLS NICHOLS Charles city, Iowa. 1883-83, superintendent of the Nashua, Iowa, public schools, 1883-87 ; assistant professor of matheinatics of tlie State Uiiivsrsitj' of Iowa, 1887-110; professor of phj'sics at the Kansas State Agricultural college, 1890-99, and was elected president of the college in 1809. He was married, Dec. 20, 1888, to Marguerite Rae Nichols. NICHOLS, Francis, soldier, was born in Crieve Hill. EiiiiisUillL'ii. Ireland, in 17:37. He immigrated to America in 1709 with his brotlier William (17r)4-1804), wlio became captain and quarter- master in the American army. They settled in Cumberland county, Pa., and Francis enlisted in tlie patriot army in June, 1775 ; was pro- moted 2d lieutenant, and took part in the battle of Quebec, Dec. 31, 1775, where he was taken prisoner. He was released in August, 1776. and Ills sword was returned to him in the presence of all the American oflicers. He rose in the army to the grade of brigadier-general. At the close of the war he was elected first U.S. mar- shal of the eastern district of Pennsylvania. He died in Pottstown. Pa., Feb. 13, 1812. NICHOLS, George, eilucationist, was born in Nortlifiel.l. Vt., April 17. 1827 ; son of James and Aiiiiis Aiken (Dole) Nichols, and grandson of Eleazer Nichols, a member of the body guard of Gen. Wasliington at Valley Forge, and a sol- dier during the entire Revolution. George as- sisted his father, a carpenter, when not attend- ing the district school. He attended the Orange county grammar school, 1840 ; tauglit in tlie Northfield district school, 1841-42 ; studied pri- vately, taught and attended Newbury, Vt., semi- nary, 1842-48, and was graduated with high honors from the Vermont Medical college, Wood- stock, in 1851, declining the position of de- monstrator of anatomy there. He was state libra- rian. 1848-53, and entered upon the practice of medicine, combining with it tlie drug business, in 1854. In 1862-05 he served as surgeon of tlie loth Vermont volunteers and had charge of the field hospitals of the l.st corps at Gettysburg. He was secretary of state of Vermont, 1865-84 ; president of the state constitutional conven- tion of 1870 ; a delegate to the Republican national convention at Pliiladelphia in 1872 ; a member of the Republican national com- mittee, 1872-84, and secretary and chairman of tlie state committee, 1873-84. He was an offi- cer in several railroad companies and director and president of tlie Nortlifield nation.'il l)ank, 1875-1900. He was elected a trustee of the North- field institution, in 1865; was a director of the Northfield graded and high school for twelve years ; a trustee of the Vermont Episcopal insti- tute at Burlington, and for several years a mem- ber of the executive board. He took an active interest in the removal of Norwioli university to Northfield, in 1866. and in that year was elected a trustee and treasurer of the institution. He was vice-president and acting president of tiie university, 1885-95, and contributed liberally toward the construction of the first university building, also rendering much subsequent aid. He was married in 1852 to Ellen Maria, daughter of Abijah Blake of Vergennes, Vt., and their two cliihlren died in infancy. Norwich univer- sity conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1881. NICHOLS, Herbert, ps}'chologist and author, was born in Walpole, N.H., Feb. 7, 1852; son of Amos and Lydia (Nichols) Nichols ; grandson of Capt. Thomas and Tirzali (Lamson) Nichols, and a descendant of Lieut. John Nichols, wlio served in the Revolutionary war ; also of John Nicol, tlie first ancestor in America, who landed in Boston about 1750, and of Alexandre (Lincon) Nicol. a Hu- guenot refugee. He was graduated from the W'or- cester Polytechnic institute, B.S., 1871, and took a special course in architecture and engineering. He was a civil engineer in the main office of the Pennsylvania railroad, 1874-84; studied in Ger- many and France, 1887-88 ; was instructor in psychology at Harvard university, 1891-93, and a lecturer at Johns Hopkins university in 1896. He was married, Oct. 1, 1900, to Jenny L., daughter of Franklin Ward, of North Orange, Mass. Tlie honorary degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by Clark university in 1891. He was elected a member of the American Psychological associa- tion, 1891 ; of the American Society of Natur- alists in 1892, and of the New York Pliilosopiiical club in 1900. He is tlie author of: The Psy- chology of Time (1891) ; Our Notions of Nziniher and Space (1894); A Treatise on Cosmology (1902), and many monographs including : 27ie Origin of Pleasure and Pain ; How We Came to Have Minds; The Feelings ; Tlie Motor Power of Ideas, and Psychology of Education. NICHOLS, Matthias H., representative, was born in Sharpstown, N.J., Oct. 3, 1824. He learned tiie printers' trade and removed to Ohio in 1842, where he was a printer. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1849, and settled in practice in Lima, Allen county, Ohio. He served as pros- ecuting attorney of Allen county and was a Re- publican representative from the fourth district in the 33d, 34th and 35th congresses. 1853-59. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio. Sei)t. 15. 1802. NICHOLS, Othniel Foster, civil engineer, was born in Newport, R.I., July 29, 1845; son of Thomas Pitman and Lydia (Foster) Nichols; grandson of William Stoddard and Eliza (Pitman) Nichols, and of Othniel and Eunice (Browning) Foster, and a descendant of Sergt. Thomas Nichols, who emigrated from Wales to Newport, NICHOLS NICHOLS R.I., in 1660, and of John Fostei* of Salem, Mass., who settled in Rhode Island early in the seven- teenth centuiy. He attended the public schools of Brooklj-n, N. Y.; was apprenticed to a ma- chinist in 1862, and was graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic institute, C.E., 1868. He was employed on the laying out of Prospect park, Brooklyn, N.Y.: on the first elevated railway in New York city, and was a teacher of mathe- matics at the Cooper institute, N.Y. He was as- sistant engineer in the office of Cooper & Hewitt, 1870-71, and was engaged in constructing the tunnel divisions of the Lima and Oroza and of the Chimbote railroad, Peru, 1871-76. He was married, Nov. 21, 1876, to Jennie Swasey, daugh- ter of Judge Samuel Sterne of Newport, R.I. He was in Brazil as resident engineer of an Eng- lish railway enterprise, 1878-79, and was em- ployed by Cooper & Hewitt in the New Jersey Steel and Iron company at Trenton, 1879-81, and by the Peter Cooper glue factory in Brooklyn, in 1882. He was resident engineer of the Hen- derson bridge over the Ohio river, 1882-86, and chief engineer of the Westerly, R.I. water works, 1886. He was principal assistant engineer of the Suburban Rapid Transit company in New York, 1887-88 ; city and chief engineer of the Brook- lyn elevated railroad company, 1888-92, and was elected general manager and chief engineer of tlie latter, 1892. He was chosen principal assist- ant engineer of tiie new East River bridge in February, 1896. He was elected a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers ; the American Society of Mechanical Engineers ; the Institution of Civil Engineers ; a fellow of the American Geographical society, and a trustee of the Engineers' club of New York city. NICHOLS, William Augustus, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., May 12, 1818 ; grand- son of Gen. Francis Nichols (q.v.). He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy, July 1, 1838, and assigned to the 2d artillery. He was promoted 2d lieutenant, July 7, 1838, 1st lieuten- ant, June 1, 1844, and engaged in the battle of Monterey, Sept. 21-23, 1846. He was brevetted captain for gallant conduct in the several con- flicts at Monterey, Mexico ; served as aide-de- camp to General Quitman, Aug. 19 to Oct. 6, 1846 ; as adjutant of 2d artillery, 1846-47, and at the same time as actingassistant adjutant-general of the 5th military department. He was acting assistant adjutant-general of Garland's brigade. Worth's division, and took part in the siege of Vera Cruz ; the battle of Cerro Gordo ; the skirmish of Amazoque ; the capture of San Antonio, and battle of Churubusco. He was brevetted major, Sept. 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Molino Del Rey, and took part in the storming of Chapultepec and in the assault and capture of the city of Mexico. He was brevetted captain of staff and assistant adjutant- general, July 29, 1852, and served in the 4th military department ; in the adjutant-general's office at Washington, D.C., and in the depart- ments of Texas and New Mexico. He was brevetted major of the staff, March 7, 1861, and was captured by the Texas secessionist and paroled. He served as adjutant-general of the Department of the East and of the Department of New York ; was mustering and disbursing officer in New York city, 1801-62, and assistant in the adjutant-general's office at Washington, D.C., 1862-66. He was promoted colonel of staff, June 1, 1864, and was brevetted brigadier-general, Sept. 24, 1864, and major-general, March 13, 1865, for " meritorious and faithful services during the rebellion." He was adjutant-general of the military division of the Missouri and chief of staff to Lieut. -Gen. W. T. Sherman, 1868-69. He died in St. Louis, Mo., April 8, 1869. NICHOLS, William Ford, second bishop of California and 154th in succession in the Ameri- can episcopate, was born at Lloyd, N.Y., June 9, 1849 ; son of Charles Hubert and Margaret Emilia (Grant) Nichols ; grandson of Josiali Morse and Delilah (Duncombe) Nichols and of Sweton and Hannah (Whitele}') Grant, and a descend- ant of Francis Nich- ols, an original settler and proprietor of Stratford, Connecti- cut,1639. He was grad- uated from Trinity college, A.B., 1870, A.M., 1873, and from Berkeley' divinity school in 1873. He was admitted to the diaconate by Bishop AVilliams of Connecticut in 1873 and to the priest- hood, in 1874, and was private secretary to Bishop Williams, 1871-76. He was married, May 18, 1876, to Clara, daughter of Edward Augustus and Mary (Gillespie) Quintard. He was assistant at Holy Trinity, Middletown, Conn., 1873-75, rector of St. James, West Hartford, Conn., and Grace church, Newington, Conn., 1875-77 ; rector of Christ church, Hartford, 1877-87, and of St. James, Philadelphia, Pa., 1887-90. He was a delegate to the Seabury centenary at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1884, and in behalf of the clergy and laity of Connecticut presented a paten and chalice to the Scottish church. He was professor of church history at the Berkeley divinity school, 18S5-87, and was assistant secretary of the House /%£^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ NICHOLS NICHOLSON of Bishops in 1886. He declined the election as bishop coadjutor of Ohio in 18S8 ; was a deputy to the General convention from tlie diocese of Pennsylvania in 1889 ; was elected bishop coad- jutor of California with full charge in 1S90. and was consecrated in St. James" church, Philai](_'l- phia, June 24, 1890, by Bishops Williams (Con- necticut), Quintard, Neely, Littlejohn, Whita- ker, Niles, Adams, Scarborough, Whitehead and H. C. Potter, Upon the death of Bishop Kip, April 6, 1893, he became the second bishop of the diocese. He founded and became dean of the CImrch Divinity School of the Pacific at San Mateo, Cal. On the organization of the domestic missionary district of Honolulu, Bishop Nichols was sent by the presiding bishop to act in his be- half in assuming jurisdiction and receiving the transfer of property from the Anglican bishop of the diocese of Honolulu, the Rt. Rev. Alfred Willis. D.D. On April 1, 1902, so commissioned by tlie presiding bisliop, he assumed such juris- diction and was relieved of tlie charge by Bisliop Restarick after the consecration of the latter, July 2. 1902. Tlie honorary degree of D.D. was con- ferred on him by Kenyon and Trinity in 1888. He is the author of: On the Trial of Your Faith (1895). NICHOLS, Williani Ripley, chemist, was born in Boston, Mass., April oO. 1N47 : son of Charles Carter and Betsey Foster Morton (Ripley) Nichols ; grandson of Col. Israel and Esther (Gowing) Nichols, and of William Putnam and Elizabeth Foster (Morton) Ripley, and a descen- dant of George Morton, whocameover in tlie brig Ann, 1624, and of Elder Brewster, of the May- floiver. He attended the Roxbury Latin school ; studied abroad, 18G:3-65; was graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1869, was instructor and assistant professor of chem- istry there, 1869-72, and professor of general chemistry, 1872-86. He was an authority on chemistry as applied to sanitation ; was a mem- ber of the German Ciiemical society ; the London Society of Chemical Industry ; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; the New York Academy of Science, and various other scientific associations and societies of art and industry, and was vice-president of the section of chemistry of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1885. He compiled a record of tlie Publication of tlie OJJlcern, Stwlents and Alumni of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and with the co-operation of the authors prepared an abridgment of Eliot and Storer's Manual of Cficmistry ; and by similar help revised Eliot and Storer's Compendious Manual of Qualitative Analysis (1872;. He is the author of : Water Supply mainly from a Chemical and Sanitai-y Standpoint (1883) witli Lewis M. Morton ; Experi- ments in General Chemistry (1884), and a Dic- tionary of Chemical Synonyms. He died in Ham- burg. Germany, July 14, 1886. NICHOLSON, Alfred Osborn Pope, senator, was born in Williamson county, Tenn., Aug. 31, 1801. He was graduated from the L^niversity of North Carolina in 1827 ; studied medicine, but re- linquished it for law : was admitted to the bar in 1831, and practised at Columbia, Tenn. He edited the Western Mercury at Columbia, 1832- 35 ; was a representative in the state legislature 1833-39 ; succeeded Felix Grundy, deceased, as U.S. senator bj- appointment, sei-ving in the 20111 and 27th congresses, 1841-43 ; was editor of the yashi'ille Union, 1844-46 ; chancellor of the middle division of the state, 1845-51 ; president of the Bank of Tennessee, 1846-47 ; member of the Nashville convention of 1850 ; of the Democratic national convention of 1852, and in 1853 refused a cabinet position. He was printer of the U.S. house of representatives, 1853-55, and of the U.S. senate, 185.5-57. He was a member of the Demo- cratic national convention, 1852. and edited the Washington Union, 1853-56. He was elected to the U.S. senate for a full term in 1857 and served until March 3, 1861. He was at Columbia, Tenn., during the war, and was twice arrested and im- prisoned by the Federal authorities. He was a member of the convention to revise the constitu- tion of the state of Tennessee in. 1870, and was chief justice of tlie snpi-eme court of Tennessee, 1870-76. He is the author of : Comjnlation (f Lares of Tennessee ; Xicholson Letter (ISiS). He died at Columbia, Tenn., March 23, 1876. NICHOLSON, Eliza Jane, journalist, was born on a plantation on Pearl river. Miss., March 11, 1849 ; daughter of Capt. John W, Poitevant. Her father was of French Huguenot descent and her maternal ancestors were from South Carolina. She early contributed poems and stories to the New York and New Orleans papers, under the pen name " Pearl Rivers."' She became literary editor of the New Orleans Picayune in 1874 and was the pioneer woman journalist of the south. She was married to Col. A. H. HoUirook, the pro- prietor of the Picayune, and became conversant with all the details of journalism, and upon his death in 1876 assumed entire cliarge of his affairs, paid off a debt of .$•80,000 erected a large publishing house and owned the entire land building and plant. She was married secondly in 1878 to George Nicholson, the business manager of the Picayune, who had been her chief adviser after her husband's death, and she retained en- tire editorial control of the Picayune, while Mr. Nicholson became financial manager. Her poems were published as Lyrics by Pearl Rivers. Mr. Nicliolson died in New Orleans, La., in Febru- ary, 1896, and Mrs. Nicholson, Feb. 15, 1896. NICHOLSON NICHOLSON NICHOLSON, Isaac Lea, fifth bishop of Mil- waukee and lo'Jth in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 18, 1844 ; son of John Johns and Jane (Ricketts) Nicholson ; grandson of Christopher and Mary (Johns) Nicholson, and a descendant of an Eng- lish ancestry, from Appleby, England. He re- ceived his academic training at St. Timothy's Hall, Catonsville, Md., but ill health at this time prevented a college course. He engaged in com- mercial pursuits, including a partnership in his father's banking house. He was graduated from Dartmouth college, A.B., 1869, A.M., 1872, com- pleting his studies at the Virginia Theological seminary, Alexandria, Va., in 1871. He received deacon's orders in Grace church, Baltimore, Sept. 24, 1871, and was ordained priest, Sept. 22, 1872. He served as curate at St. Thomas's church, Hanover, N.H., 1871-72 ; at St. Paul's, Baltimore, Md., 1872-75 ; rector of the Church of the Ascen- sion, Westminster, Md., 1875-79, and of St. Mark's, Philadelphia, 1879-91. He declined the episcopate of Indiana in 1883 ; was elected to and accepted the bishopric of Milwaukee as successor to the Rt. Rev. Cyrus Frederick Knight, who died, June 8, 1891, and he was consecrated at St. Mark's, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 28, 1891. by Bishops Mc- Laren, Whittaker, Adams, Scarborough, White- head, Rulison, Paret, Worthington, Talbot, A. Leonard and Grafton. He received the degree of D.D. from Nashotah in 1890. NICHOLSON, James, naval officer, was born in Chestertown, Md., in 1737. His father emi- grated from Berwick-on-Tweed, Scotland ; held a grant of land in Virginia, and was an officer under the crown. James shipped as a sailor when a boy and was rapidly promoted, serving as an officer on the fleet that captured Havana in 1762. He resided in New York city, 1763-71, and was married to Frances Witter. In 1775 he enlisted in the Maryland navy, on board the Defiance, and after recapturing a number of American trading crafts taken by the British, was appointed commander of the sloop Vir- ginia, 28 guns, in June, 1776. Upon the dismissal of Commodore Esek Hopkins (q.v.). Captain Nicholson, as senior captain, succeeded him as commander-in-chief of the continental navy and held the position until its dissolution. The Vir- ginia was prevented from escaping from Balti- more by the blockade maintained by the British, and Captain Nicholson, with his crew, joined Gen- ei'al Washington's army at Trenton and took part in tlie battle at that place. He returned to his ship and in attempting to run the blockade she grounded on a bar and was captured. Captain Nicholson and most of his crew escaping to land. He was subjected to a court of inquiry by congress and acquitted of blame. He next commanded the frigate Trumbull, 38 guns, and on June 2, 1780, captured the British frigate Watt, and in August, 1781, fell in with tlie Iris and the General Monk off the capes of Delaware. Of the 120 men on board tlie Trumbull, many were English sailors who had shipped in order to capture the vessel, and they on the first discharge of a broadside fled into the hold of the vessel, followed by the landsmen, who comprised part of the crew. This left but fifty men to fight the two British frigates and after a desperate con- flict, during which eighteen of the Americans were killed. Captain Nicholson was obliged to strike his colors. He was held a prisoner until near the close of the war. He returned to New York city, where he made his home, and was U.S. commissioner of loans, 1801-04. His brothers Samuel (q.v.) and John were both officers in the Continental navy, and his daughter Hannah married Albert Gallatin in 1793. He died in New York city, Sept. 2, 1804. NICHOLSON, James William Augustus, naval oflHcer, was born in Dedhani, Mass., March 10, 1821 ; son of Nathaniel Dowse Nicholson, U.S.N. , and grandson of Samuel Nicholson U.S.N, (q.v.). His father served in the war of 1812. James entered the U.S. navy as midshipman, Feb. 10, 1838 ; was promoted passed midshij^man in 1844, and served as acting master in the war with Mexico, 1841-48. He was promoted lieutenant in 1852 and served on the sloop Van- dalia, on the expedi- ■^S tion to Japan under %i^=- Commodore Perry, vaaioalia 1858-55, and in the Chinese rebellion. He cruised along the coast of Africa in suppress- ing the slave trade, 1857-60, and in 1861 was on board the Pocahontas and went to the relief of Fort Sumter, but arrived after the surrender, April 13, 1861. He commanded the Isaac Smith in the Port Royal expedition and took part in the battle of Port Royal, S.C, Nov. 7, 1861, where he was commended by Admiral Dupont for his coolness and gallantry. He served in Florida in the capture of Jacksonville, Fernan- dina and St. Augustine, and was assigned to the command of St. Augustine. He repulsed a Con- federate flotilla on the Savannah river in February, 1862, was promoted commander, July 16, 1862, and served as ordnance ofiicer on the New York station, 1862-63. He commanded the Shaiiu'ock in the South Atlantic blockading NICHOLSON NICHOLSON squadron, 18G3-64, and the monitor Manhattan, under Admiral Farragut, in tlie battle of Mobile Bay, wliere he engaged tlie Confederate ram Tennessee, Aug. 5, 1864. He bombarded Fort Powell for twelve days and after a siege of six weeks captureii Fi>rt Morgan. He commanded che U.S. steamer -T/b/i/'oa « of the Pacific squadron, 180.>-CG ; was promoted captain in July, 1SG6 ; commanded the L^.S. ttag-sliip Lancaster, of the Brazil squadron. 1871-T'2, and was promoted com- modore in 1873. He was commandant of the U.S. navy yard at Brooklyn, N. Y., 1876-80; was appointed to the command of the European station, Sept. 1, 1881, and was commissioned rear- admiral, Oct. 1, 1881. He was present at the bom- bardment of Alexandria, Egypt, by tlie British fleet, July 11. 1882, and on July 14th he landed 100 marines to protect the U.S. consulate, thus incidentally affording protection to many other refugees, and a gold medal was presented him by the king of Sweden in recognition of his services. He was retired, March 10, 1883. He died in Npw York city. Oct. 28, 1887. NICHOLSON, John Anthony, representative, was born in Laurel, Del., Nov. 17, 1827; son of Jacob Cannon and Susan Fauntleroy (Quarles) Nicholson ; grandson of Francis West and Lucy Dangerfield (Smith) Quarles, and a descendant of ^Moore Fauntleroy of Naylor's Hole, who came to Virginia in 1643, and of Col. William Danger- field, and Merriwether Smith, both of Virginia. He attended an academy in Nelson county, Va., matriculated at Dickinson college in the class of 1817, but left in 1845 to study law in Dover, Del., with Martin W. Bates. He began practice in 1850, having married Angelica K. Reed of Dover in 1848. He was appointed superintendent of the free schools for Kent county, Del., in 1851, and was made brigadier-general of Kent county militia in 1861. He was a member of the Demo- cratic national committee, 1864-68, a representa- tive in tlie 39tii and 40th congresses from the state- at-large, 180.5-69, and oi)posed the impeachment mea-sures. In l!t02 he resided in Kent county, Del. NICHOLSON, John B., naval officer, was born in Richmond, Va., in 1783. He was appointed a midshipman in the U.S. navy, July 4, 1800 ; was jiromoted lieutenant. May 20, 1812, and was 4th lieutenant on the frigate United States, when tliat vessel captured the British frigate Macedonian, near the Island of Madeira, Oct. 25, 1812. He was 1st lieutenant of the Peacock, under Captain Warrington, in the engagement with the brig Epervier, April 29, 1814, and was given command of the captured Epervier, taking her safely into port. He commanded the brig Flambeau, under Commodore Decatur, on the declaration of war with the Barbary powers, Feb. 23, 1815. He was promoted commander, Marcli 5, 1817 ; captain, April 24, 1828, and was subse- quently commissioned a commodore. He died in W;ishiii;:t.)n. D.C., Nov. 9. 1846. NICHOLSON, John Reed, chancellor, was born in Dover, Del., May 19, 1849; son of John Anthony (q.v.) and Angelica Killen (Reed) Nicholson, and a descendant of William Killen, the first chancellor of the state. He was gradu- ated from Yale, A.B., 1870, and from Columbia, LL.B., 1873. In 1870 he accompanied Prof. Ithniel C. Marsh (q.v.) on a paleontological ex- pedition through tlie Rockj' Mountains and the great plains. He practised law in New York, 1873-76, and in Dover, Del., after 1876. He was married, June 3, 1884. to Isabella Ilaj-es Hager of Lancaster. Pa. He was attorney-general of Dela- ware, 1892-95 ; and became chancellor of the state, Nov. 23, 1895. He was a member of tlie board of electors for the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, New York university, October, 1900. NICHOLSON, Joseph Hopper, representative, was born in Marjland in 1770, He was admitted to the bar and practised in his native state, where he was the Anti-Federalist leader and a repre- sentative in the legislature. In 1792 he intro- duced a bill to remove from the statutes of the state the property qualification for voters. He was a representative from Maryland in the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th congresses, 1799-1806. He resigned, March 1, 1806, to accept tlie chief judgeship of the sixth judicial district to which he had been appointed in 1805, and he was succeeded by Edward Lloyd (q.v.). He subse- quently became judge of the court of appeals of Maryland. He died in Anne Arundel county, Md.i March 4, 1871. NICHOLSON, Samuel, naval officer, was born in Maryland in 1743. His father was proprietor of Nicholson Manor, Virginia, and his brothers James (q.v.) and John were officers in the Con- tinental navy. Samuel served under John Paul Jones, as a lieutenant on the Bon Homme Rich- BATTLf or ard; was promoted captain, Sept. 17. 1779. and engaged in the celebrated sea fight with the Serapis, Sept. 23, 1779. He commanded the frigate Deane, 32 guns, in 1782, and cruised with great NICHOLSON NICOLAY success, capturing three British sloops of war of heavier metal. Upon the reorganization of the navy in 1794 he retained his commission and was given command of the frigate Constitution, having superintended her construction. He died in Cliarlestown, Mass., Dec. 29, 1813. NICHOLSON, Somerville, naval officer, was born in New York city, Jan. 1, 1823 ; son of Major A. A. and Helen Bache (Lispenard) Nicholson. He was appointed a midshipman in the U.S. navy, June 21, 1839 ; was promoted passed mid- shipman, July 2, 1845 ; master, Sept. 9, 1853 ; lieutenant, May 5, 1854 ; lieutenant-commander, Jul}' 16, 1862 ; commander, Jan. 2, 1863 ; captain, June 10, 1870, and commodore, Jan. 22, 1880. He commanded the steam gunboat Marblehead and the steamer State of Georgia, and was engaged in blockading service during the civil war, 1801-65. After seventeen years' sea service and twelve years' shore duty, on his own application under the act of Aug. 3, 1861, he was retired, April 7, 1881. He made his liome in Washington, D.C. NICHOLSON, William Carmichael, naval officer, was born in Mar3-land in 1800; son of Capt. John Nicholson, an officer in the Continen- tal navy during the Revolutionary war, and nephew of James and Samuel Nicholson (q. v.). He was commissioned a midshipman in the U.S. navy, July 18, 1812, and served on the President, under Decatur, during the action off Long Island in 1S15, where he was taken a prisoner to England and confined until the close of the war. He was promoted lieutenant in March, 1821, and served on the frigate United States, Pacific squadron, 1827-34. In 1834 he was assigned to duty at the naval station. He was commissioned commander. Sept, 8, 1841, and commanded the sloop Preble in the Mediterranean squadron, 1843-45. He was on duty at the naval rendezvous at Boston. Mass., 1845-46 ; served on the receiving ship in New York, 1847-48, and commanded the navy yard at Memphis, Tenn., 1852-53. He was promoted captain, Aug. 22, 1855 ; was fleet captain of the Pacific squadron in 1855 ; commanded the steam frigate Missis- sippi in the East India squadron, 1858-61 ; was in command of the United States marine asylum in Philadelpliia, 5 and commanded the steam fri- gate Roanoke ' when the civil war began. He served on special duty, 1861-66, and was commissioned commodore, July 16, 1862. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 25, 1872. NICHOLSON, William Rufus, R.E. bishop, was born in Green county, Miss., Jan. 8, 1823; son of Isaac Rogelle and America (Gilmer) Nichol- son. He was graduated from La Grange college, Ala., in 1840 ; was ordained deacon and priest in the Protestant Episcopal church, and served as rector of Grace church. New Orleans, La. ; St. John's, Cincinnati, Ohio; St. Paul's, Boston, Mass., and Trinity, Newark, N.J. He joined the Re- formed Episcopal movement in 1874 and was rector of the Second R.E. (St. Paul's) church in PJiiladelphia, 1874-76. He was elected and con- secrated bishop in 1876 and also assumed the duties of dean of the Reformed Episcopal Theolo- gical seminary in Pliiladelpliia, Pa. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Kenyon college, Ohio, in 1857. He was twice married ; first, on Nov. 27, 1845, to Jane, daughter of Dr. Franklin Shaw of Mobile, Ala., and secondly on Oct. 18, 1866, to Katharine Stanley, daughter of Charles Hamilton Parker of Boston, Mass. He is the author of : TJie Blessedness of Heaven (1874) ; Reasons %i'hy I am a Reformed Episcopalian (1875) ; The Real Presence in the Bread and Wine of the Lord's Supper (1877); The Call to the Ministry (1877), and The Bearing of Prophecy on Inspiration (1888) . He died in Philadelphia, Pa., June 7, 1901. NICKLIN, Philip Holbrook, bookseller, was born in Philadelpliia, Pa., in 1786. He was grad- uated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1804, A.M., 1807 ; studied law, and engaged in business as a bookseller in Baltimore, Md., 1809- 14, and in Philadelphia, 1814-39. He was a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, 1827- 43 ; visited England in 1833, and on his return in 1834 made a report before the board of trustees on the educational advantages offered by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. He wrote articles on conchology for Silliiiian's Jour- nal ; letters descriptive of the Virginia minei'al springs and of a journey through Pennsylvania ; articles on the rights of authors to literary prop- erty and papers, and on the tariff as affecting the trade in books. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 3, 1843. NICOLAY, John George, author, was born in Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832 ; sou of Jacob and Helena Nicolay. He immigrated to the United States with his parents in 1838, who settled first in Cincinnati, Ohio, and then suc- cessively in Indiana, Missouri and Illinois. He received a limited education and was employed as a clerk in a retail store in Whitehall, 111., 1846- 47; in the printing office of the Pittsfield, 111., Free Press, 1848-56, becoming successiveh*, pub- lisher, editor and proprietor. He was clerk of the secretary of state at Springfield, 111., 1856-60 ; private secretary to Abraham Lincoln, 1860-65 ; NICOLL NIEHAUS U.S. consul to Paris, 1865-59, and marshal of tlie U.S. supreme court, 1872-87. He was a founder of the Literary society and the Columbia His- torical society of Washington, and a life member of the American Historical society. He was married in June, 18G5, to Therena Bates of Pitts- field. III. Slie died in November, 18S5. IncoUabo- ration with John Hay, he is the autlior of : Ahra- Juim Lincoln, a ]n!itory (10 vols. 1890), whicli first appeared in the Century, 1886-90, and in 1901 was condensed by Mr. Nicolay, and Abmhaui Lincoln's Complete Works (3 vols., 1894). He also wrote The Outbreak of tJie .Rebellion (1881), being the first volume of a series entitled : " Campaigns of the Civil War " ; the article on President Lincohi in the English edition of tlie " Encylo- paedia Britanuica," and many articles in tlie leading magazines and periodicals. He died in Washington. D.C., Sept. 26, 1901. NICOLL, James Craig, painter, was born in New York city, Nov. 22, 1846 ; son of John W. and Elizabeth Phillips (Craig) Nicoll, and grand- son of John and Anne (Williams) Nicoll of Newburgh, N.Y., and of James Jefferson and Har- riet R. (Phillips) Craig of Craigsville, N.Y. His first ancestor in America was John Nicoll of Haddieweel, Scotland, who arrived in New York in 1711. He attended Quackenbos school, New York, and studied painting with Maurice F. H. de Haas. He exhibited in 1868 at the National Academy of Design ; was elected an associate member in 1880, and an academician in 1885. He was secretary of the Etcliing club for several years ; was elected president of the Artists' Fund society in 1887 ; was one of the founders of the American Water-color society and its secretary for several years, and secretary of the National Academy. He received medals at tlie Paris ex- position ; the American Prize Fund ; the New Orleans exposition of 1885, and at the Pan- American exposition, Buffalo, 1901. He was secretarj- of the International Jury of Award son Painting at the World's Columbian exposition, Cliicago. Among his water colors are : On the Gulf of St. Diwrence ; Foggy Morning, Grand Me'nan (1876); Moonlight, Cape Ann (1877); Out- let of Lake Oscaioana (1876); Moonlight at Nahant (1881); A Creek (1884). and Stormy Days at Block Island (1886). His paintings in oil include : Bass Rocks near Gloucester, Mass. (1879) ; Shoicer at Block Island mm); On the Rocks near Port- land (1881); Harbor View (1882); Marblehead iiocfc (1883); Sunlight on the Sea (1884); Summer Morning (1885); Fog and Sunshine (1886); An August Erening (\SSPt)\ Night (1900). NICUM, John, educator and clergyman, was born in Winnenden, Wurtemberg, Germany, Jan. 6, 1851. He attended the Latin school at Winnenden, was graduated from Muldonberg college, Allentown, Pa., in 1873, and from the Lutheran Theological seminary at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1876, He was pastor at Frackville, Pa., 1876-78 ; at Frankfort, Philadelphia, Pa., 1878- 80 ; at Syracuse, N.Y., 1880-87, and in 1887 was elected pastor of St. John's Luthei'an church at Rochester, N.Y. In addition to his services as pastor he accepted tiie presidency of the Wagner Memorial Lutheran college at first temporarily in 1894, but which soon after became permanent and included tlie professorsliip of mental and moral science and Hebrew. He served as presi- dent of the fourth conference of the New York Ministerium, 1884-89, secretary of the general council of the Evangelical Lutheran churcli in North America, 1886-97, and president of the general council's board of German home missions, 1888-97. He received the degree of D.D. from Mulilenberg college in 1893. He is the author of : Gleichniss-Reden Jesu (1884) ; Laws of the State of New York Relating to Churches (1884); Refor- mations Album (1885) ; The Doctrinal Develop- ment of the New York Ministerium (1887); the German edition of W^olf's " The Lutherans in America" (1892) ; History of the New York Min- isterium (1888) ; Abwehr (1892) ; Confessional History of the Lutheran Church in the United States (1892). NIEHAUS, Charles Henry, sculptor, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 24, 1855 ; son of John Conrad and Sophia W. (Block) Niehaus, natives of Hanover, Germany, who came to the United States in childhood and settled in Cincinnati. Charles Henry Niehaus successfully engaged in wood engraving, casting and cutting marble, to which latter trade he was apprenticed. He studied art at the McMicken school of design at night and won the first prize in drawing and modeling. He studied at the Royal academy, Munich, 1877-80, where he was awarded a first prize diploma and medal in recognition of his group, " Fleeting Time," the first prize ever given to an American by a German academy. He traveled in Italy, France and England, 1880-81, and in 1881 executed a bust of Lord Disraeli at Manchester, England. He established a studio in Villa Strohl-Fern, Rome, Italy, where he exe- cuted "The Scraper" and "The Pugilist," the former winning a fellowship in the Societe della Artistica Internazienale di Roma, five medals and a special medal, Chicago, 1893. In 1885 he es- tablished his studio in New York city, wliere lie was made a member of the council of the National Sculpture society, a member of the Architectural League of America, of the Muni- cipal Art society, of the National Arts club, of the Society for the Preservation of Historic and Science Places, of the Ohio .society and of the Players' club. He executed statues of Garfield NIEMEYER NILES and William Allen, placed in Statuary Hall, Washington, D.C., 1884 ; colossal statues of Gib- bon, typifying history, and Moses, representing religion, for tiie Congressional library at Wash- ington (1896) ; statues of Hooker and Davenport, and interpretative doors and tj'mpanums for the Capitol at Hartford, Conn. (1895) ; statue of Vice-President Tompkins for the senate chamber, Washington ; statue of Governor Morton of In- diana for Statuary Hall, Washington (1900) ; the memorial Hahnemann monument at Washing- ton, witli a seated figure of Samuel Hahnemann and four illustrative panels (1900) ; the equestrian statues of Robert E. Lee and of William T. Sher- man ; the Astor bronze doors for Trinitj' church (1894) ; a statue of Andrew G. Curtiu of Penn- sylvania (1897) ; heroic statues of Abraham Lincoln and Admiral Farragut for Hackley Square, Muskegon, Mich. (1900) ; an immense pediment, " The Triumph of the Law," for the Appellate Court House in New York city (1900) ; two colossal groups representing mineral wealth, being "The Story of Light" and "The Story of Gold," Pan-American exposition (1901) ; the monument to General Forrest in Memphis, Tenn., from a design accepted June 6, 1901 ; a bust of President McKinley finished June, 1901, and an heroic seated figure of Lincoln for the Buffalo Historical society (1901). NIEMEYER, John Henry, artist, was born in Bremen, Germany, June 25, 1839. About 1845 his parents settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he received his primary education. Prom 1866 to 1870 he studied painting in Paris at the ficole des Beaux Arts under Leon Gerome, and drawing under Adolphe Yvon and subsequently under Louis Jacquesson de la Chevreuse and Sebastian Cornu. He became a painter of portraits and landscapes. In 1871 he was appointed professor of drawing in the Yale Scliool of the Fine Arts. In 1869 he exhibited in tlie Paris Salon, the his- torical picture of " Gutenberg Inventing Movable Types "and a full-length life-size portrait. His landscapes are principally of New England scenery. He also produced The Young Orator (1873); Tlie Braid (1874); Where? (1875). He painted a portrait of Theodore D. Woolsey for the Woolsey Auditorium of Yale university and portraits of Professor T. R. Lounsbury, LL D. ; the Rev. T. T. Munger. D.D., and others. He modeled in bas-relief a portrait of William M. Hunt, the artist, in 1883-84, and after reading Rossetti's " Lilith." modeled Lilith Tempting Eiie. NIGHTINGALE, Augustus Frederick, educa- tor, was born in Quincy, Mass., Nov. 11, 1843; son of Thomas J. and Alice (Brackett) Nightin- gale ; grandson of Samuel B. and Mehitable (Brackett) Nightingale, and of Joseph G. and Char- lotte (Newcomb) Brackett, and a descendant of John Nightingale, who settled in Hull, Mass., 1634 or 1654. He was graduated from Wesleyan university, A.B., 1866, A.M., 1869, and was pro- fessor of ancient languages at Upper Iowa uni- versity, Fayette, Iowa, 1867-68 ; acting president of Northwestern Female college, Evanston, 111., 1868-71 ; professor of ancient languages and teacher of elocution in Simpson Centenary col- lege, Indianola, Iowa, 1871-72 ; superintendent of public instruction in Omaha, Neb., 1872-74 ; principal of Lake View high school. Ravens- wood, 111., 1874-90 ; assistant superintendent of public instruction in Chicago, 111., 1890-92 ; super- intendent of the public high schools of Chicago, 1892-1901, and in March, 1902, was elected president of the board of trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois. He was married, Aug. 24, 1866, to Fanny Orena, daughter of the Rev. C. H. Chase. He was elected president of the Nebraska State Teachers' association in 1873 ; president of the Nebraska State Sabbath School association in 1873 ; of the Illinois State Teachers' association in 1887 ; of the secondary department of the Na- tional Educational association in 1888, and presi- dent of the North Central association of colleges and secondary schools in 1898. He was a mem- ber of tlie National Educational association and chairman of the national committee on college entrance requirements, 1895-1899. He received from Wesleyan university the degree of Ph.D. in 1891 and of LL.D. in 1901. He is editor of Tioen- tieth Century Text BooivS (100 vols., 1899 et seq.), and the author of : A Hand Book of Requirements for Admission to the Colleges of the United States (1879) ; and with George Howland of Tu-o Edu- cational Essays (1881), besides many reports and educational papers. NILES, Hezekiah, editor, was born in Chester county, Pa., Oct. 10, 1777. He was early appren- ticed to a printer, and in 1808 removed to Balti- more, Md., where he edited a daily paper, 1804-14. He founded and edited Xiles' Register, a weekly journal published in Baltimore, 1811-36, in which he advocated protection of American industries. The first 32 volumes (1812-27) were reprinted, and the Register was continued by his son. Miller Ogden Niles, and others, 1827-49. He is the author of : Principles and Acts of the Revolution (1822), and of a series of humorous essays, en- titled Quill Driving. The towns of Niles inMich- igan and Oliio were named in his honor. He died in Wilmington, Del., April 2, 1839. NILES, John Milton, senator, was born in Windsor, Conn., Aug. 20, 1787 ; son of Moses and Naomi (Marsliall) Niles. and grandson of Benja- min and Lucy (Sill) Niles. His father was a native of Groton, Conn., and removed to Windsor prior to the Revolutionary war. Jolm attended school at Windsor, studied law with John NILES JJILES Sargent and was admitted to the bar in 1817. In January, 1817, he established and was manager of the Hartford Tinieti. and obtained for that paper a hirge circiUatiou, lie was an associate judge of the county court, 1821-29; was a representa- tive in tlie general assembly in 182G, and was de- feated for tlie state senate in 1827. He sup- ported General Jackson for president, and upon his inauguration, in 1829, President Jackson ap- pointed Maj. H. B. Norton, editor of the Times, postmaster of Hartford, in recognition of the service rendered by the paper during the cam- paign. Against this appointment Niles pro- testeil vigoroush", and the President dismissed Norton and appointed Niles his successor. On the death of Nathan Smith, U.S. senator from Connecticut, Dec. 6, 1836, Niles was elected to complete the term expiring March 3, 1839. In 1S40 President Van Buren appointed him post- master-general in his cabinet, as successor to Amos Kendall, who resigned. May 9. 1840, and Niles held the office until the close of Van Buren's administration, March 3. 1841. He was the Dem- ocratic candidate for governor of Connecticut in 1839 and 1840, and was again U.S. senator, 1843- 49. He was twice married, first June 7, 1824, to Sarah, daughter of William Robinson, and widow of Lewis Howe. She died, Nov. 23. 1842. and he was married secondly. Nov. 26, 1845, to Jane H. Pratt of Columbia county, N.Y.. who died iu September, 18.")0. He made several bequests, in- cluding $70,000 in trust to the city of Hartford, the income therefrom to be devoted to the worthy prior, and his large library to the Connecticut Historical society. Heis the author of : The Inde- pendent Whig (1816); Gazetteer of Connecticut and Rliocle Islaiid (1819); History of the Revolu- tinn in Mexico and South America, trith a View of Texas (1829); The Civil OfTicer (1840); Loss of the Brig Commerce upon the West Coast of Africa ( 1842). He died in Hartford, Conn., May 31, 1856. NILES, Nathaniel, representative, was born in Soutii Kingston, R.I., April 3, 1741 ; son of Samuel Niles ; grandson of the Rev. Samuel and Ann (Coddington) Niles of Braintree, Mass., and great- grandson of Nathaniel and Sarah (Sands) Niles of Block Island. He matriculated at Harvard col- lege and wa-s graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B.. 1766, A.M., 1769. He studied the- ology under the Rev. Dr. Joseph Bellamy, and also studied law and medicine in New York city, where he taught school. He preached in Nor- wich and Torrington, Conn.; resided in Norwich, where he invented a process for making wire from bar iron, and added to the wire mill, which was run by water, a woolen cord manufactory. He served as a soldier tliroughout the Revolution, and subsequently removed to Vermont, where he purchased a large tract of land, founded the town of West Fairlee and held religious services in his own house for nearly forty years. He was a representative in the Vermont legislature ; speaker and agent to congress in 1784 ; judge of the supreme court, 1784-88 ; a member of the council of censors in 1785, 1787 and 1789, and a member of the constitutional convention of 1791. He was a representative from Vermont in the 2d and 3d congresses, 1791-95 ; was a representative in the state legislature, 1800-02 and 1812-14 ; a member of the governor's council, 1803-08; a presidential elector, 1805 and 1813, and a member of the constitutional convention of 1814. He led iu formulating the demand of the state for a con- stitutional amendment prohibiting the importa- tion of slaves ; was opposed to the bank bill schemes of 1800, but in 1806 voted for the estab- lishment of a state bank. He was twice married: first to a daughter of Rev. Dr. Lathrop of West Springfield, Mass., and secondly to Elizabeth, daughter of William Watson of Plymouth, Mass., and of his sons, Nathaniel was U.S. con- sul at Sardinia, acting plenipotentiary to Austria and secretary of legation at the court of St. James under U.S. Minister Cass. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Har- vard in 1772, and by Dartmouth in 1791. He was trustee of Dartmouth college, 1793-1820. He is the author of : Four Discourses on Secret Prayer (1773); Two Discourses on Sin and Forgiveness (1773); Two Discourses upon Liberty; The Per- fection of Ood (1777), and TJie Fountain of Good (1777). He also wrote an ode entitled The Amer- ican Hero, which was inspired by the news of the battle of Bunker Hill, was set to music by the Rev. Sylvanus Ripley, and became the war song of the New England soldiers. He died at West Fairlee, Vt., Oct. 31, 1828. NILES, Samuel, clergyman, was born on Block Island, R.I., May 1, 1674 ; son of Nathaniel and Sarah (Sands) Niles. He was graduated from Harvard college, A.B., 1699, A.M., 1709, and was a preacher on Block Island, 1699-1701 ; at Kingstown, 1702-10, and was ordained pastor of the Second church, Braintree, Mass., in 1711. He was twice married ; first, in 1716, to a daughter of Peter Thatcher of ]\Iilton, Mass., and sec- ondly, in 1732, to Ann Coddington. He returned to Block Island in his latter years and became pastor of a church in Charleston, composed chiefly of the Niantic Indians. He is the author of: A Brief and Sorrouful Accoujit of the Churches in New England (1745); A Vindication of Diverse Imjwrtant Doctrines of Scripture (1752) ; Scripture Doctrines of Origiwd Sin (1757); History of the French and Indian Wars (1760), and a diary kept by him for sixty years, wliich forms an in- teresting history of Braintree. He died in Brain- tree, Mass., May 1, 1762. NILES NIXDE NILES, William Harmon, geologist, was born in Northampton, Mass., May 18, 1838; son of the Rev. Asa and Mary Ann (Marcy) Niles, and grandson of Peter Niles. He attended the schools of "VVorthington, Mass., where in 1855 he began teaching. He prepared for his science education at Wilbrahain, Mass., where he was with his uncle, Oliver Marcy, LL.D., of Northwestern university, Evanston, 111., under whose encour- agement in 1862 he entered the Lawrence Scien- titio school. Harvard, and was graduated, S.B., in 1866. For a year he was a student at the Sheffield Scientific school, Yale, and graduated Ph.B. in 1867. He was married in 1869 to Helen M. Plyrapton of Cambridge, Mass. He was the stated lecturer in natural science at the Massa- chusetts State Teacliers' institutes, 1867-77. He delivered public lectures upon geological and geographical subjects, 1867-90, giving a number of full courses at the Lowell Institute, Boston, and at the Peabody Institute, Baltimore. He was appointed professor of physical geology and geography at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1871. He was also made professor of geology at the Boston university in 1875 ; stated lecturer at Wellesley college, 1882-87, and professor of geology at Wellesley, 1888. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by the Wesleyan university in 1870. He was president of the Boston Society of Natural His- tory, 1893-97 ; was three times px-esident of the Appalachian Mountain club ; president of the New England Meteorological society, and was elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a fellow of the Geological Society of America, a member of the National Geographic society and corresponding member of the New York Academy of Sciences. In 1902 he was professor and head of the department of geology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at Wellesley college, and professor of geology in Boston university. NILES, William Woodruff, second bishop of New Hampsliire and 96th in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Hatley, Lower Canada (now Quebec), May 24, 1832; son of Daniel Swit and Delia (Woodruff) Niles. He was graduated from Trinity college. Hartford, Conn., A.B., 1857, A.M., 1860 ; was a tutor there, 1857-58, and was graduated from the Berkeley Divinity school in 1861. He was ordered deacon, Maj' 22, 1861 ; ordained priest. May 1-4, 1862, and was in charge of St. Philip's church, Wiscasset, Maine, 1861-61. He was married, June 5, 1862, to Bertha Olmsted of Hartford, Conn.; was professor of Latin language and literature at Trinity college, 1864-70, editing the Churchman, 1866-67, and serving as rector of St. John's, Warehouse Point, Conn., 1868-70. He was elected second bishop of '^> ^•^ New Hampshire, as successor to Bishop Chase who died, Jan. 18, 1870. and was consecrated. Sept. 21, 1870, at St. Paul's church. Concord, N.H., by Bishops Smith, Williams, Neely, Bissell, Doane and Williams of Quebec. At the time of his consecration he was a British subject, and he became an Ameri- can citizen in Decem- ber, 1873. Trinity conferred on him the honorary degrees of S.T.D. in 1870 and LL.D. in 1896 ; Dart- mouth that of D.D. in 1879, and Bishops college, P.Q., that of D.C.L. in 1898. He was made president of the corporation of St. Paul's school, of Holderness school and of St. Mary's school. Concord, N.H., a visitor of Trinity from 1870, and a trustee from 1877. He was also a member of the board of managers of domestic and foreign missions ; of the commis- sion for revising the prayer-book and of tiiat to revise the marginal readings in the Bible. He is the author of many essays, sermons and addresses. NINDE, William Xavier, M.E. bishop, was born in Cortlandville. N.Y., June 21, 1832 ; son of the Rev. William Ward Ninde, a well known Metho- dist preacher. He was prepared for college at Rome academy, graduated from the Wesleyan university at Middletown, Conn., A.B., 1855, A.M. 1858 ; was a teacher in Rome academy, N.Y., 1855-56 ; joined the Black River conference in 1856, and was stationed successively at Fulton, Theresa, Adams and Rome, N.Y., 1856-60 ; was transferred to the Cincinnati conference in 1861, and ministered at Mission chapel. Union chapel and Christian chapel ; traveled in Europe and Asia, 1868-69 ; was transferred to the Detroit con- ference in 1870, and was pastor of the Central church, Detroit, Mich., 1870-72. He was profes- sor of practical theology at Garrett Biblical in- stitute, Evanston, 111., 1873-76; was a delegate to the general conference of the Methodist Epis- copal church in 1876 ; was pastor of Central church, Detroit, 1876-79 ; president of Garrett Biblical institute, 1879-81 ; a delegate to the Metuodist Ecumenical conference held in London in 1881, and was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church, May 15, 1884. He was presi- dent of the Methodist conference in China, Japan and Korea, returning to the United States in the spring of 1895, having visited and ministered to tlie missions in the Orient for several years. Tlie honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by NISBET NITSCIIMANN afflictetl however "Wesleyan university in 1874, and that of LL.D. liy Nortlnvestern university in 1892. He died in Detroit. :\Iicli.. Jan. 3, 1901. NISBET, Charles, educator, was born in Ilad- diiigtoM, Scotland, Jan. 21,173G; son of William and Alison Nesbit. He was graduated from tlie University of Edinburgli in 1754, liaving sustained the entire expense of his collegiate course by teaching. He studied theology in the Divinity H.iU of Edinburgh, 1754-60, and was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Edinburgh, Sept. 24, 1760. He was pastor of the Presbyterian church at Montrose. Scotland, and during the Revolu- tionary war sympathized with the colonists, which caused dissatisfaction in his parish. He was married in June, 1700. to Ann, daughter of Thomas Sweedie of Quarter, Sc-otland. In 1783, upon the establishment of Dickinson college. Car- lisle, Pa., he was chosen its first president. He arrived in Philadelphia, Pa. , in June, 17s5. and took charge of the college, July 5, 1785' He resigned the office, Oct. 18, 1785, on account of a severe illness which had himself and his family. Recovering, he was re-elected, May 10, 1786, and immediately resumed his duties. The financial state of Dickinson college, which had been but slenderly endowed, became greatly impaired and the attendance grew less and less. The plans of tlie president were not supported by the trustees of the college, and his salary was cut down from $1200 to §800. Even that sum was not paid in full and at the time of his decease the arrears amounted to four or five years' salary. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by tlie College of New Jersey in 1783, to wiiich institution he bequeathed his valuable library. He died in Carlisle, Pa., Jan. 18, 1804. NISBET, Eugenius Aristides, jurist, was bom near Union Point, Greene county, Ga., Dec. 7, 1803 ; son of Dr. James and Penelope (Cooper) Nisbet. His father was a member of the con- stitutional convention of 1798 and arepre.sentative in tlie state legislature, having moved to Georgia from Iredell, N.C., about 1791. His parents set- tled in Alliens, Ga., and he attended Powellton academy, Hancock county, Ga., 1815-17, and South Carolina college. Columbia. S.C., 1817-18, and was graduated from the University of Georgia in 1821, with the first honor. He studied law in the office of Judge Augustin S. Clayton, Athens, 1821-22, and under Judge Gould. Litchfield. Conn., 1822-23. He was admitted to tlie bar of Greene county by special act of the legislature in 1823. and practised in Madison, Ga., where he was a representative in the state assembly for three years ; state .senator for one term, and a Whig representative in the 26th and 27th con- gresses, 1839—43, resigning his seat in congress to meet obligations of $30,000, as surety for a relative. He moved from Madison to Macon, Ga., in 1837. He resumed his law practice in Macon, and upon the organization of the supreme court in 1845 was appointed one of its judges and served, 1845- 53. He supported Harrison in 1840 ; Clay in 1844, and Bell and Everett in 1860. He was a member of the state secession convention of 1861 and of the Confederate provisional congress. In the .secession convention he was chairman of the committee of eighteen which reported the ordinance of secession, and was the author of that ordinance. He practised law in Macon with a brother and son, 1865-71. He was a trustee of the University of Georgia, 1864-71, and received from there the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1868. He was married in 1824 to Amanda M. F. Battle of Powellton, Ga.,and they had twelve children. Mrs. Nisbet died in 1865. Judge Nisbet was the author of tiie first fourteen volumes of Georgia Bepoi'ts, and his decisions are frequently- quoted as authority on the law, both in the United States and England. He died in Macon, Ga., March 18, 1871. NITSCHMANN, David, Moravian bishop, was born in Zauchtenthal, Moravia, Dec. 27, 1696. His parents were members of the church of the Ancient Brethren, and David, in May, 1724, fled from persecution to Herrnhvit, Saxony, became an evangelist and was consecrated first bishop of the renewed Moravian church at Berlin, March 13, 1735, by Bishop Jablousky, with the concurrence of Bishop Sitkovius of Poland. He led a colony of Moravians to Savannah, Ga., in 1735, and on Feb. 28, 1736, ordained Augustus G. Spangen- berg and Anthony Seifferth, presbyters of the church, probably the first ordinations bj- a Prot- estant bishop in the United States ; John Wesley, who was his fellow voyager to America, being present. In 1740 he again visited America and in 1741 purchased a tract of land on the Lehigh river in Pennsylvania, where he formed a small colony from the abandoned settlement in Geor- gia, which he named Bethelem. He returned to Saxony in 1744, but extended his labors to New York and North Carolina, and during his lifetime visited the chief countries of northern Europe and the West Indies, making probably fifty sea voyages. In 1755 he returned to Penn- sylvania. He resided in Weis-sport, Pa., 1755-56, atLititz, Pa., 17.56-61, and at Bethelem, 1761-72. He died in Betlilehem. Pa., Oct. 8. 1772. NITSCHMANN, John, Moravian bishop, was born in Schoenaii. Moravia, in 1703. He was a descendant of the Ancient Brethren's church, and in 1724, through religious persecutions, he NIXON NIXON relinquished his possessions in Moravia and with a number of followers immigrated to Herrnhut, Saxony, where he engaged in evangelical work and in 1741 was consecrated to the episcopacy. He immigrated to America in 1749, to fill tiie place of Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, as presiding bishop, who had established a Moravian colony at Savannah, Ga. He remained in America until 1751, when he returned to Eui'ope. He died in Zeist. Holland, May 6, 1772. NIXON, John, soldier, was born in Framing- ham, Mass., March 1.1727; son of Christopher and Mary (Sever) Nixon, and grandson of Joseph Sever. Christopher Nixon came to Framingham early in 1724, and John joined the troops iinder Sir William Pepperrell in 1745, in the expedition against Cape Breton and in the capture of Louis- burg. He served in the Colonial army, 1745-75, except 1752-55, when he was at his home in Fram- ingham. He was a lieutenant in Capt. E. Newell's company in the expedition to Crown Point, 1755-56 ; was commissioned captain in 1756, took part in the defence of Fort William Henry, Lake George, 1756 ; commanded a company in Col. T. Ruggles's regiment at Half Moon, 1758, and was captain in command of 108 men, 1761-62. He led a company of minute men at the battle of Lexington and commanded a regiment at the battle of Bunker Hill, where he was seriously wounded. He was promoted brigadier-general in the Continental army, Aug. 9, 1776 ; com- manded the forces stationed at Governor's Island in New York harbor, and in the battle of Still- water, commanded the 1st Massachusetts regi- ment, in the army of Gen. Horatio Gates. He resigned his commission in the Continental army, Sept. 12, 1780. owing to ill health occa- sioned by his wounds. He was married, first, Feb. 7, 1754, to Thankful, daughter of Joseph Berry, and secondly, Feb. 5. 1778, to Hannah (Drury) Gleason, widow of Capt. Micajah Gleason and daughter of Josiah Drury. She died, Sept. 26, 1831. General Nixon died in Middlebury, Vt., March 24, 1815. NIXON, John, patriot financier, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1733; son of Richard and Sarah (Bowles) Nixon. Richard Nixon came with his parents from Wetford, Ireland, to Phila- delphia, when quite young, and married Sarah Bowles, Jan. 7, 1728, and in 1738 built Nixon's wharf on the Delaware river. He was a member of the city council, 1742-56, and was chosen captain of the dock-yard company upon the organization of the " Associators " dur- ing tlie French and Spanish war. John Nix- ofi inherited his father's property ; succeeded to his business in 1756 ; was chosen lieutenant of the dockyard company, and in 1765 was among those who signed the Non-Importation ^^II. — 6 Agreement, thus establishing himself among the leaders of the patriot cause in Philadelphia. He was appointed a warden of the port in 1766 and one of the signers of the Penn paper money in 1767. He was a member of the first committee of correspondence ; was a deputy to the provincial conventions, 1774-75 ; was commissioned lieuten- ant-colonel of the 3d battalion of the " Associa- tors," known as " Silk stockings " : became a member of the committee of safety on its re- organization, Oct. 20, 1775, and frequently pres- ided at its meetings, being chairman of the committee on accounts. He commanded the de- fences of the Delaware at Fort Island in May, 1776, and was put in command of the city guard of Philadelphia. He read to the assembled people the Declaration of Independence on July 8, 1776, and during July, 1776, his battalion saw service at Aniboy, N.J. He succeeded John Cadwalader as colonel of the •' Associators " and joined Wash- ington's army at Trenton, taking part in the battle of Princeton. He was a member of the Continental navy board in 1776 ; in December, 1778, was made one of a committee of three to settle and adjust the accounts of the committee and council of safety, and in August, 1778, was one of the auditors of public accounts. He was an original subscriber to the Pennsylvania bank in June, 1780. to the amount of £5000, and with George Clymer became the custodian of the funds subscribed. They were known as PanK of-/JOf^Trt^AA\eR,iCA k km directors and handed the cur- rency over to Tench Francis, the factor, to purchase provi- sions for the army. He was also a founder in 1781 of the Bank of North America, a di- rector, 1784- 1808, and its sec" ond president, 1792-1808, suc- ceeding Thomas Willing, who re- signed Jan. 9, 1792, to become president of the Bank of the United States. He married in October, 1765, Elizabeth, daughter of George and Jane (Currie) Davis. His son Henry, who died, Aug. 18, 1840, married Maria, daughter of Robert Mor- ris, and was the fourth president of the Bank of North America, 1822-40. John Nixon was a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, 1789-91. His wife died Aug. 31, 1795, and he died in Phila- delphia, Pa., Dec. 24, 1808. XIXON NIXON NIXON, John Thompson, jurist, was born in Fairton, N.J.. Aug. ;J1. l5<-,'0 ; son of Jeremiah S. Nixon, wiio removed with liis family to Bridgeton soon after his son's birth. He was graduated from tlie College of New Jersey, A.B., 1841. A.M., 1844, and was a tutor at the college a short time and in the family of Judge Pennybacker at Staunton, Va., where he studied law and was a"">" ^^-. ^M^^ THE OREQON. yard, Philadelphia, 1891-95, and established the Crescent shipyard at Elizabeth, N.J., in 1895, where among other vessels he constructed the sub-marine torpedo boat Holland, the monitor Florida, the torpedo boat O'Brien and the cruiser Chattanooga. He was married, Jan. 29, 1891, to Sally Lewis, daughter of Col. Lafayette B. and Margaret (Robertson) Wood of Washington, D.C. He was appointed by Mayor Van Wjxk president of the East River Bridge commission in January, 1898, and was appointed consulting naval architect of the Cramp Shipbuilding com- pany : president of the International Smokeless Powder and Dynamite company ; of the U.S. Long Distance Automobile Co.; the Carbon Axle Co.; the New East River Bridge commission ; a trustee of Webb's Academy and Home for Ship- builders ; a director of the Idaho Exploration and Mining Co.; a delegate from New York to the Democratic national convention of 1900, and vice-president of the Democratic Club of New York. On Dec. 17, 1901, lie was appointed one of twelve prominent citizens to represent capital on the board of arbitration of the industrial de- partment of the National Civic Federation, con- vened in New York city, Dec. 16, 1901, and on Jan. 11, 1902, succeeded Richard Croker (q.v.) as leader of the Tammany Hall organization in New York city, which position he resigned. May 14, 1902. He is the author of : Military Value of the Shipyard (1897), and Commercial Value of the Shipyard {\S^~,),hot\\ of which appeared in the North American Review. NIXON, Oliver Woodson, editor, was born in Guilford county, N.C., Oct. 25, 1825; son of Samuel and Rhoda (Hubbard) Nixon ; grandson of Barnabas and Sarah (Ilunnicutt) Nixon, and a descendant of Pliineas and Mary Nixon. His grandfather, Barnabas Nixon, was a prominent mover in the antishivery question in Virginia NIXON NOBLE and was among the first in the state to free his slaves. His father removed to Indiana, where Oliver attended the common schools. He was graduated from Farmers college, Ohio, A.B., in 1848, and from Jefferson Medical college, M.D., in 1854. He was married in 1854 to Louise Elstun of Mt. Carmel, Ohio, During the civil war he was surgeon of the 39th Ohio volunteers, medical director of the Army of the Mississippi and a member of Gen. John Pope's staff. He was treasurer of Hamilton county, Ohio, for two terms ; was one of the organizers of the Cincin- nati Evening Chronicle in 1870, and with his brother, William Penn Nixon, consolidated it with the Cincinnati Times. In 1878 he joined his brother in the purchase of the Chicago Inter- Ocean, disposed of it to a stock company and became literary editor and president of tlie corpo- ration of the Inter-Ocean. He received the hon- orary degree of LL.D. from Whitman college, Walla Walla, Wash., in 1897. He is the author of : Ho!n Marcus Whitman Saved Oregon (1895). NIXON, William Penn, editor, was born at Fountain City, Ind., March 19, 1883; son of Samuel and Rhoda (Hubbard) Butler Nixon, and grandson of Barnaby Nixon, a Quaker preacher, and a resident of Virginia. His great grand- mother on his mother's side was a Cherokee Indian. He was graduated from Farmers col- lege, Ohio, in 1853 ; taught school in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1853-55, and was graduated from the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, LL.B., 1859. He prac- tised law in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1859-68 ; was a Republican representative in the state legislature, 1864-G7 : president of the Cincinnati Mutual Life Insurance Co., 1866-71, and in 1868, in connection with his brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, established the Daily Chronicle, of which he was commercial editor and subsequently publisher and general manager. Upon the consolidation of the paper with the Daily Times, in 1872, he sold his interest and became business manager of the Chicago Inter-Ocean, serving until 1875, and as general- manager and editor-hi-chief, 1875-97. In 1897 he sold his controlling interest in the Inter-Ocean, but retained his connection with the company of which he was secretary and treasurer. He was appointed a commissioner of Lincoln park in 1896, and its president in 1897 ; was president of the associated press for several years ; was a delegate at large for the state of Illinois to the Republican national convention of 1896, and was ajipointed collector of U.S. customs of Chicago in Decem- ber, 1897. He was twice married, first in Septem- ber, 1861, to Mary, daughter of Hezekiah and Ruth (Ferris) Stites. She died in 1862, and he was married secondly, June 15, 1869, to Elizabeth, daughter of Charles and Sarah E. Dufiield of Chicago, 111. NOAH, Mordecai Manuel, journalist, was boin in Philadelpliia, Pa., July 14, 1785 ; son of Manuel and Zipporah (Phillips) Noah, and grandson of Jonas and Rebecca Mendes (Machado) Phillips. His mother died when he was a child, and he was left in care of his maternal grandfather, who apprenticed him to a trade. He studied law in Charleston, S.C, and engaged in political jour- nalism and dramatic writing. He declmed the U.S. consulship at Riga, Russia, in 1811 ; was U.S. consul-general at Tunis, with a special mis- sion to Algiers, 1813-19, and during his term of service opposed the further payment of tribute for the security of our merchant marine, and also liberated a number of Americans held as slaves. He was recalled in 1819 by the government, who considered his being a Jew a drawback to the success of his mission, and he engaged in jour- nalism in New York city, where he aided James Gordon Bennett in establishing the New York Herald, and founded and edited in rapid succes- sion the National Advocate, the Coiirier and En- quirer, the Evening Star, the Union, and Xoah's Times and Weekly Messenger, the latter becom- ing eminently successful. He was appointed sheriff of New York in 1821 ; served as surveyor of the port of New York, 1829-33, and as asso- ciate judge of the court of sessions in New York in 1841. He was also an officer of the New York militia, attaining the rank of major, and was president of the Hebrew Benevolent society, New York cit\-, in 1842. He originated the plan of a permanent city of refuge for the Jews on Grand Island in the Niagara river, in 1820, which proved unsuccessful. He was married to Rebecca Jackson of New York city. His plays include : The Fortress of Sorrento ; Paid and Alexis, or the Orphans of the Rhine ; She Woidd Be a Soldier, or the Plains of Chippeica ; Oh Yes! or the New Constitution ; Marion, or the Hero of Lake George; The Grecian Captive; Yusef Caramalli, or the Siege of Tripoli, and The Grand Canal. He is the author of : Travels in England, France, Spain and the Barhary States (1819); Gleanings from a Gathered Harvest, newspaper essays (1845); Restoration of the Jews, address (1845), and a translation of the Book of Joshua (1840). He died in New York city, May 22, 1851. NOBLE, Annette Lucile, author, was born in Albion, N.Y., July 12, 1844; daughter of Dr. William and Amelia Stiles (Denio) Noble ; grand- daughter of Elnathan and Mary (Weston) Noble, and of John and Harriet (Stiles) Denio. Harriet Stiles was a granddaughter of Ezra Stiles (q.v.). Annette Lucile Noble was graduated at Phipps Union seminary, Albion, N.Y., in 1863, and en- gaged in literary work, traveling extensively in Europe, Egypt, Palestine, Syria and other for- eign countries. Her stories have been translated IsOBLE NOBLE into several foreign languages and liad a large circulation in Holland. Siie is tiie author of: Eleanor Willoiighby (1870); St. August iiu's Lad- der (1872); Judge Branard's Infantry (If^lo); Under Shelter (1876); Out of the Tlav/ (1877); The Queer House in Rugby Court (1878); Silas Gower's Daughter (1878); Uncle Jack's E.vecutors (1880); Eunice Lathrop, Spinster (1881); Hoiv Billy u^ent rip in the World (1883); Miss Janet's Old House ( 1884) ; The Professor's Dilemma (1885) ; The Crazy Angel (1888), and many stories for the young. NOBLE, Frederick Alphonso, minister, was born in Baldwin, Maine, March 17, 1833; son of James and Jane (Cram) Noble ; grandson of George and Sarah (Spencer) Noble, and of Joseph and Abigail (Pugsley) Cram, and a descendant of Christopher Noble, a soldier in the Revolution, whose ancestors came to America from England at a date not established. He was graduated from Yale in 1858 ; attended Andover Theological seminary, ilass., 1858-GO, and Lane Theological seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1861, and was or- dained to the ministry by the presbytery of Min- nesota, July 16, 1862. He was pastor of the House of Hope church, St. Paul, Minn., 1862-68 ; tiie Tliird church, Pittsburg, Pa., 1868-75 ; Center church. New Haven, Conn., 1875-79. and Union Park church, Chicago, 111.. 1879-1901. He re- signed his pastorate in 1901, and gave his time to literary work. He was twice married : first. Sept. 15, 1861, to Lucy Augusta Perry of Dummerston, Vt., who died. June 7, 1895, and secondly, July 1, 1897. to Leila Moss Crandon of Evanston, 111. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Western Reserve college in 1872, and that of LL.D. by Oberlin college in 1899. He was elected president of the American Missionary as- .sociatioii in 1898 ; first president of tiie New West Education commission in 1882, and was a delegate to the missionary conference held at London, England, in 1888 ; to the International council of the Congregational churches, London, in 1891, and to the second council held at Boston, Mass., in September, 1899, of which last he was first vice-president. He is the author of : Divine Life in Man (1896); Discourses on Philippians (1897): Oar Redemption (1898); Typical Xeir Testament Conversion (1901); Tlie P/Vf/rir/is (1902). and many pamphlets on civil, educational and religious sub- jects. He was a resident of Phillips, Franklin county, Maine, in 1902. NOBLE, James, senator, was born near Berry- ville, Clarke county, Va., Dec. 16, 1785; son of Thomas and Betty Clair (Sedgwick) Noble. His parents removed to Campbell county, Ky. . in 1795, and he studied law vmder Richard South- gate of Newport, Ky., and was admitteil to the bar in Lawrenceburgh, Ind. He was married. April 7. 1803. to Mary Lindsey of Cincinnati, Oliio. He -settled in Brookville, Franklin county, Indiana Territory, in 1811 ; served as a member of the territorial legislature for several years, and on tlie admission of the state in 1816 was elected to the U.S. senate, and was re-elected in 1821 and 1827, serving until his death, which occurred in Washington, D.C., Feb. 26, 1831. NOBLE, John Willcox, cabinet officer, was born in Lancaster, Ohio. Oct. 26, 1831 ; son of John and Catharine (McDill) Noble, and grand- son of Samuel and (Mary Patter.son) Noble. He attended Miami university ; was graduated at Yale, 1851 ; studied law at Columbus, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar there in 1853, and in St. Louis, Mo., in 1855. He practised in Col- umbus, Ohio. 1853, St. Louis,Mo., 1855-1856; and in Keokuk, Iowa, 1856-1861 ; was city attorney of Keokuk, 1859-60, and in 1861 enlisted in the 3d Iowa volunteer cav- alry, being mustered 1st lieutenant and ad- jutant in August, 1861, and becoming major, lieutenant-col- onel and colonel in tliis regiment. He was judge advocate of the Army of the South- west and afterward of the department of the ^Missouri. He took part in the battle of Pea Ridge and the siege of Vicksburg, and served under Gen. Andrew J. Smith against Forrest, and under Gen. James H. Wilson in Alabama and Georgia. He was brevetted brigadier-gen- eral of volunteers to date, March 13, 1865. and was mustered out of the service in August, 1865. He was married, Feb. 6, 1864, to Lizabeth, daughter of Hatfield Halstead of Northampton, Mass. He resumed the practice of law in St. Louis, Mo., 1865; was U.S. district attorney for Ililissouri, 1867-70 ; received the thanks of President Grant before the cabinet in 1869, and declined the solicitor generalship offered by tiie President. He was secretary of the inte- rior in President Harrison's cabinet, 1889-93. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Miami university in 1889 and from Yale uni- versity in 1891. NOBLE, Louis Legrand, clergyman, poet and author, was born in New Lisbon, N.Y., Sept. 26, 1811 ; son of Sylvanus and Sally (Tuttle) Noble ; grandson of Elnathan and Johannah (Bostwick) Noijle, and of Jeremiah Tuttle, and a descendant of Thomas and Hannah( Warriner) Noble. Thomas C^:/i^y-f-^-'t^^.a<^. ^-^c^tCd^ NOBLE NORCROSS Noble was a native of England, and located in Bos- ton, Mass., as early as 1653 ; removed to Springfield in that year, and to Westfield about 1666. Louis Legrand was graduated at Bristol college, Pa., in 1837, and at the General Theological seminary, New York city, in 1840. He was admitted to the diaconate, June 28, 1840, and to the priesthood, June 4, 1844. He was curate at St. Peter's, Albany, N.Y., in 1840, and removed to Perquimans county, N.C., the same year, where he was planters' chaplain and rector of Christ church, Elizabeth City, 1841-44. He was married, Oct. 30, 1844, to Sarah Ann, daughter of Isaac and Sally (Nygatt) Hayes of Unadilla, N.Y. He was rector of St. Luke's, Catskill, N.Y., 1845-54 ; of Grace church, Chicago, III., in 1855; of the Church of the Messiah, Glen's Falls, N.Y., and Trinity church, Fredonia, N.Y., 1856-57, and of Holy Trinity, Hudson City, N.J., 1858-72. He was professor of English literature in St. Stephen's college, Annandale, N.Y., 1872-80, and rector of St. John's church, Ionia, Mich., 1880-82. He was honored by Griswold with a place among the American poets, and is the author of : Xe-Ma- Min, an Indian Story (1852); Tlie Course of Empire, Voyage of Life and other Pictures of T}io7nas Cole, N.A., with Selections from his Let- ters and Miscellaneous Writings, Illustrative of his Life, Character and Genius (1853) ; The Lady Angeline, a Lay of the Appalachians ; Tlie Hours and Other Poems (1857); ^4. Voyage to the Arctic Seas in Searcli of Icebergs with Clinrch the Artist (1861). He died in Ionia, Mich., Feb. 6, 1882_. NOBLE, Noah, governor of Indiana, was born near Berry ville, Clarke county, Va., Jan. 15, 1794 ; son of Thomas and Betty Clair (Sedgwick) Noble, and brother of Senator James Noble. His parents removed to Campbell county, Ky., in 1795, and he subsequently lo- cated in Brookville, Franklin county, Indian Territory. He was married, Nov. 18, 1819, to Katharine Swearingen, a native of Berryville, Va. He was sheriff of Franklin county, 1820-24 ; represented Franklin coimty in the Indiana legislature, 1824- 26 ; was receiver of public moneys, Indianapolis land district, 1825-29, and governor of Indiana, 1831-37. He died in Indianapolis, Ind.. Feb. 7, 1844. NOBLE, Patrick, governor of South Carolina, was born in Abbeville district, S.C., in 1787 ; son of Alexander and Catharine (Callioun) Noble ; grandson of John and Mary (Calhoun) Noble, and of Patrick Calhoun. John Noble, native of Donegal county, Ireland, settled in Pennsyl- vania about 1733, and removed thence to Augusta county, Ya., where he died in 1753. His widow, with her sons, located in what became Abbeville district, S.C. Patrick Noble was prepared for college under Dr. Moses Waddell, graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1806, and studied law under George McDuffie and John C. Cal- houn. He was admitted to the bar in 1809 ; practised in Abbeville, in partnership with John C. Calhoun, 1809-10, and alone, 1810-40. He was married, Sept. 5, 1816, to Elizabeth Bonneau, daughter of Ezekiel and Elizabeth (Bonneau) Pickens of Pendleton district, S.C. He repre- sented Abbeville district in the state assembly in 1812, 1818-24 and in 1832, and was speaker of the assembly, 1818-24 and 1832. He was presi- dent of the state senate, 1836-38, and the States' Rights governor of South Carolina, 1838-40. He died in Abbeville district, S.C, April 7,1840. NOELL, John W., representative, was born in Bedford county, Va., Feb. 22, 1816. He re- ceived a limited education, and in 1833 removed with his parents to Perry county. Mo. He en- gaged in milling and store-keeping, and in the study of law, and became a noted lawyer especially in criminal courts of the state. He was clerk of the circuit court for Perry county, 1841-50 ; a member of the state senate, 1850-54 ; a Democratic representative from the 3rd Missouri district in the 36th and 37th congresses, 1859-63, and was re-elected to the 38th congress in 1862, but died before that congress convened. In the 40th congress his son, Capt. Thomas E. Noell, of tlie 19th U.S. infantry, represented the district, was re-elected to the 41st congress, but died, Oct. 3. 1867, before taking his seat. John W. Noell died in Washington, D.C., March 14, 1863. NORCROSS, Amasa, representative, was born in Rindge, N.H., Jan. 26, 1824; son of Capt. Daniel and Polly (Jones) Norcross ; grandson of Jeremiah and Lucy (Chaplin) Norcross and of Asa and Mary (Martin) Jones, and a descendant of Jeremiah Norcross, who emigrated from England and settled in Watertown. Mass., as early as 1642. Amasa attended the public schools and Appleton academy, New Ipswich, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1847. He settled in practice in Fitchburg, Mass., and was married, June 1, 1852. to Augusta, daughter of Benjamin Wallis of Ashby. He was a representative in the Massa- chusetts legislature, 1858-59 and 1862 ; a state senator in 1874 ; assessor of internal revenue for the 9th Massachusetts district, 1862. and first mayor of Fitchburg, 1873-74. He was a Repub- lican representative from the tenth Massachu- setts district in the 45th, 46th and 47th congresses, 1877-83. He was a director of the Rollstone National bank ; president of the Fitchburg Mu- tual Fire Insurance company ; of the "Worcester Nortli Savings institution, and of Gushing Academy, Ashburnham. He died in Fitchburg, Mass., April 1, 1898. XOKDHOFF NORDICA NORDHOFF, Charles, author and journalist, was bora in Erwitte, Wostphalia, Prussia, Aur. 31, 1830; son of Charles and Adellieid (Plate) Nordhoflf. His fatlier, an officer who won the "Waterloo medal under Blucher, resigned from the German armj- and immigrated to America in 1835, in order to have his sou educated under democratic institutions. Charles on the death of his father w;is left to the care of Dr. "William NastandDr. J. H. Pulte (q.v.) of Cincinnati. lie attended tlie public schools and "Woodward college ; worked as a printer, 1843—44 ; served in the U.S. navj- on the old ship Columbus, 1844-47, and in the merchant marine and whale and mackerel fisheries, 1847-53, wliere he collected material for his books. He was engaged in newspaper work in Philadelphia, Pa., and Indian- apolis, Ind., 1853-57, was editorially connected with Harper & Bros., New York city, 1857-61, and on the staff of the New York Evening Post, 1861-71, where his vigorous editorials in that paper and subsequently in tlie New York Times were largely influential in the appointment of the committee of seventy and the overthrow of tlie Tweed ring. He traveled extensively in 1871-72 ; visited the Sandwich Islands in 1873, and in 1874 became attached to the staff of the New York Herald as an editorial writer and also as the special Washington correspondent. Upon his retirement from tliat paper in 1891 he made his home in Coronado, Cal. He was married in 1857 to Lida, daugliter of James anil Martha (Fallon) Letford, and their daughter, Evelyn Hunter Nordlioff (1863-1898), was an artist and tlie first woman to become an expert in artistic book-binding. He eilited an American edition of Kerns " Practical Landscajje Garden- ing" (1855), and "The Tin Trumpet," and is tlie author of: Man-of-War Life : a Boy's Ex- jierience in the U.S. Navy (1855) ; Tfie Mer- chant Vessel (1855) ; Wlialing ami Fishing (1856) ; Stories from the Island World (1857); Secession is Rebellion: the Union Indissolid)le (I860;; The Freedmen of Sordh Carolina: some Account of their Appearance, Character, Condition and Customs (1863) ; America for Free Working Men (1865) ; Cape Cod and All Along Shore ; a Collection of Stories (1868) ; California for Health, Pleasure and Residence (1872) ; Northern California, Oregon and the Sandwich Islands (1874) ; Politics for Young Americans (1875), which was written for his young son, and adopted as a text-book in schools and translated into Boliemian and Spanish ; 77/e Communistic Societies of the United States (1875), which wa.s translated into Russian and French ; Tlie Cotton States in tlie Spring and Summer of 1S75 (1876). He died in San Fran- cisco, Cal., July 14, 1901. NORDICA, Lillian, prima donna, was born in Farmington, Maine, Dec. 12, 1859 ; daughter of Edwin and Amanda Elvira (Allen) Norton ; granddaugliter of James Instance and Sarah (Smitli) Norton, and of the Rev. John and Annah (Hersey) Allen, and a descendant of Nicholas Norton of English descent, born in Weymoutli, Mass., and a resident of Duke's count}', Mass., as earl}' as 1609. She removed to Boston, Mass., with her parents in 1863, was educated in the public schools and studied vocal culture under John O'Neil at tlie New England Conservatory of Mu.sic, graduating in 1875. She sang in choirs and concerts and with the Handel and Haydn society, and studied for a sliort time under Madame Maretzek in New York. She went to Europe as tlie soloist of Gilmore's band in 1878, and sang at the Crystal Palace, London, and at the Trocadero in Paris. Slie studied under San Giovanni in Milan, Italy, with the determination to become an opera singer, and in six months had a repertory including ten operas. She made her debut in Brescia, Italy, in "La Traviata " in 1879 ; appeared as Alice in " Roberto " at Novara, Italy, in the same year, and sang the part of Marguerite in " Faust," 1880, She appeared in the operas " Rigoletto," "Faust" and "Lucia" at Aquilla, Italy ; in "Mignon," " L'Af ricaine," " Le Nozze di Figaro," "Le Prophete," "Don Giovanni" and " Les Huguenots" in St. Peters- burg. Russia, in 1880, and in 1881 before Ambrose Tliomas and Van Corbeil, who engaged her for the grand opera in Paris. She sang the role of Marguerite in " Faust," in Paris in 1882 ; made a tour of the United States under Colonel Mapleson in 1883, and in Berlin and London in 1887, becom- ing a great favorite in the latter city, where she received the personal thanks of tlie Prince and Princess of Wales, and was commanded to sing before Queen "Victoria. She appeared in the Wagnerian role of Elsa in " Lohengrin" at Bey- reuth in 1894, joined the Abbey, Schoffel and Grau Opera company, with whom she made various tours of the United States, singing Elsa in " Lohengrin " and Isolde in "Tristan und Isolde." Her repertory in 1903 consisted of over forty operas and all the standard oratorios. She was decorated by the Duke of Edinburgh and the Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha, and also received the title of royal chamber singer, a brooch of precious stones from Queen Victoria, and a tiara of diamonds from the stockholders of the ]\Ietropolitan Opera House of New York city in 1896. She was married, Jan. 22, 1883. to Fred- eric Allen Gower, an aeronaut, who lost his life in 1886, in an attempt to cross the English chan- nel. In June, 1896, she was married to Zoltan Domd, a Hungarian. Madame Nordica was the first foreigner to sing at Beyreuth. and she NORRIS NORRIS created there the role of Elsa. She was also chosen to open the new Prince Regent opera house in Munich, in Maj', 1901, and re-engaged for the following year for all the Brunhilde roles. NORRIS, Frank, author, was born in Chicago, 111., March 5, 1870; son of Benjamin Franklin and Gertrude (Doggett) Norris ; grandson of Samuel Wales Doggett. He was prepared for college in the high school of San Francisco, Cal., and attended the University of California, 1890- 94, and Harvard, 1894-95. He studied art in Paris, 1887-89, and on his return to the United States settled in San Francisco, and there en- gaged in literary and journalistic work. He was war correspondent of the San Francisco Chronicle in South Africa during the Uitlander insurrec- tion, 1895-96 ; associate editor of the San Fran- cisco Wave, 1896-97, and war correspondent for McClure's Magazine in Cuba during the Spanish- American war, 1898. He settled in New York city in 1899, and was married, Feb. 12, 1900, to Jeanette, daughter of R. M. Black of San Fran- cisco. He is the author of : Moran of the Lady Letty (1898); McTeague (1899); Blix (1899); A Man's Woman (1900); Tlie Octopus, an Epic of the Wheat (1901); The Pit (1903), and he was gathering material for Tlie Wolf, the last of the wheat trilogy, at the time of his death, which oc- curred at San Francisco, Cal., Oct. 25, 1902. NORRIS, Isaac, merchant, was born in London, England, July 26, 1671 ; son of Thomas and Mary (Moore) Norris or Norrice, who with their family removed to Port Royal, Jamaica, W.I., 1678. In 1690 he was sent by his father to Philadelphia to secure a home for the family. On returning to Port Royal, he found that the earthquake of June 7, 1692, had destroyed the lives and property of his family, and he saved from the wreck bare- ly £100. He returned alone to Philadelphia in 1693, and engaged in merchandising. He was married, March 7, 1694, to Mary, daughter of Thomas and Mary (Jones) Lloyd, natives of Shropshire, London, who were converts to the faith of George Fox. He went to England about 1706-8, when he visited his wife's relatives, and while in England he persuaded the Fords to discontinue their persecution of William Penn. On his return to Philadelphia in August, 1708, he again took an active part in governmental affairs, having already been a member of the assembly for five years, and he was a member of the governor's council, 1709, and of the assembly for nine terms, being speaker for two terms. He was not a lawyer by profession, but was appointed a justice of Philadelphia county in 1717, and serv- ed for several years. On the organization of the High Court of Chancery he was made a master to hear cases with the lieutenant-governor. He was mayor of Philadelphia in 1724, and declined the appointment as chief justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, as successor to David Lloyd, deceased. He was a trustee under William Penn's will, and attorney for Hannah Penn. He died at Stanton, Pa., June 4, 1735. NORRIS, Isaac, party leader, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 3, 1707 ; son of Isaac and Mary (Lloyd) Norris. He engaged in the business of merchandising, principally with Great Britain, first as clerk for his father, then in partnership until his father's deatli, in 1735. He was a member of the Philadelphia common council, 1727-30 ; alderman, 1730-34, and member of the assembly with few interruptions, 1734-64, He was married in 1739, to Sarah, daughter of James Logan. He assumed the leadership of the peace party, which became known as the Norris party. When the assembly met in October, 1739, the measures for defence against threatened in- vasion by the French and Spanish troops recom- mended by Governor Thomas, were opposed by the Norris party as representatives of the Quakers, who conscientiously refrained from bearing arms or engaging in strife. The governor objected to the demands of the Quakers for compensation for the services of their indentured servants who were serving in the army, and Norris obtained from the assembly compensation to the masters for .such service. In 1742 his seat in the assembly was unsuccessfully contested by Mr. Allen, the wealthy recorder of Philadelphia ; but the contest called out a bitter controversy and charges of "fraud" and " bulldozing," and a riot in the streets which the recorder took no means to suppress. He was appointed by the governor in 1745, and again in 1755, to treat with the Indians at Albany, who were the owners of the large area of lands in southwestern Pennsylvania, and he secured several million acres by purchase. He succeeded John Kinsey, deceased, as speaker of the assembly in 1751. In the same year the bell for the state house was ordered from England, and Norris directed the inscription; "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the in- habitants thereof," to be placed around it, and when the bell was cracked in 1752, it was recast with the same inscription, and became the his- toric liberty bell that proclaimed tlie signing of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. The pretty story, often repeated, to the effect that an aged sexton waited impatiently in the belfry for tlie announcement that tlie Declaratioji was signed, and that at last a little boy, instructed for the purpose, came out to the sidewalk and, clap- ping his hands, shouted " Ring ! ring ! " is purely imaginative. He resigned tiie speakership in 1764, when he found himself powerless to pre- vent the passage of a petition to transfer the government of the province from the N ORRIS NORRIS Proprietors to the crown, and was succeeded by Benjamin Franklin, who signed tlie petition, but in tlie election of the same year, Franklin failing re-election, Norris was elected, and made speaker, but resigned Oct. 24, 1764. He was a man of liberal education, and possessed a library, 1500 volumes of which became tlie proi>erty of Dick- inson college, by gift from John Dickinson. His daughter Mary, wlio inherited his estates, married John Dickinson (q.v.). He died at Fair Hill, Pa., July i:^. 1766. NORRIS, Mary Harriott, author, was born in Boonton, N.J., March 16, 1848; daughter of Charles Bryan and Mary Lyon (Kerr) Norris ; graiKldaughter of Luther and Hannali (Stout) Norris ; great-granddaugliter of Capt. James Stout of tlie Revolutionary army, and a descen- deiit from Ricluird and Penelope (Van Francis) Stout, from William Joseph Kerr, from Richard and Elizabeth (Hawley) Booth, from Thomas Trowbridge and from Maj.-Gen. Humphrey and Mary ("Wales) Atherton, all immigrants. She was graduated from Vassar college, Poughkeep- esi, N.Y.. in 1870; founded a private school in New York city, serving as its principal, 1879-91, and was dean of women at Nortliwestern univer- sity, 1898-99. She is the author of: Friiulein Minci (1872); Ben and Bentie Series (1873-76); Dorothy Delafiehl (1886) ; TJiose Good-for-Xaughts, a serial (1877); A Damsel of the Eighteenth Cen- tury (1889); Phehe (1890); Aftericard (1893); Tlie Nine Blessings (1893); John Aj^jylegate, Surgeon (1894); Lakeicood (189.5); The Gray House of the Quarries (1898); The Grapes of Wrath (1901). She edited Silas Marner in 1890 ; Marniion in 1891 ; Evangeline in 1897 ; Kenil- worth in 1898, and Quentin Durward in 1899. She also wrote a number of short stories, letters from Europe and educational articles, as well as contributions to the Methodist Quarterly Review and The Christian Advocate. NORRIS, Moses, senator, was born in Pitts- field, N.ll.. Sept. 16, 1799 ; son of Moses and Com- fort (Leavett) Norris; grandson of Moses and Susannah L. (Gordon) Norris, and of Benjamin and Esther (Towle) Leavett, and a descendant of Nicholas and Sarah (Coxe) Norris. Nicholas Norris, of English extraction, born in Ireland in 1640, came to America as a stowaway about 1604, and settl!'(l in Hampton and subsocpipntly Exeter, N.H. Mosfs was graduated at Dartnioutli col- lege in 1828 ; was admitted to the bar in 1832, and settled in practice in Barnstead, N.H. He removed to Pittsfield and from there to Manches- ter, N.H., in 1849, where he continued liis prac- tice. He represented Pittsfield in the New Hampshire legislature, 1837-40 and 1842, and was speaker in 1840. He was a member of tlie gov- ernor's council in 1841, and was state solicitor for Merrimack county in 1843. He was a Democratic representative from New Hampshire in the 28th and 29th congresses, 1843-47, was again a repre- sentative in the state legislature, 1847-48, and speaker in 1847. He was elected to the U.S. senate as successor to C. G. Atherton, whose term expired, March 3, 1849, and he served until his death, J. S. Wells completing the term. He was married to Abigail Brown, daughter of Atkins and Rhoda (Choate) Todd of Portsmouth, N.H. He died in Washington, D.C., Jan. 11,1855. NORRIS, William Fisher, ophthalmologist, was born in Pliiladelphia, Pa., Jan. 6, 1839; son of Dr. George Washington and ^lary Pleasants (Fisher) Norris ; grandson of Joseph Parker and Elizabeth Hill (Fox) Norris, and of William Wharton and Mary Pleasants (Fox) Fisher. He was a descendant of Isaac (1671-1735), the immi- grant (1693), and Mary (Lloyd) Norris, and of Thomas and Mary (Jones) Lloyd. He was grad- uated at the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1857, A.M., 1860, and M. D., 1861 ; was resident physician of the Pennsylvania hospital, 1861-63 ; assistant surgeon in the U.S. army, 1863-65 ; was for over a year surgeon in charge of Douglas General hospital, Washington, D.C., and was brevetted captain for meritorious service during the war. He was an eye specialist in Philadel- phia, 1865-73 ; clinical professor of the diseases of the eye in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, 1873-91 ; honorary professor of ophthalmology, 1888-91, and in 1891 became professor of ophtlialmology. He was a surgeon to the Wills eye liospital, 1872-91 ; a fel- low of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, and president of its oplithalmic section in 1894 ; a member of the Pathological Society of Philadel- phia, and its vice-pre.sident in 1877 ; a mem- ber of the Academy of Natural Science ; of the American Philosophical society, and of the American Ophtlialmological society, of which he was vice-president in 1879 and president, 1885-89. He was married, July 4, 1873, to Rosa C, daughter of Hieronymus Buchmann, and after the death of his first wife lie married, June 12, 1899, Annetta Culp, daughter of George A. Earn- shaw of Gettysburg, lieutenant-colonel of the 138th Pennsylvania volunteers. He is the author of various papers on intraocular tumors, heredi- tary atrophy of the optic nerves, association of graj' degeneration of tlie optic nerves with ab- normal patellar tenden reflexes, ivory exostoses of tlie orlnt, administration of ether in Bright's disease of the kidneys, etc., and of : Medical Oph- thalmology in Pepper's System of Medicine ; Ver- such iiber Hornhaut Entzi"indung, with Prof. S. Strieker, Vienna (1869); A Contribution to the Anatomy of the Human Retina 08d^); A Te.rt- Boolc of Ophthalmology, with Dr. C. A. Oliver NORTH NORTH (1893) ; A Contribution to the Anatomy of the Human Retina, with Dr. James Wallace (1894). He also edited : A System of Diseases of the Eye, by American, British, French, Dutch and Spanish authors (4 vols., 1897-1900), in which he con- tributed the article on cataract. He died in 1901. NORTH, Caleb, soldier, was born in Chester county. Pa., July 15, 1753. He was a merchant in Coventry, Pa., at the outbreak of the Revolu- tionary war. He was commissioned captain in the 4th battalion, Jan. 5, 1776, was in the Canada and northern New York campaign ; was promoted major and transferred to the 10th Pennsylvania, March 12, 1777, and served under Gen. Anthony Wayne at Paoli, where he formed a rear guard, and saved the brigade from capture. He was present at the battle of Germantown ; was pro- moted lieutenant-colonel and transferred to the 11th Pennsylvania, Oct. 23, 1777; served in the battle of Monmouth ; was transferred to the 9th Pennsylvania, July 1, 1778, and to the 2d Penn- sylvania, Jan. 17, 1781, and took part in the southern campaign. He conducted the prisoners of Cornwallis's army from Virginia to York and Lancaster, Pa., and Tarleton's legion to Phila- delphia. He was retired from the army Jan. 1, 1783. He removed from Coventry to Philadelphia, where he was made high sheriff in 1819. He was president of the Pennsylvania branch, Society of the Cincinnati, 1828-40, and the last survivor of the field-officers of the Pennsylvania line. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 7, 1840. NORTH, Edward, educator, was born in Berlin, Conn., March 9, 1820 ; the fourth son of Reuben and Hulda (Wilcox) North ; grandson of Simeon North, of Middletown, Conn., and a descendant in the eighth generation of John North (1615-1691), who came to Boston in 1685, on the ship Susan and Ellen ; was an original proprietor and settler of the town of Farmington, Conn. (1653), wiiich was the first offshoot from the church of the Rev. Thomas Hooker of Hartford, Conn. He married Hannah, daughter of Thomas Bird, and had two sons, John and Samuel, who were with their father included in the eighty-four original land owners of Farmington. Edward North was pre- pared for college in Worthington academy, grad- uated at Hamilton college in 1841 and engaged in teaching, 1841-43. He was married, July 31, 1844, to Mary Frances, only daughter of S. Newton Dexter of Whitesboro, N.Y, He was professor of Latin and Greek, and of Greek language and literature in Hamilton college, 1843-1901, necrol- ogist from 1855, a trustee from 1881, a member of the executive committee from 1891. and emeritus professor of Greek language and literatui'e from 1901. He was an active member of the conven- tion which organized the University Convocation in 1863, and was president of the New York state teachers' association in 1865. He was act- ing president of Hamilton college from the death of President Darling, April 20, 1891, until the accession of President Stryker in 1892. He was elected to membership in the American Philo- logical association ; the American Philosophical association ; the New York Historical society ; the Oneida Historical society ; the Hellenic Physiolog- ical Society of Constantinople, and the Albany Institute. He received the degree of A.M. from Brown in 1844, of L.H.D. from the regents of the University of the State of New York in 1869, and of LL.D. from Madison (Colgate) university in 1887. He edited " Alumniana " in the Hamilton Monthly. He died in Clinton, Sept. 13, 1903. NORTH, Elisha, physician, was born in Goshen, Conn., Jan. 8, 1768 ; son of Dr. Joseph and Lucy (Cowles) North ; grandson of Joseph and Martha (Denny) Smith North ; and a descendant of John and Hannah (Bird) North, Boston, 1635, Farm- ington, Conn., 1653. Elisha North's father was a self-taught physician and surgeon, and his grandfather was a farmer. He studied medi- cine under Lemuel Hopkins at Hartford, and Benjamin Rush at Philadelphia, Pa. He was admitted to practice and settled in Goshen, Conn., where he was married to Hannah Beach, and where his son Dr. Erasmus Darwin North (1806- 1858) was born. Inl812 he removed to New London, Conn. He made a special study of vaccination ; was among the first to practice it successfully in the United States, and he introduced vaccine matter in New York. He also devoted much study to diseases of the eye and established at New London the first eye infirmary in the United States, in 1817, He was very successful in his treatment of the new disease called spotted fever which was epidemic in New England, 1806-10. He is the author of : A Treatise on a Malignant Epidemic commonly knoivn as Spotted Fever (1811); Outlines of the Science of Life (1829) ; and Uncle Toby's Pilgrim's Progress in Phrenology (1836). He died in New London, Conn., Dec. 29, 1843. NORTH, Erasmus Darwin, microscoi>ist, was born in Goshen, Conn., Sept, 4, 1806 ; son of Dr Elisha (q.v.) and Hannah (Beach) North. He was graduated from tlie University of North Carolina, A.B., 1826, A.M., 1831, and from Yale, M.D., 1833. He was instructor in elocution at Yale, 1830-33 and 1837-54, and published a treatise on " Practical Speaking" that became recognized as authority on the subject. After his resigna- tion from Yale he devoted himself to scientific and literary studies and made notable investiga- tions in microscopy. Some of his scientific papers appeared in the American Journal of Science. He was married in 1836, to Phoebe Sum- merville, who died in 1841, leaving two children. He died in Westfield, Mass., June 17, 1856. NORTH NORTIIEN NORTH, Simeon, educator, was born in Berlin, Conn., Sept. 7. Ib02; son of Col. Simeon Nortli, and a descendant of John and Hannah (Bird) North, original proprietors and settlers in Farin- ington. Conn., in 1653. He was graduated at Yule college, A.B., 1825, A.M., 1828; attended the Yale Divinity school, 1825-28, and wasa tutor at Yale, 1827-29. He was professor of ancient languages in Hamilton college, Clinton, N. Y., 1829-39, and was president of the college, succeed- ing the Rev. Dr. Joseph Penney, 1839-57, when he resigned and lived in retirement at Clinton, until his death. He was ordained to tlie Congre- gational ministry in 1842 ; was a trustee of Ham- ilton college, 1839-84, and of Auburn Theological seminary. 1840-49. He received tlie degree of LL.D. from Western Reserve college in 1842, and that of D.D. from Wesleyan university in 1849. He was married April 21, 1835, to Frances Harriet, daughter of Professor Thomas Hubbard, M.D., of Yale. He was the century annalist of Hamilton college in 1872, and is the autlior of : Tlie American System of Collegiate Education (1839) ; Faith in the World's Conversion (1842); Anglo-Sa-xon Literatur2, an address (1847); Tlie Weajyons in Ciiristian Warfare (1849); Obedience in Death (1849), and Half-Century Letter of Reminiscences (1879). See Memorial of President Xorth (1884). He died on liis farm at Clinton, N. Y.. Feb. 9. ivi^4. NORTH, William, senator, was born in Fort Frederick. Pemaquid, Maine, in 1755 ; son of Capt. John and Elizabeth (Pitson) North : grand- son of John North and of James Pitson of Boston, Mass. John North, the immigrant, was a native of West Meath, Ire- land.came to America in 1730, and settled in Pemaquid, Lincoln county Maine. Capt. John North com- manded Fort Fred- erick and Fort St. George during the French and Indian war ; was tlie first surveyor of lands in Pemaquid, and judge of the court of com- mon j)lea3 from the organization of Lin- coln county in 17G0 William removed with his mother to Boston, Mass., where he was educated and placed with a merchant until the closing of the port in 1774. He entered the Revo- lutionary army in 3775. He wascommissione? ton college m 1812, delivered the Latin address at the inauguration of the Rev, Azel Backus, its first president, and was a member of the cor- poration of the college, 1812-33, He received the honorary degree D.D, from Union college in 1815. He died in Clinton, N.Y., May 10, 1853. NORTON, Charles Benjamin, publisher and author, was born in Hartford, Conn., July 1, 1825 ; eldest son of Major Benjamin Hammatt and Augusta (Ware) Norton. He was educated in Boston and in Sanbornton, N.H., and was engaged in the book business in Boston until 1848, when he removed to New York city, where he was in the house of D. Appleton & Co. until 1850, when he went into the publishing and bookselling business for himself. He made a special study of book collections for libraries, and in 1852 engaged in publishing Norton's Lit- erary Gazette and Publishers' Circular, and Norton's Literary Letter. He published many important works, including the first issue of Poole's " Index to Periodicals," and Stewart's " Naval Dry Docks " and " Naval Steamships " of NORTON NORTON the United States. He was elected assistant secretary and librarian of the Book Publishers' association upon its organization, turning over to the use of the association his Gazette and re- linquishing tlie editorial management in July, 1855. He served throughout the civil war, attain- ing tlie rank of brevet brigadier-general U.S.V. He was a commissioner to the World's Fair in London in 1851 ; a juror of the fair iu New York in 1853, and United States and New York state commissioner to the Paris exposition IStJT. residing in Paris 1867-1 S70, where he pub- lished the Continental Gazette in English. He was the first to propose the Centennial exhibition of 1873-76, and tlie foreign exhibition held at Boston in 1883, of which he was manager. He removed to Chicago in 1890, on tlie invitation of tlie managers of the Columbian exposition, to aid in tlie organization of that enterprise. He edited the Civil Service Chronicle in 1888 ; and is the author of Rifled Guns and Munitions of War (1869); History of the Centennial Ejcjjosition, illustrated in colors (1877); and World's Fairs (1891). He died in Chicago. 111., Jan. 29, 1891. NORTON, Charles Eliot, author, was born in Cambridge. 3Iass., Nov. IC, ]S-27 ; son of Andrews and Catherine (Eliot) Norton. He was grad- uated at Harvard, A.B., 1840, A.M. 1849. While employed in an East India house-in Boston, Mass., 1846-49, he .sailed to the East Indies as super- cargo. He travelled extensively in that portion of Asia, made a tour of Europe, returned to Boston in 1851, and was in.structor in French at Harvard in the course of that year. He travelled in Europe, 18.5.5-57 and 1868-73 ; and edited, with Dr. Ezra Abbot, Andrews Norton's " Translation of the Gospel with Notes" (2 vols., 1855) and his" Inter- nal Evidencesof tlie Genuineness of the Gospels " (1855). He was married in 1862. to Susan, daughter of Theodore and Sara (Ashburn) Sedgwick of Stockbridge and New York. He edited the papers issued by the Loj-al Publication society at Boston, 1862-65, and was joint editor with James Russell Lowell of the North American Review, 1804-68. He was a university lecturer at Harvard, 1863-64 and 1874-75, and in 1875 was made professor of the history of art. He became known as a Dante scholar and as an authority on art. He resigned his chair in Harvard in 1898. He was a member of the Massachusetts Historical society, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the Imperial German Archjeological society. He received the degrees : Litt.D. from the University of Cambridge. England, in 1884; LL.D. from Harvanl in 1887; L.II.D. from Columbia in 1888, D.C.L. from the University of Oxford, England, in 1900 and LL.D. from Yale in 1900. He edited The Poems of Arthur Hugh Cloiigh (18G2); Philosophical Discussions by Chauncey Wright (1877); Correspondence of Carlyle and Emerson (1883) ; Correspondence of Goethe and Carlyle (1887); The Reminiscences and the Letters of Tliomas Carlyle (1886-87); Letters of James Russell LoaW/ (1893) ; Writings of George William Curtis (1894) ; Letters of Emerson to a Friend (1899) ; and (for tlie Grolier Club) The Poems of John Donne (1895) and Two Note Books of Thomas Carlyle (1898). He is the translator of Dante's Vita Nuova (1867) and Divinn Commedia (1891). He is the author of a large number of books including : Considerations of Some Recent Social Theories (1853); Notes of Travel and Study in Italy (1860) ; and Historical Studies of Church-Building in the Middle Ages: J'enice, Siena, Florence (1880). NORTON, Charles Ledyard, soldier, author, was born in Farmington, Conn., June 11, 1837; son of John Treadwell and Elizabeth (Cogswell) Norton ; grandson of Romanta and Dolly (Tread- well) Norton and of Mason F. and Mary Ledyard Cogswell and a descendent of Col. Ichabod Norton, of Gov. Jonathan Treadwell of Connecticut and of Col. William Ledyai-d, killed in action at Ft. Groton, Conn., Sept. 7, 1781. He was graduated at Yale, A. B., 1859, and continued his studies in chemistry in the Y\ale Scientific school until 1861. He enlisted as a private in the 7th regiment of the New York National Guard in 1861, and served in Maryland. In September, 1882, he became a lieutenant in the 25th Connecticut volunteers. He served in Gen. N. P. Banks's expedition to the gulf as aide to Gen. Henry W. Birge, was promoted captain in February, 1863, and was engaged in the Red River campaign and in the siege of Port Hudson. He helped to organize and was assigned to the 29th Connecticut volunteers in October, 1863. He was married, Sept. 1, 1863, to Electa Melanie, daugiiter of Gustavus Mason Richards of New York. He was commissioned colonel of the 78th U. S. colored troops in December, 1803. and served mainl}' in garrison and outpost duty in the department of the Gulf until the close of the war. He commanded a district in western Louisi- ana and received and despatched tlie troojis on their way north on the conclusion of peace until he was mustered out of the service in January, 1866. He conducted a cotton plantation near New Orleans, La., 1866-67, travelled in Europe for his health, 1867-68, and was a member of the staff of the Christian Union, New York city, 1869-76 ; and managing editor, 1876-79; an invalid, 1879-81 ; managing editor of the Continent, 1881-84 ; of the Domestic Monthly. 1884-86, of the American Canoeist, 1885-87, and of Outing, 1892-93. He was one of the founders of the New York Canoe club, and became a member of the University, Authors and Quill clubs, of tiie American Canoe association and of the Military NORTON NORTON Order of the Loyal Legion. He contributed to magazines on historical and out-of-door topics and is the author of : Canoeing in Kanmickia with John Habberton (1878) ; A Handbook of Florida (1890) ; Political Americanisms (1890); Jack Benson's Log (1895) ; A Medal of Honor Man (1896) ; Midshipman Jack (1897) ; A Soldier of the Legion (1898) and Tlie Queen's Rangers (1899). NORTON, Charles Stuart, naval officer, was born in Albany, N.Y., Aug. 10, 1836 ; son of John and Mary (Stuart) Norton ; grandson of Lachlan and Margaret Stuart and of Jonathan Norton, and a descendant of the Stuarts of Inverness, Scotland, and the Nortons of Troy and Waterford, N.Y, He was gradu- ated at the U.S. Naval academy, June 9, 1855 ; was promoted passed midshipman, April 15, 1858, master, Nov. 3, 1858, and lieu- tenant, Nov. 24, 1860. He was married, March 29, 1872, to Mary, daughter of A. M. C. Smith, of New York city. He served on the European squadron, 1858-59, on the Brazil squadron, 1860-61 ; on the steamer Seminole, Charleston, S.C, blockade, Potomac flotilla and at Hampton Roads, Va., 1861-62. He was promoted lieutenant-commander, July 16, 1862 ; was attached to the North Atlantic block- ading squadron, 1862-64, and the West Gulf blockading .squadron, 1864-65. He commanded the Maratusa, the Mercedita and the Albatross for various periods during the civil war, serving constantly during that period afloat, except for three montlis in hospital and waiting orders. He served on the Shamrock of the European squadron, 1866-68, the navy yard at Portsmouth, N.H., the receiving ship Vermont and the navy yard at New York, 1868-69, and served on iron- clad duty at New Orleans, La., 1869-71. He was l^romoted commander, July 1, 1870, was light- house inspector, 1872-75, commanded the sloop Shaicmut and the iron-clad Passaic of the North Atlantic squadron, 1875-76, was stationed at the torpedo station, Newport, R.I., in 1877; com- manded the receiving ship Passaic at Washington, D.C., 1877-78, was lighthouse inspector, 1878-81 ; was promoted captain, Oct. 12, 1881, commanded the receiving ship Lidependence at Mare Island, Cal., 1881-83, tlie Shenandoah of the South Pacific station, 1883-86, was a member of the board of inspection and survey, lSSO-89 ; commanded tlie ®14^Z7^ navy yard at Norfolk, Va., 1889-91 ; the receiving ship Verino7it, 1891-92 ; and was a member of the naval examining and retiring board, 1892-94. He was promoted commodore, July 31, 1894, and served as acting rear-admiral, commanding the South Atlantic station, 1894-96, and commanded the navy yard and station at Washington, D.C., 1896-98. He was promoted rear-admiral, Feb. 1, 1898, and was retired Aug. 10, 1898, but remained on duty as a member of the board of promotion until April 17, 1899. NORTON, Daniel Sheldon, senator, was born in Mt. Vernon, Ohio, April 12, 1829 ; son of Daniel Sheldon and Sarah (Banning) Norton, and grandson of Anthony Banning of Knox county, Ohio. His father was a native of At- takapas. La., where his family were among the first English-speaking settlers. He matriculated at Kenyon college with the class of 1846, but left before graduating, and served in the 2d Ohio regiment in the war with Mexico. He studied law under his brother-in-law. Judge Rollin C. Hurd. in Mt. Vernon ; visited California and Nicaragua in 1850-52, was admitted to the bar in 1852, and practised in Mt. Vernon until 1855, when he removed to Minnesota Territory, and settled in Winona. On the adoption of the state constitution, Oct. 13, 1857, he was elected a state senator, and served in tlie first legislature, 1857- 58, in the third, 1861, and in the sixth, 1863, and seventh 1864 and 1865. He was elected in 1865 by the Republican legislature to the U.S. senate, his term to expire March 3, 1871, and William Windoni and O. P. Stearns completed his term. He was a conservative Republican, and on nation- al questions voted generally with the Democrats. He died in Washington, D.C., July 14, 1870. NORTON, Frank Henry, author and journalist, was born in Hingliam. Mass., March 20, 1836 ; son of Maj. Benjamin Hammatt and Augusta (Ware) Norton ; grandson of Tliomas Norton, •ship-owner, of Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard, and a descendant of Nicholas Norton, who emi- grated from near Bristol, Somersetshire, England, and settled on Martha's Vineyard, Mass., in 1632. Maj. B. H. Norton was U.S. consul at Pictou, Nova Scotia, for twenty-one years. Frank was educated in the D wight school, Boston, at a private school in Waltham, and at the academy in Pictou, N.S., and was engaged in the book business with his brother Charles B. Norton, in New York city, 1850-55. He was assistant libi-a- rian and assistant superintendent in the Astor library, 1855-65, chief librarian of the Brooklyn Mercantile library, 1866-67, and then engaged in newspaper work. He was connected with the editorial staff of Noah's Sunday Titnes, the New York Commercial Adi'ei'tiser, and Frank Leslie's .publications ; was proj^rietor and editor of the NORTON NORTON New York Era, 1879-81 ; and on the editorial staff of the New York Herald in New York, London and Paris. 1883-91, when ho retired from active journalism and devoted liimself to general writing, and to tlie study of mathematics and astronomy in tlieir rehition to astrology. He traveled in Mexico. California and Central America in 1870. and in Holland and Belgium for the Bk)ston foreign exhibition in 1883. He was one of tlie founders and first president of the American Numismatic and Arcluvological society. He contributed to current literature and to cyclopedias ; wrote plays which were pro- duced in New York, New Orleans, Philadelpliia and St. Louis, including : Leonie, or Love Wins (1873); Alhamhra, a burlesque (1874); Azrael, a fairy spectacle (1874); Cupid and Psyche, a burlesque (1874): and Maude's Faith (1874), melodrama. He is the author of : Illustrated Historical Register of the Ccntoniiul Exhibition (1876), and Tlie Paris E.vjMsition (1878); The Riijhts and Wrongs of Labor (1879); Life of Major-General Winfield Scott Hancock, with Rev. David K. Junliiu.D.D. (1880); Life of Alexander H. Stephens (1883); Romance of the Life o/ Daniel Boone {\88'i); The Malachite Cross (1894). He edited, and published (privately), in 1807, from the original MS. whicii fell into his hands by a curiou-s chance— Jo^rjm/ Kept by Hugh Finlay, Surveyor of the Post Roads on the Continent of Xorth America, 1773-1774 , of which only one Inindred and twenty-five copies were printed. NORTON, George Hatley, clergyman, was born in "Winchester, Va., May 7, 1824 ; son of tiie Rev. George Hatley and Catherine (Bush) Norton; grandson of John Hatley and Anne (Nicholas) Norton, and of Philip and Catherine (Clough) Bush, and a descendant of John Norton, a native of London, England, who settled in Yorktown, Va. He matriculated at Hobart college in the class of 1843. left to study law in Virginia, but abandoned it for the ministry, and was graduated at the Theological seminary of Virginia in 1846. He was admitted to the diaconate in July, 1846, and ordained priest in May, 1848, by Bishop Meade ; was rector of St. James's, Warrenton, Va., 1846- 48 ; of Trinity. Columbus, Ohio, 1858-59, and of St. Paul's, Alexandria, Va., 1859-93. He was a delegate to the general council of the Protestant Episcopal churcli in the Confederate States ; deputy to the general conventions in the United States, 1868-86: a member of the standing com- mittee of the fliocese, and a trustee of the Theo- logical Seminary of Virginia, 1865-93. He was elected professor of .systematic divinity in the Theological Seminary of Virginia in 1874, and president of Kenyon college. Ohio, in 1876. but declined both. He received the degree S.T.D. from William and Mary college in 1869. He was married June 1, 1854, to Ann Burwell, daughter of James Keith and Claudia Hamilton (Bur well) Marshall, of Fauquier county, Va. He contrib- uted to current religious literature and is the author of : Inquiry into the Nature and Extent of the Holy Catholic Church (1853). He died at Alexandria, Va.. Sept. 15, 1893. NORTON, James, representative, was born in Marion county, S.C., Oct. 8, 1843 ; son of John and Pennsy (Lewis) Norton ; grandson of James Norton and of Jonathan Lewis, and a descendant of the Nortons who first came from England to New England, thence to Virginia near Alexan- dria, and then to South Carolina after the Revo- lution ; and of the Lewises who came from the north of Ireland to Virginia and to South Carolina. He was attending an academy at Archadelphia when South Carolina seceded, and he entered the Confederate armj-, and served through the war in the Army of Northern Virginia. He was shot through the body and right lung, and was captured at the battle of Petersburg in 1864. He re-entered the academy in 1865, but did not finish his course, and engaged in merchandising and farming in Mullins, S.C. He was married May 18, 1870, to Rachel C, daughter of Col. W. W, Sellers, of Jlarion county. He was school com- missioner for Marion county in 1870-72 ; rejjre- .sented Marion county in the South Carolina leg- islature, 1886-87 and 1890-91 ; was assistant comptroller-general, 1891-94, and comptroller- general of the state, 1894—97, and Democratic representative from the sixth district in the 55th congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John L. McLaurin, and in the 56th congress, serving to March 3, 1901. NORTON, James Albert, representative, was born in Seneca county, Ohio, Nov. 11, 1843 ; son of Dr. Rufus and Clarissa (Waters) Norton, pioneers of Seneca county. Dr. Rufus Norton was a native of Utica, N.Y., and his father, Isaiah Norton, an immigrant from the North of England. James Albert Norton was educated in the public schools of Tiffin, Ohio, and in August, 1862. en- listed in the 101st Ohio volunteer infantry, where he attained the rank of sergeant. He was pro- moted 1st lieutenant and transferred to the 123d U.S. colored infantry in 1864, served the regi- ment as adjutant, and was mustered out in 1865. He was married July 19. 1865, to Adeline, daugh- ter of Thomas Hemming, of Tiffin, Ohio. He studied medicine. 1865-67. settled in practice in Tiffin in 1867, and continued in that until 1879. in the meantime studying law. He was admitted to the bar in 1879, and practiced at Tiffin. He represented Seneca county in the Ohio legislature for three terms, 1874-80, and was speaker jyro tempore of that body, 1878-80. He was a mem- ber of the Seneca County Agricultural society ; NORTON NORTON a delegate to the Democratic national convention in 1888, and auditor of Seneca county, 1885-92. He was commissioner of railroads and telegraphs in Ohio during Gov. James E. Campbell's admin- istration, liaviug been appointed as successor to William S. Cappeller, removed, April, 1890, and lield the office during a part of Gov. "William McKinley's term, resigning in 1892, He was a Democratic? representative from the thirteenth Ohio district in the 55th, 56th and 57tbcongresses, 1897-1903. NORTON, Jesse O., representative, was born in Bennington, Vt., Dec. 25, 1813; son of Col. Martin Norton, a soldier in the war of 1812. He was graduated at Williams college, A. B., 1835; taught a school in Wheeling, Va., and in Potosi, Mo. He was married Dec. 25, 1837, to Phoebe Ann Sheldon, of Potosi. He was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1840, and settled in practice in Joliet. He was city attorney ; county judge, 1846-50 ; a member of the state con- stitutional convention, 1848 ; a representative in the state legislature, 1851-52 ; a Republican representative from the sixth district in the 33d, 34th and 38th congresses, 1853-57 and 1863-65, and judge of the eleventh judicial dis- trict of Illinois, 1857-62. He was district attor- ney of the northern district of Illinois, 1866-69, and in 1869 removed to Chicago, where he prac- ticed law in partnership with J. R. Doolittle until 1871. He died in Chicago, 111., Aug. 3, 1875. NORTON, John, clergyman, was born in Star- ford. Hertfordshire, England, May 6, 1606. He attended Cambridge university ; took orders in the Church of England, and became a curate in Starford. He joined the Puritans and came to Plymouth, Mass., in 1635, where he engaged in preaching. He removed to Boston in 1636, and became pastor of the Church at Ipswich during the same year. He took part in forming the " Cambridge Platform " in 1648; became colleague of the Rev. John Wilson, first minister of the First Church at Boston in 1652, and in 1662 he returned to England with Governor Bradstreet as agent to present to the king a petition in be- half of the New England colonies. He was as- sured of the confirmation of the charter of the colony by Charles II., but the conditions attached were regarded by the colonists as arbitrary, and the agents were accused of having laid the foundation of ruin of the liberties of the colon- ists. Norton's popularity greatly decreased and the charge was believed to have hastened his death. The following estimate of Mr. Norton's work appears in Dr. Thomas Fuller's "Church History of Britain," book II, section 51 : " Of all the authors I have perused concerning the opin- ions of these dissenting brethren, none to me was more informative than Mr. John Norton (one of no vm.— 7 less learning than modesty), minister in New England, in his answer to Apollonius." He com- posed tlie first Latin book in the colonies, Respon- sio ad Totum Qiicestionum Syllogen a Guilielmo Apollonio propositam adcomponendas C'ontrover- sias . . . in Anglia (London, 1648), and he was also the author of : A Discussion on the Sufferings of Christ (1653); The Orthodox Evangelist (1654); Election Sermon (1657); Life of Rev. John Cotton (1658); TJie Heart of New England Rent hy the Blasphemies of the Present Generation (1660), a catechism, and some writings in an unfinished state, including Body of Divinity. He died in Boston, Mass., April 5, 1663. NORTON, John Nicholas, clergyman, was born in Waterloo, N.Y. (or at Allen's Hill, Rich- mond, Va.), in 1820; son of the Rev. George Hatley and Catherine (Bush) Norton, of Win- chester, Va. He was graduated at Hobart col- lege, Geneva, N.Y., A.B., 1842, A.M., 1845, and at the General Theological seminary. New York city, in 1845. He was ordained deacon in Trinity church, Geneva, N.Y., July 20. 1845, and priest in St. Paul's cliurch, Rochester, N.Y., Aug. 24, 1846, by Bishop Delancey. He was assistant rector of St. Luke's church, Rochester, N.Y., and a mis- sionary in western New York, 1845-46. He was rector of Ascension church in Frankfort, Ky., 1846-70, professor at the Kentucky Military institute, and rector of Christ church at Louisville, Ky., 1870-81. He was a member of the standing committee of the diocese of Ken- tucky ; a deputy to the general convention of the Protestant Episcopal church for nine years, and a trustee of the Theological Seminary of Ken- tucky. He received the degree S.T.D. from Ho- bart college in 1862 ; was vice-president of the Association of Alumni of Hobart, and a bene- factor of the college library. He is the author of nearly forty books, including : Tlie Boy u'ho icas Trained up to he a Clergyman (1854); Full Proof of the Ministry (1855) ; Lives of the Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church, beginning itnth Bishop niiite (1857) ; followed by Bishop Seahury and fifteen others (1857-59); Life of Bishop He- ber (1858); Life of George Washington (1860); Life of Benjamin Franklin (1861); Life of Arch- bishop Cranmer {\8^'i) Life of Archbishop Laud (1864); Short Sermons (1858); Sketches, Literary and Theological (1872); TJie King's Ferry-Boat, sermons (1876), and Old Paths, sermons (1880). He died in Louisville, Ky., Jan. 18, 1881. NORTON, Sidney Augustus, educator, was born in Bloomfield, Ohio, Jan. 11, 1835; son of Charles Hull and Caroline Brayton (Cornell) Norton ; grandson of Dr. Herman and Sally (Gibbs) Norton, and of Benjamin Clarke Cor- nell ; great-grandson of Zenas Gibbs and of John Brayton, and a descendant of John Norton, one of NORTON NORTON the original proprietors of Farmington, Conn. He was graduatetl at Union college, N.Y., A.B., 1866, A.M.. lb')!), and taught natural science in Pougli- keepsie, N.Y.. 1856-57. He studied chemistry in Bonn, Leipzig and Heidelberg, Germany, in 1857, was a tutor at Union college in 1857 ; principal of tlie Hamilton iiigh school. 1858 : instructor in natural science in the Cleveland liigh school, 1856-66 ; was graduated at Miami Medical college in 1869 ; was professor of chemistry there, 1867-72 ; acting professor of physics at Union college in 1873, and the same year became professor of chemistry in the Ohio State- university at Col- umbus, and served as professor of chemistry in Starling Medical college two years. He received the degree M.D. from Western Reserve col- lege in 1869 ; honorary Ph.D. from Kenyon col- lege in 1878. LL.D. from Wooster university in 1881, and from Union university in 1899. He was married in 1864, to Sarah J. Chamberlin, of Cleveland, Ohio, who died in 1868, and secondly in 1876. to Jessie Carter, of Columbus, Ohio. He edited Weld and Quackenbos's English Gram- 7Her (1863), and is the author of: Elements of yatiirdl Philosophij (1870); Essays and Notes (1874): Ele ments of Pit ysics (1875); Elemen ts of Inorganic Chemistry (1878); Organic Chemistry (1884), and of various scientific and educational papers. NORTON, Thomas Herbert, diplomatist hnd educator, was born in Rushford, N.Y.,June 30, 1851 ; son of the Rev. Robert and Julia Ann Granger (Horsford) Norton ; grandson of Lewis Mills and Laura (Foote) Norton, and of the Hon. Jerediah Horsford of Moscow, N.Y., and a descendant of Tliomas Norton, who emigrat- ed from Oakley, Sur- rej', England, to America in 1639, settled at Guilford, Conn., and became the miller of the col- ony. His grandfather, Lewis Mills Norton, was a noted inventor ' ' '-^^ ^ and genealogist. ^p—-/y ^^^--^ ^ Thomas Herbert was f trustees of the Wasliington Public library in 1896, and of the Washington board of trade in 1897. He is tlie author of : The National Capital (1893); News2}a})cr Libels (ISOi); Xotes of Travel (1894); Warof the Metals (ISdd); and Conditions in the Philippines (1900). NOYES, William Curtis, jurist, was born in Scliodack. Keiisselaer cuunty. N.Y., Aug. 19, 180.") : son of George and (Friend) Noyes, and a descendant of the Rev. James and Sarah (Brown) Noyes. The Rev. James Noyes, a na- tive of Cliolderton, Wiltshire, England, immi- grated to America in 1G34, and settled in Newbury, Mass.. in 1635. William Curtis Noyes studied law in Alban}-, N.Y., 1819, and with Judge S. B. Ludlow, in Nassau, N.Y., 1820-21. He re- moved to Wliitesboro, Oneida county, with his parents, completed his law studies under Henry R. Storrs. and was admitted to tlie bar in 1827. He practised in Rome, N.Y., and afterward in Utica, was district attorney of Oneida county, and removed to New York city in 1838. He was a commissioner with Alexander W. Bradford and David Dudley Field to codify the laws of the state, 18.57-64 : was the defeated Republican can- didate for attorney-general of the state in 1857, and was appointed by the state legislature a member of the Peace commission in 1861. He was one of tlie popular Republican candidates for the nomination to the U.S. senate in 1861, and was prominently supported as an available succes.sor to Chief-Ju.stice Taney in 1864. He was said to have no efjual as an equity lawj'er and as a cross-examiner. He served on the executive committee of the American Temperance union; was a member of the charitable committee, and was also president of the New England society. Hamilton college gave him the honor- ary d<-gree of LL.D. in 1856. and he bequeathed to that institution his valuable law library, containing over .5000 volumes. He died in New York r-ity, Dpc. 25, 1801. NUCKOLLS, William Thompson, representa- tive, was Ijorn near Hancockville, on the Pacolet river, Union district, S.C, Feb. 23. 1801 ; son of John and Nancy (Thompson) Nuckolls, and grand- son of John and Agatlia (Bullock) Nuckolls of Vir- ginia, who removeil to Spartanburg district, S.C, about 1770 and made the settlement of Whig Hill. John Nuckolls, Sr., joined the ])atriots, and about 1779 was killed by the Tories wliile at a mill, his young son John, who was with him, escaping, Tiie family was of English origin. William Thompson Nuckolls was graduated at South Carolina college in 1820, and became a lawyer at Spartanburg C.H., S.C. He was admitted to the bar in 1823, and was a friend of John C. Cal- houn, who said of him tliat he was one of the best informed men in puljlic life. He was a representative from the ninth South Carolina district in the 20th, 21st and 22d congresses, 1827- 33. He married his cousin, Susan Dawkins, and they had no children. He died on his plantation near Hancockville, S.C, Sept. 27, 1855. NUNN, David Alexander, representative, was born in Haywood county, Tenn., July 20, 1833 ; son of David and Alice (Koonce) Nunn, both na- tives of North Carolina. David A. Nunn was a student at the College of West Tennessee, Jack- son ; was graduated from the Lebanon Law school in 1853,. and began practice at Browns- ville, Tenn. He was married in 1853 to Mary E. Tliompson, who died in 1873, and secondly, in 1875, to Tennessee Whitehead of Haywood county. He was a member of the Whig and Re- publican party, and was a presidential elector on the Bell and Everett ticket in 1860, and on the Lincoln and Johnson ticket in 1864. Immediately after the war he was elected state senator. He represented Haywood county in the state legisla- ture, 1866-67 ; was the Republican representative from the Memphis district in the 40th congress, 1868-69 ; was defeated for the 41st congress in 1868, and represented the ninth district of Tenn- essee in the 43d congress, 1873-75. He was ap- pointed by President Grant U.S. minister resi- dent to Equador in 1875. He was secretary of the state of Tennessee, 1881-85, and collector of internal revenue for the fifth district of Tenn- essee, 1889-93 and 1897-1901. He resigned in 1901, after the death of President McKinley, and re- sumed the practice of law at Brownsville, Tenn. NUNNALLY, Gustavus Alonzo, educator, was born in Walton county, Ga., I^larcli 24, 1841 ; son of William Branch and Mary Hale (Talbot) Nun- nally, and grandson of John Nunnally. His father and mother were born in Virginia and set- tled in Walton county, Va., in 1819. He was graduated at the University of Georgia in 1859, the youngest man to receive a diploma in the history of the university ; was married, Nov. 23, 1859, to Mary, daughter of Rali)li Briscoe, of Wal- ton county, Ga.; was professor of mathematics in Hamilton Female college, 1859-61, and principal of the Johnston institute, 1861-68. He was qtiartermaster of the 9th Georgia militia. Col. P. H. Mell ; entered the B;iptist ministry in 1865, and preached in Walton and the surrounding counties, 186.5-76, also engaging in farming, in editing the Southern Witness and as .superintend- NURSE N'UTTALL ent of schools for Walton county. He was pastor at Rome, Ga., 1875-84, superintended the church building department of the South- ern Baptist church, 1884-85, pastor at Eufaula, Ala., 1885-87, and at Anniston, Ala., 1887-89. He was president of Mercer university, Macon, Ga., as successor to Dr. Archibald J. Battle, 1889-92, and during his term of service raised money for new buildings, which doubled the capacity of the university. He resumed minis- terial duties as pastor of the Baptist church at Memphis, Tenn., in 1892, and in 1895 at La Grange, Ga., where he became president of the Southern Female college. NURSE, Amos, senator, was born in Bolton, Mass., Dec. 17, 1794; son of Jonathan and Ruth (Barrett) Nourse ; grandson of David and Rebecca (Barrett) Nourse, and a descendant of Francis and Rebecca (Towne) Nourse, Salem, Mass., im- migrants. He was graduated at Harvard A.B., 1812, A.M., 1815, andM.D., 1817. He practised in Wincasset, Me., in that year, and removed to Hallowell, where he was postmaster, and to Bath in 1845. He was a lecturer on obstetrics in Bow- doin college, 1846-54, and professor of obstetrics there, 1854-66. He was collector of customs at Bath, by appointment of President Polk, 1845-46, and was elected U.S. senator to fill the unexpired term of Hannibal Hamlin, who resigned, Feb. 6, 1857, to accept the governorship of Maine, and served to the close of the term, March 3, 1857. He was elected judge of probate of Sagadahoc county in 1860. He died in Bath, Maine, April 17, 1877. NURSE, Rebecca, reputed witch, was born in Yarmouth, England, in 1621. Her maiden name was Towne, and she married Francis Nurse, and with him settled in Salem, Mass., about 1675. She was held in the highest re- spect by her townspeople, but in March, 1692, was accused of witchcraft. Slie was tried in June, and the jury pronounced her not guilty. But the judges were dissatisfied and sent the jury out again, and this time obtained a A-erdict of guilty. She was hanged, with four others, July 19,'l692. NUTT, Cyrus, educator, was born in Trum- bull county. Ohio, Sept. 4, 1814. He was grad- uated at Allegheny college, Meadville, Pa., in 1831 ; was principal of the preparator}- depart- ment of Allegheny college, 1831-37 ; of Indiana Ashbury (now DePauw) university, Greencastle, Ind., 1837-38 ; professor of Latin and Greek languages, 1838—4.2 ; of the Greek and Hebrew languages. 1842-43 ; of Greek language and litera- ture, 1846-49, and of mathematics, 1857-60. He was pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church at Bloomington Station. Ind., 184.3-45. and at Salem, Ind., 1845-47 ; president of Fort Wayne Female college, 1849, and of Whitewater college, Wayne county, 1850-55. He resigned in 1855, and was presiding elder of the Richmond district, Ind., 1855-57. He was acting president of De Pauw university, 1857-59, and a trustee of the corpora- tion, 1851-57, and president of Indiana university at Bloomington, 1860-75, being formally inau- gurated, June 7, 1861. He was married, April 26,1838, to Amanda Standiford of Greencastle, Ind. He received the degree D.D. from Allegheny college and from Ohio Wesleyan university in 1859, and LL.D. from the University of Missouri and from Hanover college, Indiana, in 1873. He died in Bloomington, Ind., Aug. 23, 1875. NUTTALL, Thomas, botanist, was born in Long Preston, Settle, Yorkshire, England, Jan. 5, 1786. He was apprenticed to the printer's trade, was a journeyman printer under his uncle in Liverpool for several years, and then went to London, where he was unsuccessful. He immigi-ated to Phil- adelphia, Pa., in 1807, where Prof. Benja- min Smith Barton encouraged him to engage in scientific study and became his instructor. He made a trip along the coasts of Delaware, Mary- land, Virginia and North Carolina, and on his return visit- ed the region of the upper Missouri river with John Bradbury, the Scotch naturalist, on a collecting tour, 1809-11, when Bradbury was captured by the Indians, but effected his escape. Mr. Nuttall remained in Philadelphia during the winters of the next eight years, studying the collections made in his summer excursions east of the Mississippi, from the Great Lakes to Florida. He lectured on botany to classes in Philadelphia, 1820-22, and was lecturer on natural history and curator and director of the botanic garden. Harvard college, 1825-34. He made a journey over the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia river in 1834, spent two months in 1835 in the Sandwich Islands, and the spring and summer of 1835 on the Pacific coast, returning to the Sandwich Islands and reaching Pliiladelphia. October, 1835. He returned to England in December, 1841. and made a visit of six months in the United States. 1847-48. He received the honorary degree A.M. from Har- vard in 1826 : was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a member of the 4merican Philosophical society and Academy of ^yfc.:^^c NUTTALL NYE Natural Sciences of Pliiladelphia, and a fellow of tlie Linuivan Society of London. His first biographer, Elias Diirand. said that lie personally- had made more discoveries in tiie botany of North America and described more new genera and species, with the exception of Prof. Asa Gray, tlian any other man. He contributed to tiie Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and is the author of : The Genera of North American Phints and a Catalogue of the Species to 1S17 {-i vols.. 1818): .4 Journal of Travels into the Arkansas Territory during the Year 1S19 (\Sl\)\ Manual of tlie Ornithology of the United States and Canada: I. Land Birds (1832), 11. Water Birds (1834), and Tiie North American Sylva, or a Dcscriiition of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia, not described in the Works of Fraugois Andre Michaux (3 vols., 1842-49). He died in St. Helens, Lancashire. Eii.£;land. Sept. 10, 1859. NUTTALL, Zelia, archaeologist, was born in San Francisco, Cal.. Sept. G. 1858; daughter of Dr. Robert Kennedy and Magdalina (Parrott) Nuttall, and granddaughter of John Parrott of Baltimore and San Francisco. Her father was a native of Tittour, Ireland, a scientist, and a naturalized citizen of the United States. She was educated in England, Germany and France, and was married in 1880 to Alphonse Louis Pinart of Paris, from whom she was separated in 1882 and divorced in 1885, when she resumed her maiden name. Slie traveled extensively and devoted lierself to the study of Mexican antiquities, her fust essay being published in 188G. In the same year she was appointed honorary special assistant at the Peabody Museumof American Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass., and was subse- quently elected fellow of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, member of tiie American Philosophical society and an honorary member of several other American and foreign scientific societies. She is the author of a number of papers on Mexican archaeology, her publications including: The Fundamental Princi- ples of Old and Neiv World Civilisations (vol. II. Pealjody Museum Papers), and the Codex Nuttall, the second important ancient Mexican manu- script brought to light and edited by her, and which was named for her by the Peabody Museum, in refo;,'nition of her scientific labors. NUTTING, Newton W., representative, was born in West Monroe. Oswego county, N.Y., Oct. 22, 1840. He practised law in Oswego, 18G1-89 ; was a schfx)l commissioner, 18G4-G7 ; district attorney, 1869-72 ; county judge, 1878-83, and was a Republican representative from the twenty- seventh New York district in the 48th and 50th congresses, serving, 1883-85 and 1887-89. He died in Oswego, N.Y., Oct. 15, 1889. NYE, Edgar Wilson, humorist, was born at Shirley, Maine, Aug. 25, 1850. He removed to St. Croix county, Wis., with his parents in 1852; attended the public schools and an academy at River Falls, Wis. ; removed to Wyoming Ter- ritory ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 187G, He was married, ilarch 7, 1877, to Clara Frances Smith. He abandoned the law to enter journalism and wrote liumorous articles for Tlie Cheyenne Sicn, under the pen name " Bill Nye." He was a reporter on tlie Tribune, Den- ver, Col., and established The Daily Boomerang at Laramie city, Wyo., in 1881, which he edited, 1881-85. He was a member of the territorial legislature, postmaster of Laramie city, a justice of the peace, superintendent of public schools and a commissioner. He removed to Hudson, Wis., in 1885, and thence to New York, where, with James Whitcomb Riley, he engaged in filling lyceuni engagements, and in reading selections from his works, afterward making lecture tours throughout the United States and Canada and visiting Europe. He made his home near Ashe- ville, N.C., 1893-96. He is the author of: Bill Nye and the Boomerang (1881) ; Tlie Forty Liars (1883) ; Baled Hay (1884) ; Bill Nye's Blossotn Rock (1885) ; Thinks and Remarks by Bill Nye (1886) ; Bill Nye's Chestnuts Old and New (1889) ; Fun, Wit and Poetry, in conjunction witii James Whitcomb Riley (1891) ; Bill Nye's History of the United States (1894), and Bill Nye's History of England (posthumous, 189G). He also contrib- uted a series of articles called his " Autobiog- raphies" to Tlie Century (1892), and produced a comedy, TJie Cadi (1891), and with Paul M. Potter Tlie Stag Party (1895). He died near AsheviUe, N.C., Feb. 22, 1896. NYE, James Warren, senator, was born in De Ruyter, N.Y., June 10, 1815; son of James Nj'e, a pioneer settler of Madison county. He was educated in Cortland academy. Homer, N.Y., studied law in Troy, N. Y.. and practised in IMadi- son county. He was district attorney, 1839, judge of Madison county, 1840-48, and was the defeated antislavery candidate for representa- tive in the 31st congress in 1848. He practised law in Syracuse, N. Y., 1848-57, and was the first president of the Metropolitan board of police. New York city, 1857-60. During the presidential canvass of 1860 he made a tour of the west with William H. Seward, speaking for Lincoln and Hamlin. He was governor of Washoe (Nevada Territory), 1861-G4, and assisted in preparing the territory for admission as a state in 1864. He was elected l)y the first legislature of Nevada. U.S. senator with William M. Stewart, and drew the short term, serving. 1865-67, and was re-elected for a full term, serving, 1867-73. He died at White Plains, N.Y., Dec. 25, 1876. OAKES GATES OAKES, Urian, educator, was born in England about 1631 ; son of Edward and Jane Oakes. His parents immigrated to America in 1634, and set- tled in Cambridge, Mass., where he fitted for college and engaged in preparing and publishing astronomical calculations. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1649, A.M., 1653, and was a fellow of Harvard. le.'jO-SS, pursuing a course in theology. He was ordained pastor of the church at Roxbury, Mass., but after ministering there for a short time, returned to England, where he was a minis- ter at Titchfield, Hampshire, until 1662. In the latter year he was deprived of his living and for- bidden to preach, by the Bartholomew act, and was made master of the school at Southwark. On the death of the Rev. Jonathan Mitchell, July 9, 1668, he was called to the church in Cam- bridge, Mass., but the death of his wife and a personal illness delayed his return to America and his ordination until Nov. 8, 1671. He was made fi'eeman in 1672, and preached the annual election sermon in 1673. He was a fellow of Harvard, 1672-73, resigned, Sept. 15, 1673, and took an important part in the contro- vei'sy that led to the resigna- tion of President Leonard Hoar in 1674. He declined re-election as a fellow until March 15, 1674, the day on which President Hoar resigned, when he was ap- pointed to succeed him, and entered into office as acting president, April 7, 1675. He declined, however, to accept the full presidency until Feb. 2, 1679-80, when he was inaugurated, serving until his death. He married Ruth, daughter of William Ames. He published : Astronomical Cal- culations (1650); An Artillery Sermon {\iS12) ; An Election Sermon (1673); An Elegy on the Death of the Rev. Thomas Shepard of Cliarlestoim (1677), and other sermons. He died in Cam- bridge, Mass., July 25, 1681. OAKLEY, Thomas Jackson, jurist, was born in Duchess county, N. Y. , in 1783. He was gradua- ted at Yale in 1801, was admitted to the bar in 1804, and settled in practice in Poughkeepsie, N.Y. He was surrogate of Duchess county, 1810-12 ; a Federalist representative in the 13th congress, 1813-15 ; a member of the state assem- bly in 1816, 1818 and 1820 ; attorney-general of the state, 1819 ; was elected a Clinton Democratic representative to the 20th congress in 1826, and resigned his seat in congress in 1828, having been appointed judge of the newly-organized superior court of New York city. When the court was reorganized in 1846 under the new constitution, he was elected the chief-justice and held the office until his death. He received the degree LL.D. from Union college in 1853. He died in New York city, May 11, 1857. OATES, William Calvin, governor of Alabama, was born in Pike county, Ala., Dec. 1, 1835 ; son of William and Sarah (Sellers) Gates ; grandson of Stephen Gates and of Mathew Sellers, and a descendant of Welsh ancestors on the paternal side, and of Irish and French ancestors on the maternal side. His father, a native of South Carolina, removed to Montgomery, Ala., in 1828 and soon after to Pike county, where be became a planter, and married in 1834. William led a roving life in Louisiana and Texas, 1851-55, en- gaged in teaching school in Henry county, Ala., attended the high school at Lawrenceville, and studied law in Eufaula, Ala., 1855-58. He was admitted to the bar in the winter of 1858-59, and practised in Abbeville, 1859-61. He edited a Democratic newspaper in 1860, and in 1861 entered the Confederate army, as captain in the 15th Alabama infantry. He served in twenty-seven of the forty engagements of this regiment and commanded the regiment from the battle of Sharpsburg vmtil he was transfeiTed to the 48tli Alabama infantry, July 1, 1864, having been in-omoted colonel in April, 1863. He was wounded six times and lost his right arm at Fussell's Mills, near Richmond, Va., Augl6, 1864, which prevented his further advancement in the army. He resumed his law practice in Abbeville in 1865 ; was a delegate to the Democratic national convention in New York in 1868 ; a rep- resentative in the Alabama legislature, 1870-72, serving as chairman of the committee on ways and means, and was chairman of the judiciary committee of the state constitutional convention of 1875. He was married, March 28, 1882, to Sallie, daughter of Col. Washington Toney of Eufaula. He was a Democratic representative from the third Alabama district in the 47th-53d congresses, 1891-94, resigning in November, 1894, on being elected governor of the state, which office he held, 1895-96. He was a candidate for U.S. senator in 1897, but was defeated by the Free Silver wing of the party, , was commissioned by Presi- dent McKinley brigadier-gen- eral of U.S. volunteers, May 28, 1898, and served in the Spanish-American war. He was elected from the state at large a delegate to the Alabama constitutional convention in April, 1901, in wliich body he had a leading part during its four months' session. He engaged in the practice of his profession in Montgomery, Ala. OBENCHAIN O'BRIEN OBENCHAIN, William Alexander, educator, was born in Buchanan, Va., April 27, 1841 ; son of Thomas Jefferson and Elizabeth Ann (Sweet- land) Obeuchain. His motlier was a lineal descendant of "William Sweetland, captain of the ship J(n/(rs trading between London, England, and New York, 1C78-79, wlio settled in Salem, Conn., before the beginning of the eighteenth cen- tury, and the family intermarried with tlie Van Meterens,an old Knickerbocker family, and with the Bordens and Becks. On tlie jiaternal side he descended from Reinhold Abendschon from tlie Palatinate, Germany, who settled in Berks county, Pa., in 1749, and from the Goulds of New Enghuid. William was graduated at the Virginia Military institute with tlie first honors of the class of 18G1. He served as instructor in light artillery at Camp Lee, Richmond, Va., April, 18G1 : was appointed 2d lieutenant of artillery in the Confederate army ; was transferred to the corps of engineers in September, 1S61, contrary to his wishes ; was ordered to the Department of the Cape Fear, N.C., under Gens. S. G. French and W. H. C. Whiting, and to the Army of Northern Virginia in 1864. He served on the right flank of the Confederate army at Petersburg, and subsequently constructed the defence be- tween the Newmarket and Williamsburg roads, where he was promoted captain of the corps of engineers by General Lee, for " efficiency and meritorious conduct." He was professor of mathematics and of civil and military engineei-ing in the Hillsboro Military academy, N.C., 1866-68 ; professor of mathematics and commandant of cadets in the Western Military acadamy, under Gen. E. Kirby Smith, at Newcastle, Ky., 1868-70, and professor of German and French and com- mandant of cadets in the University of Nashville, Tenn., 1870-73. He engaged in civil engineering and the real estate business in Texas, 1873-78, became professor of mathematics in Ogden college, Bowling Green, Ky., in 1878, and was elected president of that institution in 1883. He was married, July 8, 188"), to Eliza Hall, daughter of Thomas Chalmers and Margaret (Younglove) Calvert of Bowling Green, Ky., author of "Sally Ann's Experience " and other short stories under the pen name " Eliza Calvert Hall."' He was elected a member of the American Institute of Civics in 1887 ; of the American Academy of Political and Social Science in 1891 ; of the Britisli Economic as.sociation in 1892 ; hon- orary member of the American Whig Society of the College of New Jersey in 1883, and one of the honorary vice-presidents and secretary of the Department Congress of Higher Education, World's Columbian exposition, in 1893. He re- ceived the honorary degree A.M. from Centre college, Ky., in 1885. OBER, Frederick Albion, author, was born in Beverly, Mass., Feb. 13, 1849; son of Andrew K. and Sarah (Hadlock) Ober; grandson of Andrew and Sarah (Smith) Ober, and of Elijah and Hui- dah (Herrick) Hadlock, and seventh in direct de- scent from Richard Ober, wlio emigrated from England to Massachusetts and settled in Beverly in 1663. Frederick Albion Ober attended the public school, and in 1862 engaged in business. He attended the Massachusetts Agricultural col- lege for one year and thei'eafter devoted himself to the study of natural history, exploring the Lake Okeechobee region of Florida, 1872-74 ; making an ornithological exploration of the southern West Indies in 1876-78 and 1880, where he collected birds for the Smithsonian Institution, and discovered twenty-two new species. He visited Mexico in 1881, 1883 and 1885, gather- ing material for several books, and traveled in Spain and northern Africa in 1888, South America in 1889, and in the West Indies again in 1891-92, as commissioner for the Columbian exposition. He lectured on JMexico and the West Indies for nearly ten years in various parts of the country. He is the author of : Camps in the Caribbees (1 879); Young Folks' History of Mexico (1882); The Silver City (1882) ; Travels in Mexico (1883) ; Mexican Resources, A Guide to and Through Mexico (1885); 3Iontezuma's Gold Mines (1885); Tlie Knockabout Club in the Antilles, Everglades, etc. (6 vols., 1887-92) ; In the Wake of Columbus (1893); Josephine, Empress of the French (1895); Under the Cuban Flag (1896); My Spanish Siveet heart (1897); Crusoe's Island (1898); Puerto-Rico and Its Resources (1899); A Brief History of Spain (1899); History of the West Indies (1900); The Last of the Arrawaks (1901); Tommy Foster's Ad- ventures (1901), and contributions to magazines. O'BRIEN, Fitz=James, author, was born in county Limerick, Ireland, in 1828. His father was an attorney-at-law. He was educated at the University of Dublin, and then went to London., where in the course of two years he spent his in- heritance amounting to about £8,000. While in college he wrote verse, edited a paper in London, 1851, and in 1852 came to the United States, where he contributed to the Lantern, edited by John Brougham, and to the leading literary magazines and newspapers. He wrote for J. W. Wjillack " A Gentleman from Ireland ;" prepared " The Ty- coon" for Laura Keeue's theater, and traveled as a literarj' assistant with H. L. Bateman. He joined the 7th regiment. N. G. S. N. Y., and marched with the regiment to Washington. D.C., returning to New York with the rank of captain after six weeks' service. He then engaged in recruiting for MoClellan's volunteer rifles; was appointed on the staff of General Lander with the rank of lieutenant, and served with him O'BRIEN OCHS in "Virginia until fatally wounded in a skirmish with Col. Ashby's Confederate cavalry, Feb. 26, 1862. His poems Loch Lie and Iriah Castles were published anonymously in Ballads of Ireland (1856) . See Hie Poems and Stories of Fitz- James O'Brien xcith Personal Recollections by his Asso- ciates, edited by William Winter (1881). He died in Cumberland, Va., April 6, 1862. O'BRIEN, William Shoney, capitalist, was born in Abbeyleix, Ireland, about 1835. He im- migrated to New York city in his early youth and removed to California upon the discovery of gold in 1849. He engaged in mining, and in 1851 established a liquor saloon in San Francisco, sub- sequently entering the ship chandlery business. In 1854 he formed a partnership with James C. Flood in the restaurant and saloon business, which he continued until 1867, when they engaged ex- clusively in mining. They soon acquired im- mense wealth, becoming two of the four "Bo- nanza princes," and with J. G. Fair and John W. Mackay controlled the "Bonanza" mines of Nevada. His fortune was estimated as $20,000,- 000. He died in San Rafael, Cal., May 2, 1878. OCHILTREE, Thomas Peck, representative, was born in Nacogdoches. Texas, Oct. 26, 1842 ; son of Judge William B. andNovaline (Kennard) Peck Ocliiltree. When a boy he volunteered in Capt. John G. Walker's company of Texas Rang- ers and marched to the frontier against the Apache and Co- manche Indians. He was admitted to the bar by special act of the legislature of Texas, being non-age ; was editor of the Jeffersonian at Jef- ferson, Texas; a de- legate to the Demo- cratic national con- vention at Charleston and Baltimore, 1860; witnessed the sur- render of Fort Sumter in 1861, and entered the Confederate service as a private in the Marsliall guards. 1st Texasinfantry, which became a part of the Texas battalion, com- manded by Lieut. -Col. Louis T. Wigfall. He was subsequently assigned to the 1st Texas infantry in Hood's brigade. Army of Northern Virginia. He was on the staff of Gen. H. H. Sibley in the Army of New Mexico, and was mentioned for gallantry in official reports. He was sent to Richmond with important dispatches and joined the staff of General Longstreet as assistant adjutant-general, serving in the battle of Seven Pines and in the seven days' battles around Richmond. On returning to the lower Missis- sippi, he was made chief of General Sibley's staff, and afterward was assigned to Gen. Richard Taylor, taking part in the campaign that led to the capture of Brashear City, La. He was en- gaged under orders of Gen. S. B. Maxey in tlie battle of Poison Springs, Ark., and with General Raines in the defence of Richmond, Va., 1864. At Sailor's Creek, Va., April 6, 1865, he was wounded and captured. He visited Europe, 1865-66 ; was editor of the Daily Telegraph, Houston, Texas, 1866 ; visited Europe again, 1867, securing a line of direct steamers from Galveston, and was made commissioner of emigration for Texas. He was U.S. marshal under General Grant for Texas. He was a representative from the seventh dis- trict of Texas in the 48th congress, 1883-85, and at the end of his term removed to New York city, and became counsel for the Mackay-Bennett cable company. He died Nov. 25, 1902. OCHILTREE, William Beck, jurist, was born in Fayette ville, Cumberland county, N. C, Oct. 11, 1811 ; son of David and Lucy (Beck) Ocliil- tree ; grandson of Malcolm Hugh Ochiltree, and a descendant of Malcolm Hugh Ochiltree, who was on the personal staff of Prince Charles Ed- ward, and who came to America after the defeat of the Stuarts, and settled in North Carolina about 1746. He was admitted to the bar. He went to Florida, and thence to Alabama, where he was married in 1834 to Novaline. daughter of James Kennard, and widow of Thomas Peck. He became a distinguished lawyer, and in 1839 removed to Nacogdoches, Texas. He was an associate judge of the supreme court, attorney- general and secretary of the treasury of the Republic of Texas. He was a member of the constitutional convention of Texas in 1845, and was appointed one of the first district judges of the state in 1846. He was the leader for years of the Whig party in Texas and a representative in the state legislature, 1855-56 ; chairman of the judiciary committee and also of public debt, and made a famous speech on a bill to pay Samuel Swartout of New York the interest on $16,000 advanced by him in fitting out expedi- tions for the relief of Texas during her struggle for independence. He was elected a representa- tive to the Confederate States congress in 1861, and resigned therefrom to become colonel of the 18th Texas infantry. He died at Marshall, Texas, in December, 1867. OCHS, Adolph 5., journalist, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. March 12,1858: son of Julius and Bertha (Levy) Ochs, both natives of Ger- many, who came to America in 1844. His father erilisted for the Mexican war, was a Federal officer in the civil war, was lionorably discharged as captain in the 52d Ohio volunteers, and removed OCliS O'CONNOR %■ /..v \''ii? '■^m with his family in 1865 to Knoxville, Tenn. Adolph was given a common school education, and inl8Gi)when the Knoxville Daily Chronicle was went to work as newspaper carrier. In was employed in Providence, R.I., where he also attend- ed night school. Re- turning to Knoxville, he was a clerk in a drug store in 1872 ; was engaged in the office of the Chronicle, 1873-75 ; was in the job office department of the Courier-Jour- nal, Louisville, Kj'., 1875-76 ; assistant foreman of the com- posing room of the Knoxville Daily Trib- (^XdTjg-^^K^^^-^®^^^ «*^^. 1876-77, and in \j . May, 1877, became connected with the DaiVyDis/jafc/i, Chattanooga, wliere he filled successively every position, in- cluding that of editor-in-chief. In 1878 he pul)lislied a city directory of Chattanooga and in July of that year purchased half interest in tlie Cluittanooga Daily Times, established in 1869. and assumed complete control, buying out the remaining half interest in 1871. In 1879 he established the Tradesman, which became the leading commercial paper of the southwest. Under his management the Cliattanooga Times won the soubriquet of "The Times that made Cliattanooga." In 1883 he nuirried Iphigenia Miriam, youngest daugiiter of the Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise of Cincinnati, Oliio. In 1892 the Ti7nes building at Chattanooga, costing nearly $200,000, was erected. At the meeting of the National Editorial association at St Paul, Minn., in 1891, he delivered an address on the subject of " Interior Dailies,'' whicli attracted nmch attention. He was for some years a member of the Chattanooga board of education. He organized the Southern Associated Press, and in 1883 became its secretary and treasurer. In 1896 he became publisher and controlling owner of the New York Times, and changed his residence to New York city, but continued the ownership of the business at Cliattanooga. In 1901 he jmrchased and became tlie owner of the Philadelphia Times, which he placed under the management of his brother, George Washington Ochs. and in .IiUy. 1902. paid over $2,500,000 to the heirs r.f George W. Childs for tlio Public T^flqer. During the Paris exposi- tion (1900) he published daily at the exposition a European edition of the New York Times, one of the most important and expensive American exhibits. OCHTMAN, Leonard, artist, was born in Zonnemaire, Zceland, Holland, Oct. 21, 1854; son of John and Hendricka (Fonteine) Ochtman. His father, a decorative painter, settled in Albany, N.Y., with his family in 1866. Leonard was a draughtsman in an engraving office, 1870- 77, opened a studio in Albany in 1877, and in 1879 removed it to New York city, where, in the winter of the latter year, he took a course of study at the Art Student.s' league. He traveled in England, Frani^e and Holland, making studies of landscapes during the sunmier of 1885. He was married in 1891 to Mina Fonda, one of his pulpils, and the same year established a summer school of landscape painting at Mianus, Conn, He exhibited Early Autumn at the National Academy of De.sign in 1882. becoming a regular exhibitor there as well as at the prominent art exhibitions throughout the country. He was elected an associate of the National Academy of Design ; a member of the Society of American Artists, the American Water-Color society, the New York Water-Color club, the Salmagundi club, the Brooklyn Art club and the Society of Landscape Painters ; and received medals and other honors for his work. O'CONNELL, Eugene, R. C. bishop, was born in the Parish of Kings Court, count}' Meath, Ireland, June 18, 1815. He attended the diocesan college at Navan, and was prepared for the l)riesthood in St. Patrick's college at Maynooth, Ireland, where he was ordained in Jime, 1842. He was a professor in Navan college and after- ward in the missionary college of All Hallows. Later he came to the United States, where he engaged in missionary work in California, sub- sequently serving as president of Santa Inez college, Santa Barbara count}', and then of St. Thomas's theological seminary. He returned to Ireland in 1860. On Sept. 26, 1860, he was elected titular bishop of " Flaviopolis " and vicar apostolic of Marysville, Cal., which included the territory of Nevada, and the upper half of Cali- fornia, and he was consecrated in the chapel of All Hallows college, Dublin, Feb. 3, 1861, by Archbishop Paul CuUen of Dublin. He arrived at Marysville, June 8, 1861, and was inducted in St. Joseph's cathedral by Archbishop Alemany, June 9, 1861. He was translated to the new see of Grass Valley, Cal., formed out of his vicariate, as bishop. Feb. 3, 1868. and resigned, March 17, 1884, receiving the title " Bishop of Joppa," t'n partilms inficlelinm. He died at Los Angeles, Cal.. Dec. 4. 1891. O'CONNOR, James, R. C. bishop, was born in Queenstown, Ireland. Sept. 10, 1823. He came to the United States in 1839, with his brother, Michael O'Connor, and was educated in the semi- nary of St. Charles liorromeo at Philadelphia, Pa. O'CONXOR O'CONNOR He was ordained, March 25, 1848, was engaged in the diocese of Pittsburg, Pa., 1850-51 ; was superior of St. MicliaeFs seminary at Pittsburg, 1857-63, and was professor in the seminary of St. Charles Borromeo in 18G3. He was conse- crated bishop of " Dibona " and vicar apostolic of Nebraska, in Aug. 20, 1876. He established Creighton college in 1879. His vicariate became the diocese of Omaha, Oct. 2, 1885. He died in Omalia, Neb., May 27, 1890. O'CONNOR, Joseph, journalist and author, was born in Tribes Hill. N.Y., Dec. 17, 1841 ; son of Joseph and Mary O'Connor. He removed with the family to Rochester, N.Y., attended the High School there, and was graduated at the University in 1863. He was admitted to the bar in 1869, but never practised. He was for a time teacher of languages in the Rochester Free Academy, and then devoted himself to journalism. He was con- nected editorially, in succession, with the Roches- ter Democrat, the Indianapolis Sentinel, the New York World, the Buffalo Courier, and finally (since 1885) with the Rochester Posf-Exjyy^ess as chief editor. At the Columbian Exposition (1893) he delivered the poem on New York day. He is the author of articles in magazines and reviews, in- cluding a remarkable story in Blacku-ood's, and of a volume of poems published in 1895. He mar- ried in 1877 Evangeline M. Johnson, of Rochester, author of analytical indexes to the works of Shakespeai-e and Hawthorne, of various transla- tions from the German, and of occasional jwems. O'CONNOR, Michael, R. C. bishop, was born at Queenstown, county Cork, Ireland, Sept. 27, 1810. He was prepared for the priesthood in France, and at the College of the Propaganda, Rome, where he was ordained. June 1, 1833. He served as professor of sacred scripture and as vice-rector of the Irish Ecclesia-stical college in Rome. 1833- 34, and was placed at a small mission at Cove, county Cork, Ireland, in 1834. He immigrated to the United States in 1839, with his brother James. He was pro- fessor in the ec- clesiastical seminary of St. Charles Bor- romeo, Philadelphia, president, with the care of the missions of Nonistown and West Chester. He built the church of St. Francis Xavier at Fairmount. and in 1841 became rector of St. Paul's church, Pittsburg, and vicar-general c=^ Pa., and afterward its of the western section of the see of Philadelphia, which during his service was augmented by sev- eral new schools, churches and charitable insti- tutions. In 1843 he went to Rome to gain the consent of Pope Gregory XVI to join the Society of Jesus, but instead he was chosen bishop of the newly created diocese of Pittsburg, established Aug. 8, 1843, and when he knelt before the pope was forbidden to rise until he accepted the bish- opric. He was consecrated bishop of Pittsburg, Pa., in the church St. Agatha at Rome, Aug. 15, 1843, by Cardinal Filippo Fransoni, Prefect of the Propaganda, and on his way back to the United States passed through Ireland, where he obtained candidates for holy orders and seven sisters of the order of Our Lady of Mercy. Notwithstand- ing the fact that his diocese had a Roman Catho- lic population of 25,000, thirty-three churches and fourteen priests, there were but two religious institutions. In 1844 he established a church for colored Roman Catholics ; a school for boys and another for young ladies, and St. Michael's Theo- logical seminary. He also founded and became editor of the Catholic in 1844. He went to Rome in 1845, and returned with four Presentation Brothers, who established the order of St. Bene- dict in the United States and took charge of the boys' school. He visited Europe in 1852, and brought back a colony of Passionists, who opened their first house in the United States in Pittsburg. He was transferred to the see of Erie, established out of the diocese of Pittsburg, July 29, 1853, and was returned to Pittsburg, Feb. 20, 1854. In 1854 he again went to Rome, where he took an impor- tant part in revising the definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. He completed St. Paul's cathedral, one of the largest in the United States, in 1855, and in May, 1860, he ten- dered his resignation as bishop, which was ac- cepted, May 23, 1860. He entered the Jesuit mon- astery of Gorheim, Germany, and after two years was permitted by special dispensation to take the four vows at once, when at his own request all episcopal faculties were withdrawn. He returned to the United States ; was professor of theology in Boston college, Massachusetts ; socius of the Provincial of the Jesuits, and preached and lec- tured in the principal cities of the country. He retired to the College of the Society of Jesus at Woodstock, Md.. early in 1872, where he resided until his death. He published a series of letters addressed to the governor of Pennsylvania, on the Common School System (1853). He died in Woodstock. Md.. Oct. IS. 1872. O'CONNOR, William Douglas, author, was born in Boston. Mass., Jan. 2, 1833. He attended the public schools ; studied painting ; was asso- ciate editor of the Boston Commonwealth. 1852- .54: of the Saturda^j Evening Post. Philadelphia, O'CONOR O'CONOR 1854-60 ; corresponding clerk of the light-house board, Washington. 1861-73, and chief clerk, 1873-74 ; librarian of the U.S. treasury depart- ment, 1874-78 ; assistant general superintendent of the U.S. life-saving service. 1878-^9. and wrote their annual reports. He was married in 1856 to Ellen M. Tarr of Boston. He was a radical in politics, religion and social ethics. "When Walt Whitman's "Leaves of Grass" was under ban in Boston, lie vindicated him in Tlie Good Gray Poet (1866). He also supported the theory that Shakespeare's plays were written by Francis Ba- con. He contributed to magazines and news- papers, is the author of jwems : To Fanny ; To Athos; TJie Shadow on the Wall: Mabel; The Lost Land; Resurgemus, and Earl Lord, and also the author of: Harrington, an antislavery ro- mance (1860); Hamlet's Xote-Book, a reply to Richard Grant White on the Bacon-Shakespeare controversy (1886); Mr. Donnelly's Reviewers (1889), and of popular imaginative short stories published in the magazines. He died in Wash- ington. D.C.. May 9. 18^9. O'CONOR, Charles, lawyer, was born in New York city. Jan. 22, 1804 ; son of Thomas O'Con- nor (1770-1855), a native of county Roscommon, Irelan was presented with tlie honor of le droit dn tabouret by Louis XVI. H.» was brevet ted brij^adier- general. Sept. 20. 1783 ; was a representative in the state legislature in 178o. He died in Eliza- bethtown, X.J.. March 31. 1791. OGDEN, Robert, patriot, was born in Eliza- betiitown. X.J.. Oct. 16. 17i6. He was a member of tlie King's council, and from 1757 to 1765 was a member of the New Jersey legislature, being Speaker in 1763-65. He then became a delegate to tlie Continental congress. There wlien the Declaration of Rigiits and Grievances was drawn up. with petitions t<> tlie King and to Parliament, all the members signed them except Idr. Ogden and Timothy Ruggles, their reason being that those documents should he first submitted to the provincial assemblies. For this he was burned in effigy, after which he resigned his office. In 1776 he was chairman of the Elizabethtown committee of safety. He died in Sparta, N.J., Jan. 1. 1787. OGDEN, Thomas Ludfow, lawyer, was born at Newark, N.J., Dec. 12. 1773 ; son of Abraham and Sarah (Ludlow) Ogden : grandson of David (bom 1707) and Martha (Hammond) Ogden, and a descendant of John Ogden of Elizabethtown, N.J., (1610-1681), one of the founders of that place. Abraham Ogden (1743-1800) was owner of Washington's headcpiarters in Morristown, N. J., and a friend of Washington. Thomas Lud- low Ogden was graduated from Columbia in 1791. He was a.'^sociated with Alexander Hamilton in the practice of law in New York, and was the counsellor for many corporations, including the Holland Land company. He was a trustee of the Indian reservation lands ; of Sailors' Snug Harbor, New York ; law officer of Trinity church corixna- tion ; clerk, vestryman and senior waiilen of Trinity church ; one of tiie original trustees of the General Theological Seminary of New \''ork ; one of the founders and vice-president of the Protestant Episcopal Society for Promoting Re- ligion and Learning in the State of New Y'ork, and a trustee of Columbia college, 1817-44. He died in New York city, Dec. 17. 1844. OGDEN, Uzal, clergyman, was born in New- ark. N.J., in 1744 ; son of Uzal Ogden (who died in 1780); grandson of David and Abigail Ogden, and a descendant of John and Jane (Bond) Ogden. John Ogden, said to have been a native of Kent county, England, was settled at Stam- ford, Conn., in 1641 ; removed to Hempstead, L.L, in 1644; to Southampton. L.I., in 1647, and afterward became one of the founders of Eliza- bethtown, N.J., and prominent in its affairs until his death in 1681. Uzal Ogden was j)repared for the ministry in Elizabethtown, N.J., under the Ilev Dr. Chandler and was ordained both deacon and priest in the Established church, in the chapel of the Episcopal palace at Fulham, Middlesex, Sept. 21. 1773, by the Bishop of London. He re- turned to New Jersey, where he labored all his life. He preached occasionally in Trinity ciiurch, Newark, N.J., 1779-88 ; was an assistant minister of Trinity parish. New Y'ork city, 1784-89, and was also connected with St. John's church in Elizabethtown, N.J., and with a chapel at what is now Belleville, N.J. He was rector of Trinity church, Newark, N.J., 1788-1805; was elected bishop of New Jersey, Aug. 16, 1798, but conse- cration was refused him by tiie General conven- tion in June, 1799, on tiie grounds that doubts existed as to his qualifications in accordance with the canon. A special convention of New Jersey in October, 1799, asked that he be consecrated with- out delay, but nothing further is recorded until 1804, when h . was requested by the New Jersey convention to resign the rectorship of Trinity church, Newark, which he at first refused to do. Finally, however, he withdrew from the Protest- ant Episcopal church, but claimed the right to officiate as rector under his ordination to the priesthood in the Established cluirch, and in con- sequence was suspended by the standing commit- tee from ministerial duty in New Jersey, with the consent of Bishop Moore of New Y'ork. on May 9, 1805. On Oct. 16. 1805. he joined the Presbyterian ministry, although he never held a stated charge. He received the degree of D.D. from the College of New Jersey in 1798. He was married to Mary, daughter of Samuel Gouver- neur of New Jersey, in 1774. He published nu- merous letters, sermons and addresses, and An- tidote to Deism (2 vols., 1795). He died in New- ark, N.J.. Nov. 4. 1822. OGILBY, John David, clergyman, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 30, 1810 ; son of Leonard and Eliza (Darley) Ogilby. His parents immi- grated to the L'nited States in 1816. and he was graduated at Columbia college. A.B., 1829, A.M., 1833. He was the first rector of Columbia College grammar school, 1829-30 : established and con- ducted a private school with Lorenzo L. Daponte, 1830-32. and was professor of ancient languages in Rutgers college. New Brunswick, N.J., 1832-40. In the meantime he studied theology and was or- dained to the Protestant EjiLscopal ministry in 1338. He served as substitute in various city churches. 1838-40, and during the absence of his brother, the Rev. Frederick Ogilby (born 1813-died 1878), in Europe, had charge of his church, the As- cension, in Philadelphia. He was professor of ecclesiastical history in the General Theological seminary. New Y'ork city, 1841-49, visiting Europe for the benefit of his health in 1842. 1846 and 1^40. He accepted the rectorship of Grace church at Newark, N.J., in 1846. but on the urgent OGILVIE OGLESBY request of the faculty of the seminary, he re- tained his professorship. He purchased a resi- dence in Sing Sing, N.Y., and there founded All Saints' church. Briar Cliff, which was not finished until after his death. He received the degree D.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1843. He was married first, April 15, 1834, to Cornelia D. , daughter of Joseph Warren Scott of New Brunswick, N.J. ; and secondly, Jan. 17, 1839, to Anna Helena, daughter of Dr. F. R. Smith of New Brunswick, N.J. He is the author of : An Outline of the Argument against the Va- lidity of Baptism (1842) ; Tlie Catholic Church in England and America (1844), and edited Jacob's Latin Reader, with notes partly translated from the German and partly gathered from other sources. He left an incomplete MS. of a large work on Ecclesiastical History. He died in Paris, France, Feb. 2, 1851, and his body was sent back to America and buried in tlie churchyard of Christ church, New Brunswick, N. J. OGILVIE, Clinton, painter, was born in New York city, Dec. 28, 1838 ; son of William Halsey Ogilvie. He was a pupil of James M. Hart (q. v.), in New York, and was in Paris, 1866-67. He es- tablished a studio in New York city in 1867, de- voting himself to landscape painting, and made a second visit to Paris, 1872-73. He occupied his studio in New York, 1873-79 ; resided at Nice, Mentone and otlier art centers of Europe, 1879-83, and was again in New York, 1883-1900. In 1864 he was made an associate of the National Academy of Design, where lie exhibited regularly. His subjects were mostly French and Swiss land- scape, his American pictures including : Among the Adirondacks (1874); The Sunny Summer- Time (1876); Summer Afternoon in the Adiron- dacks (1877); Tlie Mountain Brook (1878). He died in New York city, Nov. 2, 1900. OGLE, Benjamin, governor of Maryland, was born in Annapolis, Md., Feb. 7, 1746 ; son of Gov. Sanmel and Ann (Tasker) Ogle, and grandson of Samuel Ogle of Northumberland county, Eng- land, and of Gov. Benjamin Tasker. He was educated in England ; was a member of the council prior to the Revolution, and served on the committee of observa- tion for Frederick county. He was the tenth governor of Maryland, 1798-1801, and on Feb. 11, 1800, issued a proclamation making the day of Washington's death '"a day of mourning, humiliation and prayer," which custom continued to be observed by the succeeding governors of Maryland. He resided on the estate " Belair " in Prince George county, which descended to liim through Gov. Benjamin Tasker. He was married first to Rebecca Stilley, and secondly to Henrietta Mar- garet, daughter of Henry and Mary (Thomas) Hill. He died at " Belair," Prince George county. Md., July 6, 1809. OGLE, Charles, representative, was born in Somerset, Pa., in 1798; son of Gen. Alexander Ogle, a native of Maryland, who removed to Som- erset county. Pa., where he was a member of both houses of the state legislature for manj^ years from 1806 ; a representative in the 15th congress, 1817-19; general in the state militia, and died, Oct. 14, 1852. Charles Ogle studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1819. He settled in practice in Somerset ; was a general in the state militia ; a Whig representative from Pennsylvania in the 25th and 26th congresses, 1837-41, and elected to the 27th congress, but did not live to take his seat. He died in Somerset, Pa., May 10, 1841. OGLE, Samuel, colonialgovernor of Maryland, was born in England about 1694 ; son of Samuel Ogle of Northumberland county, England. He was captain in a cavalry regiment in the British army, and was governor of Maryland under proprietary government from September, 1731, until the return of Lord Baltimore in 1732. He went back to England, vras promoted in the army, was again governor of Marj'land, 1735-42, and a third time, 1747-52. His third appointment in- duced him to take his wife with him, and he left England in the ship Neptune, March 12, 1747, and resided on a fine estate in Anne Arundel county. He was married in England to Ann, daughter of Benjamin Tasker, who was president of the Maryland council during his last administration and upon whom the government devolved at his death, until the arrival of Horatio Sharpe, the next governor appointed by tlie crown. He died in Annapolis, Md., May 3, 1752. OGLESBY, Richard James, governor of Illi- nois, was born in Oldham county, Ky., July 25, 1824. His parents died in 1832, and he removed to Decatur, 111., in 1836 with his uncle Willis Oglesby, working there as a farm-hand and car- penter. He studied law under Judge Silas W. Robinson at Springfield, 111., 1844-45, and was licensed to practise in 1845. He joined the 4th Illinois volunteers for service in the IMexican war and was commissioned 1st lieutenant. He saw service at Vera Cruz and at Cerro Gordo, resum- ing his law practice in Decatur, 111., in 1847. He was graduated at the Louisville, Ky., law school, LL.B., 1849; engaged in seeking gold in Califor- nia, 1849-51, and in 1851, having gained $4,500 in California, lie again took up the practice of law in Decatur. He traveled in Europe, Egypt and the Holy Land, 1856-57. In 1858 he was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for represen- tative in the 36tli congress, was elected in 1860 to the Illinois senate, resigning his seat, April OGLETHORPE OGLETHORPE 2.). 1861. to accept the colonelcy of the Sth Illinois volunteers. He commanded the 1st brigade. 1st division, under General Grant, at Forts Henrj' and Donelsou, and with his brigade w;isthe first to enter Fort Henry. He was pro- moted brigadier-general of volunteers. March 21, 1862, for gallantry at the capture of Fort Donelson, He was in command of the 2d brigade, 2d division, Army of West Tennessee, at the battle of Corinth, and was severely wounded, Oct. 3, 1802. He was promoted major-general of vol- unteers in November, 1862, and returned to active service in April. 1863, when he commanded tlie left wing of the 16tli Army corps. He resigned in May. 1864. He was three times elected governor of Illinois on the Republican ticket, serving, 1865-69, 1873 and 1885-89. He resigned in 1873 to take his seat in the U.S. senate as successor to Lyman Trumbull, and served in that body until March 3. 1879. declining re-election, and retiring to private life, 1889. He died in Elkhart, 111., April 24. iN'.i'J. OGLETHORPE, James Edward, founder of tlie colony of Georgia, was born at Westbrooke Place, near London. England, Dec. 21, 1688 ; sou of Sir Theopiiilusand Eleanor (Wall) Oglethorpe. He matriculated at Corpus Christi college, Ox- ford, in 1704. but entered militarj- service about 1706, being commissioned ensign in 1710. He was attached to the suite of the Earl of Peterborough, ambassador to Sicily, in 1713, and was promoted lieutenant in the Guards of Queen Anne in 1714. He was aide-de-camp to Prince Eugene at the de- feat of the grand vizier Ali at Peterwaradin, Austria. Aug. 5, 1716, and at the siege and cap- ture of Belgrade in August, 1717. He returned in 1719. and resumed his studies at Oxford. He succeeded to the Westbrooke e.state in 1722, and was a member of Parliament from Haslemere, in Surrey. 1722-54. About 1728 he turned the atten- tion of Parliament to the relief of unfortunate debtors, large numbers of whom were imprisoned in London and cruelh" treated, and was appointed chairman of a committee to visit the prisons. He proposed to establish a colony for the perma- nent relief of about 700 persons confined for debt, believing that on their liberation from prison, they would need new surroundings and oppor- tunities. The scheme found especial favor with the king, because it was proposed to make the new colony a refuge for the persecuted Protes- tants of Germany and other countries in Europe, and he granted to Lord Percival, James Ogle- thorpe, Edmund Digby and others on June 9, 1732. a charter of incorporation, giving tliem title to the land on the coast of America between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers. The colony was named Georgia in the kings honor, and Parlia- ment granted the proprietors £10,000. A large sum was also raised by subscription for provision- ing, arming, clotliing and transporting such poor people as sliould be selected. Oglethorpe, with the power of a colonial governor, reached Charles- ton, S.C., with the members of 35 families, num- bering 150 in all, Jan. 13, 1733. A settlement was made at Yaniacraw Bluff on the Savannah river, and shortly afterward a treaty of peace was concluded with the several tribes of Indians. Oglethorpe laid out the side of Fort Argyle in June, 1733, his object being to secure Georgia from invasion by the Spaniards of Florida. He returned to England in April, 1734. accompanied by the chief of the Yamacraws. together with his wife and his nepliew, the war captain of that tribe, five chiefs of the Creeks, and a chief from Palachicolas, all of whom were presented to King George and Queen Caroline at Kensington Palace, Aug. 1, 1734. Oglethorpe sent the Indians back, with 150 Scottish Highlanders to protect the colonists, and they reached Georgia in De- cember, 1734. Oglethorpe came back to Georgia in December, 1735, bringing with him nearly 300 immigrants, and Jolin and Charles Wesley, who preached and established missions in the colony and among the Indians. Tlie colony progressed rapidh' under his management, but early in 1736 was attacked by the Spaniards. Convinced that war was inevitable, Oglethorpe hastened to Eng- land, raised a regiment of 600 men, secured the sum of £20,000. and was appointed colonel of a regiment to be raised in Georgia. He arrived in September, 1738, and in October, 1739, war was declared against Spain by England. In the mean- time Oglethorpe was diligently employed in erect- ing defensive works, in training his men, and in strengthening his Indian alliances. In obedi- ence to orders received in January, 1740, he in- vaded Florida. He made an unsuccessful attack on St. Augustine in the summer of 1741, and in May, 1742, learned that tlie Spaniards planned to drive the English from Georgia and South Caro- lina. He defeated tlie SpaJiiards at Frederica, St. Simons, Jekyl Island, St. Andrews, Fort Wil- liam and Fort Moosa. forcing them to retire. Oglethorpe went back to England in April, 1743, by order of the king and never returned to Georgia. He was married, Sept. 15, 1744, to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Nathan Wright of Cranham Hall, Essex, England. He was commissioned major- general in 1745 and lieutenant-general in 1747, and was sent to Scotland to oppose Charles Edward, the pretender. He complained to the Duke of Cumberland of cruelties practised upon the people of Scotland, who were adherents of Prince Charles, and was honorably acquitted by a court- O'GORMAN O'HAGAN martial for his failure to pursue the Pretender's retreating forces at Carlisle. He resigned his char- ter of Georgia to the British government in 1752 ; withdrew from Parliament in 1754, and was com- missioned general of his majesty's forces in 1760. He was placed on half pay in February, 1765, and in 1775, being the senior officer to Sir Wil- liam Howe, was offered the command of the British army in America, which he declined, be- cause authority to assure justice to the colonies was denied him. He was one of the first to pay his respects to John Adams, U.S. minister, and his family in London in 1783. He published : An Account of the St. Augustine Camjxdgn (1743). His New and Accurate Account of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia and his letters to the trustees of the colony are printed in the " Collec- tions " of the Georgia Historical society. He died at Cranham Hall, England, July 1, 1785. O'GORMAN, James Michael, R.C. bishop, was born at Clauna, near Nenagh, county Tipperary, Ireland, in October, 1804 ; son of James and Alicia O'Gorman. He was baptized with the christian name Miles, and was educated for the priesthood, entering tlie Trappist order in 1838. He received the habit at Mt. Melleray, Ireland, Nov. 1, 1839 ; professed, March 25, 1841, and was ordained priest in January, 1843, in the Trappist cloister at Mount Melleray, Ireland, by Bishop Foran of Waterford, Ireland. Appointed to found a monastery of the Trappist order in the United States, he establislied New Melleray near Dubuque, la., and was made its prior. He was elected titular bishop of " Raphana? " and vicar apostolic of Nebraska, Jan. 18, 1859 ; the election was confirmed, April 15, 1859, and he was con- secrated in the cathedral of St. Louis, May 8, 1859, by Archbishop P. R. Kenrick, assisted by Bishops Miege and Juncker. He had only three priests when lie entered upon the adminis- tration of his diocese, but several were sent to his assistance, and churches and schools were built. He established a hospital and an asylum, and founded academies, all of which were con- trolled by the Sisters of Mercy and the Benedictine Nuns. He also labored among the Indians and established several missions. He died in Omaha, Neb., July 4, 1874. O'QORMAN, Thomas, R.C. bishop, was born in Boston, Mass., May 1, 1843 ; son of John and Margaret (O'Keefe) O'Gorman ; grandson of James O'Gorman, and a descendant of the Leinster branch of the O'Gormans, originallj^ of county Clare, Ireland. He removed to Chicago, 111., with his parents, and was prepared for college in that city and in St. Paul, Minn., 1850-53. He took his theological course in France, 1853-65, and was ordained at St. Paul, Minn., on Nov. 5, 1865. He was rector of St. John's church. Rochester, Minn., 1867-78; joined the Paulist community in New York city, remaining there. 1878-82, and was rector of Immaculate Conception, Faribault, Minn., 1882-85. He was first president of the College of St. Thomas at Merriam Park, St. Paul, Minn., and professor of dogmatic theology in the same, 1886-90, and professor of modern church history in tlie Catholic university at Washington, D.C. , 1890-95. He was appointed bishop of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Dec. 29, 1895, as successor to Bishop Marty, transferred to St. Cloud in 1894, and was consecrated at Wash- ington, D.C, April 19, 1896, by Cardinal Satolli, assisted by Bishop Marty and Bishop Keane, rector of the Catholic university. He received the degree D.D. direct from the Iiands of Pope Leo XIII in 1893. He is the author of : .4 History of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. O'HAGAN, Joseph Bernard, educator, was born in parisli Clogher, county Tyrone, Ireland, Aug. 15, 1826 ; son of Terence and Susan (O'Kelly) O'Hagan ; grandson of Edward and Sarah (Quinn) O'Hagan, and of John and Mary (O'Neil) O'Kelly, and a descendant of Sir Hugh O'Neil. He im- migrated to Digby, N.S., in 1844, and completed his classical course at St. Mary's college, Halifax, N.S. He was admitted to the seminary of the Eudist Fathers of Halifax, and in December, 1847, entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus. He was professor at Gonzaga college, Washing- ton, D.C, 1852-54, and professor of literature at Georgetown college, 1854-56. He completed liis theological studies in France, and was ordained at Liege, Belgium, in 1860. In the civil war he was attached to the Excelsior brigade. New York volunteers, as chaplain, 1861-63. He pursued a course of ascetical theology at Frederick, Md., 1863-64, and was made vice-president of George- town college in 1864, leaving the college to serve in the army of General Grant, operating against Richmond and Petersburg. After the surrender of Lee he returned to his professional duties, chiefly at St. Mary's, and at the Immaculate ■••HOLY CROSS COLLEGE. •• 3 { ! i mill ! ! !! Mill!!!; !! ititr-iiP Conception church, Boston, Mass. In July, 1872, he succeeded to the presidency of Holy Cross college, Worcester, Mass., and in 1878, by order OHARA O'lIARA of his physician, started for California. He niaJe tlie voyage until nearingAcapulco, Mexico, when he died at sea, and his remains were temporarily interred on reaching Acapulco. The body was subseipiently brouglit back to Worcester. Mass., and buried in the college churchyard. The date of Iiis deatli is Dec. 15, 1878. 0'H.\RA, James, soldier and pioneer, was born in county Mayo, Ireland, in 1752. He was educated in Ireland, England and France ; was clerk in a Liverpool counting-house, 1770-71, and immigrated to America in 1773, landing in Philadelphia, and becoming an Indian trader at Kuskusky, an Indian town in wliat is now Laurence county. Pa. He was a general agent among the Indians until 1776, when he was made captain of a company recruited for the Patriot army. In 1781 he was made assistant quarter- master, settled his accounts with the govern- ment at Piiiladelphia in 1783. and returned to "Officers' Orchard" above Fort Pitt, with his newly-wedded wife Mary, daughter of William Carson, a Scottish gentleman of Philadelpliia. Captain O'Hara was given a contract to provision the western army commanded by General Har- mon, and this brought him into contact with all tlie U.S. forts from Oswego, N.Y., to Natchez, Miss., 17.S;3-90. He was commissioned quarter- master-general of the U.S. army in 1792, and resigned in 1796, but continued as an army con- tractor until 1802. He built a saw mill in 1796, and also, in company witii Maj. Isaac Craig, the glass works at Allegheny, the first erected west of the AUeghanies, at a cost of over $30,000. He also engaged in shipbuilding and trading in furs and cotton, extending his operations to Europe. In 1816 he was interested with John Henry Hopkins, afterward bishop of Vermont, in the manufacture of iron at the Old Hermitage furnace, Ligonier, Pa., wiiich venture proved disastrous to Hopkins. As early as Nov. 9, 177:]. he purchased 400 acres of land on Coalpit run, Pittsburg, and other exten- sive tracts of land in and about the future citj-. He entertained Louis Philippe, General Moreau and other famous French officers at his home, welcoming them in their native tongue, which he spoke fluently. His sons, William Carson, James and Ciiarles, died without issue before the death of General O'Hara, and Mrs. 0"Hara survived tliem all, dying, April 8, 1834, aged 73 years. He died at Pittsburg, Pa., Dec. 21, 1819. O'HARA, Theodore, i)oet, was born in Danville, Ky.. Feb. 11. 1820; son of Kane O'Hara, the distinguished teacher, who was exiled from Ireland and came to Kentucky with his father and brothers late in the eighteenth cfntury. He prepared for college under his fatlier and was graduated at St. Joseph's college, Bardstown. Ky., with first honors. He was professor of Greek in St. Joseph's collfege during his .senior year ; stud- ied law ; was admitted to the bar, and settled in practice, but soon abandoned it for journalism. He was assistant editor of the Kentucky Yeoman at Frankfort and editor of the Tocsin or Demo- cratic Rally, a cam- paign paper of 1844. He served in the U.S. treasury department at Washington, D.C., 1845-46 and enlisted in the Mexican war as a volunteer. He was commissioned captain in the U.S. army and appointed assistant quartermaster of vol- unteers, June 26, 1846. He served on the staff of General Franklin Pierce, and was bre- vetted major, Aug. 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Ch urubusco. He was hon- orably discharged, Oct. 15, 1848 ; practiced law in Washington, D.C., for a time, and edited the Times and Sun in Louisville, Ky., 1854-55. He was employed by the Tehuantepec railroad company and met Narcisso Loj^ez, the Cuban liberator, in 3Iexico, from whom he accepted the commission of colonel. He joined the first Cuban expedition in 1851, and commanded a regiment at the battle of Cardenas, where he was severely' wounded and compelled to return to the United States. He assisted Col. William Walker in the oi'ganization of his expedition to Central America, and while trying to escape the vigilance of the U.S. authorities, was arrested and indicted with General Henderson at New Orleans, charged with violating the neutrality laws, but the government failed in the prosecution. He entered the U.S. army as captain in the 2d cavalry, Marcii 3, 1855, and served on the Texas frontier until he resigned, Dec. 1 , 1856. He was editor of the Mobile Register, 1856-61, during the absence of Jolin Forsyth as U.S. Minister to Mexico. He entered the Con- federate army in 1861, and was soon after commissioned captain and placed in command of Fort McRoa, at the entrance of Mobile Bay, which he defended until ordered to evacuate. He be- came colonel of the 12th Alabama regiment, and served at Shiloh on the staff of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, and then on tiie staff of Gen. John C. Breckinridge. He engaged in the cotton business in Columbia. Ga., after the war, but lost everything by fire and retired to a planta- tion in Alabama. His two poems, Tlie Bix-onac of the Dead and .1 Dirge for the Brave Old Pioneer, established his fame as a poet. He died O'HARA OLDEN near Guerryton, Ala, June 6, 1867. By direction of the legislatui'e of Kentucky, his body was re- interred in the state military cemetery in Frankfort, Ky., Sept. 15, 187-1, and a monument erected to his memory. O'HARA, William, R. C. bishop, was born at Dungiven, county Derry, Ireland, April 14, 1816. He came to the United States with his parents in 1820, and settled in Philadelphia, Pa. He at- tended Georgetown college, D.C., and took an ex- tended course of study at the Urban college of the Propaganda at Rome, Italy. He was or- dained priest at Rome, by Cardinal Fransoni, Dec. 21, 1843, and on his return to the United States served as rector of St. Patrick's church in Philadelphia, 1843-56. He was afterward pro- fessor in the Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, and rector of the seminary. He was made vicar- general of the diocese of Philadelphia in 1860, and was appointed first bishop of Scranton, Pa., in 1868, which diocese vvas fonned from a part of the diocese of Philadelphia. He was consecrated in the cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul, Philadel- phia, July 12, 1868, by Bishop Wood, assisted by Bishop Elder of Natchez and Bishop Lynch of Charleston. He added 51 priests to the diocese, and built 24 new churches, 12 convents, 46 stations, one college and several lesser educational institu- tions. He died in Scranton, Pa., Feb. 3, 1899. O'KANE, Michael Aloysius, educator, was born in county Clare, Ireland, July 12, 1849 ; son of Michael and Bridget (Casey) O'Kane. He was brought to America by his parents in 1852, flnd received his education in the public schools of Spencer, Mass. He entered Holy Cross col- lege, Worcester, Mass., in 1865, the year of its incorporation ; joined the Society of Jesus, July, 1867, and went to Woodstock college, Md., where he pursued theological and philosophical studies, completing his course in 1876. He was professor of classics in Georgetown college, D.C., 1876-82 ; prefect of studies there, 1882-86, vice-president, 1886-87 ; rector and master of novices in the Novitiate at Frederick, Md., 1887-89, and presi- dent of the College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, 1889-93. He was then transferred to the Mission- ary Band, and became superior of the band, hav- ing his headquarters at St. Francis Xavier, New York city. O'KELLY, James, founder of the " Ciiris- tian" church, was born in 1735. He first ap- pears in history as a member of the Methodist church in North Carolina and Virginia, where he was presiding elder, 1782-92. He was a member of the " Christmas Conference "' of the Methodist church held in Baltimore in 1784, and also of the conference of presiding elders at Baltimore, Dec. 1, 1789, where he attempted the defeat of certain measures favored by Bishop Asbury, and in consequence of which a second conference was called, but as only ten elders appeared, the point at issue remained unsettled 2)^'o tevipore. O'Kelly secured the co-operation of Thomas Coke, Wesley's ambassador, through correspondence, and Bishop Asbury finally consented to a general conference, which assembled, Nov. 1, 1792. To this conference O'Kelly introduced a resolution transferring the power of appointment from the bishop to the conference, to which also any minister dissatisfied with his assignment might appeal. This resolution being defeated, he with- drew from the Methodist conference with twenty or thirty other ministers and above a thousand members, and organized the Republican Methodist church, its members to be known as Christians or Christian Connection. This church gained a large following in tlie fields of his labor as presiding elder in North Carolina and Virginia, over which region he exerted a great influence, notwithstanding the fact that he denounced slavery. The first conference of the dissenters was held, Dec. 25, 1793, at Manakin, N.C., at which they adopted the name of Christians and agreed that they should acknowledge no head over the church but Christ, and no creed but the Bible. They held a second conference, Aug. 4, 1794, and the great Cane Ridge revival occurred in 1801, which largely increased their members. Elder O'Kelly died, Oct. 16, 1826. OLCOTT, Simeon, senator, was born in Bol- ton, Conn., Oct. 1, 1735; son of Timothy and Eunice (White) Olcott ; grandson of Timothy Olcott of Coventry and Bolton, Conn., and a des- cendant of Thomas Olcott of England, who im- migrated to America in June, 1635, and became an original proprietor of Hartford, Conn. Simeon Olcott was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1761, A.M., 1765 ; studied law under Daniel Jones of Hinsdale, N.H., and settled in practice in Charlestown, N.H., in 1764. He was a select- man of Charlestown, 1769-71 ; a member of the general assembly at Portsmouth, 1772-75 : a judge of probate in 1773 ; chief justice of the court of common pleas, 1784-90 ; judge of the superior court, 1790-95, and chief justice, 1795-1801. He was married in October, 1783, to Tryphena, daughter of Benjamin and Hannah (Olmsted) Terry of Enfield, Conn. He was elected by the Federalist legislature of New Hampshire in 1801, to complete the term of Samuel Livermore, U.S. senator, resigned, and served from Dec. 7, 1801, till March 3, 1805. He received the honor- ary degree A.M. from Dartmouth college in 1773, and was a trustee of that institution, 1784-93. He died in Charlestown. N.H., Feb. 22, 1815. OLDEN, Charles Smith, governor of New Jersey, was born in Princeton, N.J., Feb. 19. 1799 ; son of Hart and Temperance (Smitii) OLDHAM OLDS OlJen ; grandson of Tliomas and Sarah (Hart) Olden, and a descendant of William and Eliza- betli (Giles) Olden ; of John Hart, the Signer, and of James Giles, who came from England in 16()8, and settled in Bound brook. N.J. William Olden was a member of the Society of Friends, a surveyor in Piscataway and removed to Stony- brook, near Princeton, in 1G90. Hart Olden was a merciiant in Trenton, Stony brook and Prince- ton. N.J. Charles Smith Olden attended school at Princeton and the Lawrenceville acadeni}- ; was a clerk in his fatlier's store, and that of Mat- tliew Newkirk in Pliiladelphia. He was mar- ried about 1832 to Pli(jebe Ann. daughter of Wil- liam and Kebecca (Wilson) Smith. In 182G he established a business in New Orleans, La., and in 183'2 retired with a competence. He engaged in agriculture in Princeton, was state senator, 1844-50, Republican governor of New Jersey, 1860-6:j, and during his administration, organized and equipped the full quota of troops umler the President's calls. He was largely responsible for tlie erection of the state house at Trenton, and of tlie State Lunatic asylum. He was a judge of the court of erroi's and appeals, and member of tlie court of pardons, 1868-73 ; riparian com- missioner, 1869-75 ; presidential elector, 1872 ; was elected president of the electoral college of New Jersey, Dec. 4, 1872 ; was treasurer of the College of New Jersey, 1845-69, and trustee, 1863-76 ; and aided in extricating the college from financial embarrassment after the burning of Nassau Hall, March, 1855, when as treasurer he disbursed over $50,000 and personally advanced .$20,000. He was also instrumental in securing the John C. Green School of Science, and in directing the attention of the Green family to the universit}-. He died in Princeton. N.J.. April 7, 1876. OLDHAM, Williamson Simpson, senator, was born near Winchester, Franklin county, Tenn., June 19, 1813. He was brought up on his father's small farm and was entirely self-educated. He tauglit a country school, 1831-33 ; was deputy clerk of the county court, 1833-35, during which time he studied law under Judge Natlian Green, and was admitted to the bar in 1836. He re- moved to Arkansas in 1837. and settled in Fay- etteville, where he married a daughter of Col. James McKissick, director of the Branch State bank at Fayetteville. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1838 and 1842. and speaker of the house in 1842. In 1844 he was elected by the legislature associate justice of the supreme court. In 1846 lie was defeated for representa- tive in the 30th congre.ss by Col. Robert W. Johnson. He resigned from the l>ench in 1848, and rtmoved to Austin, Texas, in 1849. In 1858, with Judge White, he prepared a digest of the laws affecting Texas and was prominent in the move- ment leading to the secession of the state, Feb. 1, 1861. He was elected to the provisional congress at Montgomery, Ala., and appointed by President Davis to carry out a confidential mission in Ar- kansas, wliich secured the secession of that state. May 6, 1861. On his return to Texas, he was elected C.S. senator, and served throughout the ex- istence of the Confederacy. On the adjournment of the Confederate congress, he returned to Texas and went thence to Mexico, where he prepared '* Last Days of the Confederacy," and also engaged in the business of photograpiiy. In 1866 he went to Canada, where he learned that one W. S. Old- ham liad been pardoned, and on returning to New York, found thai it did not refer to himself. He then proceeded to Washington, where he refused to take the oath of allegiance necessary to pro- cure a pardon, and asked for an indictment and trial before a jury, stating that if convicted he would then apply for a pardon. He returned to Texas where he practiced law, but took no part in public aflFairs. He endix (1857) ; A Journey in the Back Country (1860). and The Cotton Kingdom (2 vols., 1861). He died Aug. 28. 1003. OLMSTED, John Charles, landscape architect, was born in Geneva. Switzerland, Sept. 14, 1852 : son of Dr. John Hull and Mary Cleveland Bryant (Perkins) Olmsted. He returned with his parents to the United States in 1853. and was graduated from the Sheffield Scientific school, Yale university. Ph.B., l.'<75 ; then studied land- scape gardening under Frederick Law Olmsted and O. C. Bullard, and practiced his profession in partnership with the former. He was mar- OLMSTED OLNEY ried, Jan. IS, 1899, to Sophia Buckland White of BrookUne, Mass. He was elected vice-president of the American Park and Outdoor Art associa- tion in 1S98, and president of the American So- ciety of Landscape Architects in 1899. He be- came a member of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers ; an associate member of the Boston Society of Architects ; a member of the New England Association of Park Superintendents ; and a non-resident member of the Century asso- ciation, the Reform club and the National Arts club of New York city. OLMSTED, Marlin Edgar, representative, was born in LTlysses, Potter county, Penn.; son of Henry and Evalena Theresa (Cushing) Olmsted ; grandson of Daniel and Lucy (Schofield) Olmsted, and of Lucas and Chloe (Wood) Cushing ; a de- scendant in the ninth generation from Richard Olmsted from Suffolk, England, an original pro- prietor of Hartford, Conn., and also from Mat- thew Cushing, who came from Hingham, Eng- land, in 1638, and commenced the settlement of Hingham, Mass. He was educated in the public schools and at the Coudersport academy ; was a corporation clerk, 1870-75 ; was admitted to the bar in 1878, at Harrisburg, Pa. ; became attorney for many of the principal railroad and other cor- porations of the state ; president and general counsel of the Beech Creek and the Buffalo and Susquehanna railroad companies ; was elected to represent Dauphin county in the proposed con- stitutional convention in 1891, and was a Republi- can representative from the fourteenth Pennsyl- vania district in 55th, 56tli, 57th and 58th con- gresses. 1897-1905. OLNEY, Edward, mathematician, was born in Moreau, N. Y., July 34, 1827; son of Benjamin and Lucy (Emerson) Olney ; grandson of Stephen and Sarah (Irish) Olney, and a descendant of Thomas and Marie (Small) Olney. Thomas Olney, a native of Hertfordshire, England, immigrated to Salem, Mass., in the ship Planter, in 1635; settled at Manchester, near Salem, in 1636 ; was excluded from the colony in 1638. and was one of the thirteen proprietors of Providence, R.I. Ed- ward Olney removed to Michigan with his pa- rents, and by hard work and self-denial became a tliorough mathematical scholar. He was a teacher in the Union school, Perrysburg, Oliio, probably 1845-53 ; was professor of mathematics in Kalamazoo college, Michigan, 1853-63, and in the State University of Michigan, 1863-87. He was president of the Baptist state convention, 1875-79, and treasurer, 1879-87. He received the degree A.M. from Madison university in 1853 and that of LL.D. from Kalamazoo college in 1874. He was married. May 7, 1850, to Sarah E. Hun- tington. He is the author of Olney's Arithmetic. He died in Ann Arbor, Mich., Jan. 16, 1887. OLNEY, George Washington, journalist, was born in Cliarleston, S.C. June 5, 1835 ; son of George Washington and Olive (Bartlett) Olney; grandson of Stephen Olney of North Providence, R.I., an officer of the army of the Revolution, and a descendant of Thomas Olney, one of the original settlers of Rhode Island with Roger Williams, and first colonial treasurer. He was educated in the private schools of Charleston and in the University grammar school. Providence, R.I., and was graduated from Harvard Law school in 1855. He was one of the publisliers of the New York Daily Day Book, 1858-61, and during the civil war was correspondent in the south for the Richmond Enquirer and the Charleston Courier, 1861-63. Returning to New York city, he was dramatic writer for the New York Herald in 1866 ; editorial writer for the New York World, 1868-76, and in 1873 engaged in insurance journalism as editor of the Spectator. He was managing editor of the Weekly Under- ivriter, 1878-99, and became editor-in-chief in 1899. He became editor of the World Almanac in 1870 ; was elected vice-president of the Under- writer Printing and Publishing Co., New York, in 1899 ; secretary of the Society of The Cincin- nati in the state of Rhode Island in 1897; a fellow of the Royal Statistical society of Great Britain in 1897, and a fellow of the American Statistical association in 1893. He is the author of several statistical works. OLNEY, Richard, cabinet officer, w-as born in Oxford, Mass., Sept. 15, 1835; son of Wilson and Eliza (Butler) Olney ; descendant of Thomas Olney, who came to Salem, Mass., in 1635. from Hertfordshire, England, and was one of the founders of the Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in 1637-8, and also of Andrew Sigourney, a French Huguenot, who was one of the first settlers of Oxford, Mass., in 1687. Richard Olney Avas graduated at Brown university in 1856, and at Harvard Law school in 1858. He was admitted to the bar in 1859. practiced law in Boston with Benjamin F. Thomas, 1859-78, and after the death of Judge Thomas in 1878. continued by himself. He was married. March 6, 1861, to Agnes Park, daughter of Judge Tlioraas. He was a Democratic repre- sentative in the Massachusetts legislature of 1874 ; served in the cabinet of President Cleveland as OLSSEN ONDERDONK attorney-general from :\Iarch 6, 1803, to June 8, 1895. and as secretary of state from June 10, 1895, to Marcli 4. 1897. In March, 1897, lie resumed the practice of law in Boston. He received tlie hon- orary degree of LL.D. from Harvard in 1893, from Brown in 1894, and from Yale in 1901, OLSSEN, William Whlttlngham, educator, was Ixnii in Xi>w York city, May 11. 1827', son of Edward Jones and Abigail Ann (Cronin) Olssen, and grandson of James Olssen of Copenliagen, Denmark, and liis wife Mary Ann Jones of Bristol, England. He was prepared for college by the Rev. Robert \V. Harris, D.D., at White Plains, N.Y., and was graduated at Columbia college, A.B.. 1846, A.M., 1850, and at the General Theolo- gical seminary in 1849. He was admitted to tlie diaconate in Holy Trinity church, Brooklyn, N.Y., by Bishop Whittingham, July 1, 1849 ; was a missionary at Pratts villa, N.Y., 1849-50, and was ordainei). He assisted in the prep- aration of dictionaries, contributed to scientific journals, and is the author of memoirs of Thomas Sarj (1834), and of Charles A. Lesueur (1849). He was a member of the Linnaean society of London ; a vice-president of the American Phil- osophical society and president of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1851-58. He left more than $16,000 to the Pennsylvania hospi- tal, for the benefit of the insane, and also bequeathed his scientific librarj- to the College of Pliysicians and Surgeons, Philadelphia. He died in Philadelphia. Pa., Jan 24, 1866. ORDWAY, Alfred, painter, was born in Rox- bury, Mass., March 9, 1821 ; sou of Thomas and Jerusha (Currier) Ordway ; grandson of Dr. Samuel Ord- way ; and a descend- ant of James and Ann (Emery) Ord- way. Alfred Ordway attended the public schools of Lowell, IMass.. and began tlie study of art at an early age. He open- ed a studio in Bos- ton, Ma.ss., in 1845, where he was one of the founders of the Boston Art club in 1854. its first secretary and treasurer, its president in 1859. and its coiTesponding secretary in 1866. ' i'f/yy / // He was also curator of the annual exhibition of paintings at the Boston Athenaeum, 1856-63. He resided in New York city, 1866-67, where he was ofticially connected with the National Acad- emy of Design, and he also spent a short time in Virginia. He was one of the founders of the Paint and Clay club, wiiicii organization gave him a banquet in March, 1896, on the occasion of his seventy-sixth birthday. His specialty was portraiture, but during tlie latter part of his life he devoted himself to landscape painting and was a frequent exhibitor in Boston. He was married March 19, 1860, to Annie Hill of Boston, Mass. He died at Melrose Highlands, Mass., Nov. 17, 1897. ORDWAY, John Morse, chemist, was born in Amesbury, Mass., April 23, 1823; son of Samuel and Sally (Morse) Ordwaj", and a descendant of James Ordway, a native of Wales, whoemigrated from England to America in 1648, and settled in Newbury, IMass. , where he married Ann Emery. John served an apprenticeship with a chemist, 1836-39, was graduated at Dartmouth college A.B. 1844, A.M. 1847, and then engaged in the stud}- of medicine. He was manager of chemi- cal works in Lowell, Mass., 1840-47 ; superintend- ent of the Roxbury Color and Chemical company at Roxbury, Mass., 1847-51, and 1854-58, and principal of Grand River college, at Edinburg, Mo., 1851-54. He was chemist at the Hughesdale Chemical works, Johnston, R.I., 1858-60; chemist, manager and superintendent of the Man- chester Print works, Manchester, N.H., 1860-66 ; superintendent of the Bayside Alkali works, South Boston, Mass., 1866-74, and chemist to tiie Hughesdale Chemical works at Johnston, R.I,, 1866-69, spending alternate days at the two places. He was professor of industrial chemistry and metallurgy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1869-84 ; chairman of the faculty 1877-82, and performed most of the duties of president there, while continuing his regular work. He was also an instructor of biology in Boston university, 1876-80. He was professor of applied chemistry and director of the manual training department of Tulane university. New Orleans, La., 1884-97, organized and instructed the class in biology, 1886-90, and was an instructor in engineering, 1891-97. He became professor of biology in Newcomb college for women, a branch of Tulane university, on its organization in 1886, and held it from that year. He was elected a member of various scientific societies, and was chairman of the chemical section of the .American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1880. His investigations were principally in the direction of original researches in various branches of industrial chemistry for private cor- porations. In 1882 lie visited Europe and in- 0-REGAN O'REILLY vestigated the methods of industrial education. He was married, Jan. 26, 1854, to Virginia C, daughter of Milton Moore of Missouri. She died in 1860. He was married secondly in 1864, to Mrs. Charlotte H. Mauross, daughter of Chauucy Royce of Connecticut. After her death in 1874, he was married thirdly to Evelyn M., daughter of Jolin B. Walton of Massachusetts. She was his assistant at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology and subsequently became professor of chemistry in the H. Sophie Newcomb college, Tulane university, New Orleans, La. He con- tributed to the American Journal of Science, the Proceedings of tlie American Institute of Mechan- ical Engineers, and other scientific and educa- tional periodicals, and is the author of Plantarum Ordinum Indicator (1881). O'REGAN, Anthony, R.C. bishop, was born at Lavalleyroe, near Cloufad, diocese of Tuam, Ireland, in 1809. He attended Maynooth college, 1826-34 ; was ordained sub-deacon, 1832, deacon, 1833, priest in November, 1834. He was professor in the archiepiscopal college of St. Jarlith's, at Tuam, 1834-44, and president of the college, 1844- 49. At the invitation of Archbishop P. R. Ken- riek of St. Louis he came to America in 1849, and was superior and professor of theology and sacred scrii^tures in the Theological Seminary, of St. Louis, at Carondelet, Mo., 1849-54. In 1854 he was appointed the third bishop of Chicago, 111. He declined the appointment and returned the documents to Rome, but they were again sent to him and he was consecrated in the Cathedral of St. Louis, July 25, 1854, by Archbishop Kenrick assisted by Bishops Van de Velde, Henni and Lovas. The diocese of Chicago was established Nov. 28, 1843, and in 1854 had but few churches and priests and no religious insti- tutions. His administration extended also over the diocese of Quincy. until it was transfer- red to Alton, Jan. 9, 1857. He prudently purchased lands upon which the ecclesiastical structures of the diocese were afterward built, and intro- duced the Jesuit and Redemptorist fathers into the diocese ; but his administration was not successful, owing to a jealousy between CATHEDRAL OF THE HOLY NAME. the Irish and French Catholics, who were at the time about equally divided in the diocese. In 1856 he went to Rome and petitioned the pope to accept his resignation which was granted, May 3, 1858. He received the titular see of "Dora," June 25, 1858, and resided at Michael's Grove, Brompton, London, England, until his death. He left his theological library to the diocese of Chicago on his resignation, and at his death $10,000 to the Roman Catholic Mis- sionary College of All Hallows, Dublin, to be used for educating young priests for the dioceses of Chicago and Alton, and $2,500 towards the erection of a hospital in Chicago, 111. He died in London, England, Nov. 13, 1866. O'REILLY, Bernard, R.C. bishop, was born in the townland of Cunnareen, parisli of Columb- kill, county Longford, Ireland, in March, 1803. He left Ireland for America, Jan. 11, 1825 ; pre- pared for the priesthood in the Seminarie de Theologie, Montreal, Canada, and at St. Mary's college, Baltimore, Md., and was ordained priest in New York city, Oct. 13, 1831. His first mission was in St. James's church, Brooklyn, where in 1832 he was twice stricken with the cholera while attending the sick and dying. He was appointed pastor of St. Patrick's churcli in Rochester, N.Y., in December, 1832. the parish extending from Auburn to Niagara Falls. In 1847 he was ap- pointed by Bishop Timon vicar-general of the diocese of Buffalo, where he was president of the Seminary of Our Lady of Angels, and director of the Buffalo Hospital of the Sisters of Charity. He answered several attacks made on the hospital by the Rev. John C. Lord, D.D., a Presbyterian clergyman, and his articles : "Catholicity the Friend of Civil and Religious Lib- erty ; " " Presbyter- ianism the Enemy of Civil and Religious Liberty," and "The Catholic Church, tlie Church of Christ," closed the discussion. He was appointed the second bishop of Hart= ford. Conn., to suc= ceed Bishop Tyler, who died June 18, 1849, was conse- crated in St. Patrick's church, Rochester, N.Y., Nov. 10, 1850, by Bishop Tinion, assisted by Bishops McCloskey and Fitzpatrick, and was in- stalled in St. Joseph's cathedral. Nov 17, 1850. He built new cliurches and educational and char- itable institutions, introduced the Sisters of Mercv into the diocese and made rapid progress in spite of ^4Va4cl^' OREILLE O'KEILLY violent opposition. In 1855 when St. Francis Xuvier'8 Convent of Mercy at Providence, R.I., was surrounded bj- a mob who threatened violence to the inmates, Bishop O'Reilly faced them, and by his determined attitude caused tlie mob to disperse without doing harm. He visited Europe in December, 1855, to secure a colony of brothers to take charge of liis schools, and paid a last visit to his parents in Ireland. He embarked for the United States in the ship Pacific in May, 1856, wlucli was never heard from again. O'REILLY, Bernard, protlionotary apostolic, was born in the Parish of Cughall, near Westport, county Mayo, Ireland, Sept. 29, 1820. He im- migrated to Canada in boyhood, was educated for tlie priesthood in the Seminary of Quebec, and was ordained priest Sept. 11, 1842, in the parish church at Nicolet, Can., by Archbishop Joseph Signay of Quebec. For several years he was en- gaged in mission work in Canada, where he de- voted himself to the Irish families who immigra- ted there during the famine of 1848, and also to promoting a plan for Irish colonization. He went to New York city, became professor of rhetoric in St. John's college, Fordham, 1851, and after studying in Europe, became an assistant in St. Francis Xavier's churcli, New York city. He was nominated domestic prelate of the papal throne, Sept. 15, 1887, and protlionotary apostolic of the archdiocese of New York, Sept. 29, 1892. He traveled in Europe, and was selected by Pius IX. to write the official life of Pope Leo XIH. He is the author of Mirror of True Woman- hood {1816); Life of Pius IX. (1877); Triie Men (1878); Key of Heaven (1878); Hie Two Brides, a novel (1879); Life of Loo XIII. (1887). O'REILLY, John Boyle, author, was born at DdWtli Castle, near Drogheda, county Meath, Ireland, June 28, 1844, son of William David and Eliza (Boyle) O'Reil- ly. He was educat- ed under his father, a noted mathemati- cian and master of the Nettleville In- stitute at Dowth Castle for thirty-five years, and in 1855 entered tlie office of the Argus in Drog- heda, where he learn- ed the printer's trade. He also learned short- hand, and removing to England served as a reporter. Becoming imbued with the revolutionary spirit tlien gaining ground in Ireland, he joineil in lsfi:J tlie 4tli Hus- sars, known as the " Prince of Wales'.^ Own," and ?;^?^ .A. |i^l3^^te(^ stationed in Dublin, Ireland, for the purpose of stirring up rebellion among the large proportion of Irishmen in tliat division of tlie Englisli army. When his connection with the Fenian Brotherhood was discovered, he was arrested, tried for treason June 26, 1866, and sentenced to be shot ; but tins sentence wascommuteil to life imprisonment, and finally to twenty years" penal servitude in English prisons. While at Dartmoor, from which he tried to escape, he helped to raise a crude pile of stones over the bodies of the French and American prisoners who had met their fate fifty years before. He was despatched to Australia with other political prisoners in November, 1867. and in 1868, through a young Maori girl, sent a letter to Father Patrick McCabe at Bunbui-y, AVest Australia, who labored for his escape. The i)riest arranged with Capt. Gifford, of the Gazelle of New Bedford, Mass., who after repeated adventures and escapes to save his passenger, had him trans- ferred to different vessels, until he was landed in Philadelphia, Pa., by t\\Q Bombay in November, 1869. O'Reilly was admitted to citizenship in Philadelphia, removed to New York city, and later to Boston. He lectured extensively on the wrongs of Ireland. He resumed his journalistic career in connection with the Boston Pilot in 1870, followed the Fenian raid into Canada for that periodical, and in 1874 purchased the Pilot with Archbishop Williams of Boston, and was the manager and editor-in-chief until his death. In 1877 he helped effect the rescue of six of his former fellows deported as felons to Australia, the effort costing him $25,000. He was elected recording secretary of the Catholic Union of Boston, from its beginning, and was a member of its executive committee ; a founder of the Papyrus club, and a member of the St. Botolph club. He was married, Aug. 15, 1872, to Mary Agnes Smiley, daughter of John and Jane (Smiley) Murphy of Cliarlestown, Mass. She was a writer of ability, and died, Nov. 22, 1897. He received the degree LL.D. from the University of Notre Dame in 1881, and from the University of Georgetown. D.C., in 1889. He was poet at the dedication of the Pilgrim monument at Plymouth, Mass., Aug. 1, 1889. He contributed to the American magazines, and to the magazine of Oxford university, England, and is the author of: Songs of tlie Southern Seas (1873); Songs, Legends and Ballads (1878); Statues in the Block (1881); 7/1 Bohemia (1886), and had in preparation The Country ivith a Roof, an allegory dealing with certain faults in the American social S5'stem ; Tlie Evolution of Straight Weapons, and a work on the material resources of Ireland. A monument was erected to his memory in the Fenway, Boston. Mass., and unveiled by his daughter, Blanid O'Reilly, June O'REILLY ORMSBY 20, 1S96. Busts of the poet were also placed in the Catholic university of America at Washing- ton, D.C., and in the Boston public library, where an alcove of Celtic literature was also established to commemorate him. He died at his summer residence, Hull, Mass., Aug. 10, 1890. O'REILLY, Patrick Thomas, R.C. bishop, was born at Kill, county Caven, Ireland, Dec. 24, 1833, son of Philip and Mary O'Reilly. He came to the United States in 1847, where a wealthy uncle in Boston, Mass., paid for his theological education in St. Charles college, EUicott City, Md., 1853-53, and in St. Mary's seminary, Balti- more, Md., 1853-57. He was ordained Aug. 15, 1857, by Bishop Bacon, of Portland. He was pastor of St. John's church, Worcester, Mass., 1857-62 ; organized and served St. Joseph's parish in Boston, Mass., 1862-64, and was pastor of St. John's church in Worcester, 1864-70. He was elected bishop of the newly organized diocese of Springfield. Mass., June 28, 1870, and was con- secrated at St. Michael's church (afterward cathedral) Springfield, Mass., Sept. 25, 1870, by Archbishop John McCloskey of New York, assisted by Bishops Williams and Conroy. The twentietli anniversary of his episcopate was celebrated in his cathedral in 1890. He died in Springfield, Mass., May 28, 1892. ORMAN, James Bradley, governor of Colorado, was born in Muscatine, Iowa, Nov. 4, 1849 ; son of John and Sarah Josephine (Bradley) Orman. He attended the common school, worked on his father's farm and in 1869 engaged in business with his brother, William A. Or- man, as a contractor in rail- road building, his work extending tlirough the whole western country, and em- bracing the most prominent railroads and irrigating canals of that region. He also accumulated valuable mineral and coal lands and real estate in Pueblo, Denver and Trinidad. He made his home in Pueblo, where he was mar- ried, Sept. 27, 1877, to Nellie, daughter of William P. Martin. He was president of the electric rail- way of that city ; a member of the city council ; a Democratic representative in the state legisla- ture, 1880-84 ; received twenty-seven votes on joint ballot for U.S. senate in 1883, there being only twenty -two Democratic votes ; declined the Democratic nomination for governor of Colorado in 1888 and 1890 ; was a delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1892 ; and mayor of Pueblo, 1897-98. He was nominated for governor of Colorado by the Democratic party and endorsed by the Populists and Silver Repub- licans, being elected by a large majority in the fall of 1900 for the term expiring Jan. 10, 1903. f. ^'tt-otx^^ Ck^y^A^^-*^ ORMSBEE, Ebenezer Jolls, governor of Ver- mont, was born in Shoreham, Vt., June 8, 1834; son of John Mason and Polly (Willson) Ormsbee. He was educated in the academies at Brandon and South Woodstock, worked on his father's farm and taught school. He studied law in the office of Briggs & Nicholson, Brandon, Vt., 1857- 61 ; was admitted to the bar in 1861; enlisted in the Allen Grays of Brandon, in April, 1861 ; joined the 1st Vermont vol- unteers ; was commis- sioned 2d lieutenant, April 25, 1861, and served three months. He re-enlisted in the 12th Vermont volun- teers for two years, was promoted captain, Sept. 22, 1862, and served under Gen. George J. Stannard in the 3d brigade, 3d division, 1st army corps. Army of the Potomac, and distin- guished himself at Gettj'sburg. He was mustered out a second time, July 14, 1863, and in 1864 en- gaged in the practice of law at Brandon, Vt., ia partnership with his preceptors. He was assistant U.S. internal revenue assessor for the district of Vermont, 1868-72 ; state's attorney for Rutland county, 1870-74 ; a Republican representative from Brandon in the state legislature in 1872, and a state senator in 1878. He was a trustee of the Vermont Reform school, 1880-84 ; lieutenant- governor of the state, 1884-86, and governor of Vermont, 1886-88. In 1891 he was appointed by President Harrison, chairman of the commission to treat with the Paiute Indians at Pyramid Lake, Nev., for the cession of apart of their reservation, and also U.S. land commissioner at Samoa, serving at the latter post until 1893, when he returned to Brandon and resumed his law prac- tice. He was married in 1862 to Jennie L., daughter of the Hon. E. N. Briggs of Brandon, Vt., and secondly in 1867 to Mrs. Frances Daven- port, daughter of William L. Wadhams of West- port, N.Y. ORMSBY, Stephen, representative, was born in Virginia in 1765. He received a liberal education, was admitted to the bar and settled in practice in Jefferson circuit, Kentucky. He served in the early Indian wars, and as a brigade-major under Gen. Josiah Harmar in the campaign of 1790. He was clerk of the circuit and county courts for several years, and became one of the first judges of the district court for Jefferson county, Dec. 19, 1791, and of the circuit court, Dec. 24, 1802. ORMSBY ORR lie was a presidential elector on the Adams and JeflFersou ticket in 1797, and a representative in the 12th, 13th and 14th congresses, 1811-15. He was defeated for the 13th congress in 1813 by Jolin Simpson, who was killed at the battle of tlie River Raisin. Jan. 23, 1813, before taking his seat, and Ormsby succeeded him. He was active in promoting tlie educational welfare of the state, and died in Louisville. Ky.. Sept. 6, 1846. ORMSBY, Waterman Lilly, engraver, was born in Hampton, Windluim county, Conn., in 1 809. He attended the public school of Hampton, removed to New York city, where he learned the engraver's art and devoted himself to bank note engraving. He invented several ruling machines, transfer presses, and the grammagraph for en- graving on steel. He was tiie founder of the Continental Bank Note company, executed large contracts for the U.S. treasury, and almost wljoily designed the five-dollar note, intended to prevent counterfeiting. He is credited with liaving aided S. F. B. Morse in preparing the Morse telegraphic alphabet, and in transmitting messages at the first public exhibition of the telegraph in New York city. He is the author of: Ormsby Bank Xote Engraving (1852). He died in Brooklyn, N.Y., Nov. 1, 1883. ORNE, Azor, patriot, was born in Marble- liead. Mass., July 22, 1731 ; son of Joshua and Sarah (Gale) Orne ; grandson of Joshua and Elizabeth (Norman) Orne, and of Azor Gale, and a descendant of John Orne, or Horn, who emigrated from England, probabh- in the fleet with Winthrop, settled in Salem, Mass., in 1630, was made freeman in 1631, and was deacon of the First cliurch of Salem for fifty years. Azor Orne was a prosperous merchant at the outbreak of the Revolution, and earlj- joined the patriot cause. He was a representative to the General Court in 1773 ; a delegate to the Essex conven- tion and to the Provincial congress of 1774, and a member of the committees of safety, military affairs, organization of forces, and on the collect- ing of arms and ammunition. He was elected judge of the general court in 1775, and was appointed one of three major-generals of Massa- chusetts militia bv the Provincial congress in January, 1776. He was a representative in the Hartford convention of Nov. 11, 1780, and was a member of the committee that prepared a circular to set fortli the necessity of providing for revenue by a sj-stem of taxation. He also loaned the government a large amount of money, and was a member of the convention that framed the state constitution in 1780. and of the convention tliat adopted the Federal constitution in 1788 ; was a member of the council. 17f^8-96, and a presidential elfctor in 1792. He served in the state senate where he strongly advocated the public school system. He was married first to Mary Coleman, and secondly to Mary (Lee) Orne, widow of his brother. Col. Joshua Orne, and sister of Col. Jere- miah Lee. He died in Boston, Mass., June 6, 1796. ORR, Alexander Dairy mple, representative, was born at Alexandria, Va., in 1765. He was a pioneer settler of Kentuckj-, and at an early period settled in Bourbon, afterward Mason county, on the Ohio river, where he built the first brick house erected in the county. He repre- sented Bourbon county in the Virginia legislature in 1790, was elected with Cristopher Greenup to represent Kentucky on its admission as a state, in the 2d, 3d and 4th congresses, 1791-97. He was also elected to the Kentucky senate in 1793. He died in Paris, Ky., June 21, 1835. ORR, James Lawrence, governor of South Carolina, was born in Craytonville, Anderson county, S.C, May 12, 1822 ; son of Christopher and Martha (McCann) Orr ; grandson of John and Jane B. (Chickscale) Orr, and a descendant of Humphrey Orr, a native of Ireland, who .settled in Plumstead. Bucks county. Pa., in 1730. James Lawrence Orr served as a clerk in his father's store ; was graduated at the University of Vir- ginia in 1842, studied law under Judge Whitner,. and was admitted to the bar in 1843. He settled in practice m Anderson, S.C, was married to Mary J. Marshall, and became editor of the Anderson Gazette. He was a Democratic repre- sentative in the state legislature, 1844-46, and a representative in the 31st, 32d, 33d, 34th and 35th congresses, 1849-59. He served as chairman of the committee of the whole on the state of the Union, and of the committee on Indian affairs, and was. speaker of the house during the 35th congress. He opposed secession and the compromise measures of Henry Claj-. and in 1851, as a member of the Southern Rights convention in Cliarleston, S.C, succeeded in defeating. the secession ordinance framed by that body, al- though he maintained the right of a state to secede. He was a delegate to the state secession convention of 1800, and finally cast his lot with his native state. He was one of the three com- missioners sent to Washington in December, 1860, to treat for the surrender of the U.S. forts in Charleston harbor and of other property to the state. On liis return he raised a rifle regiment, and com- manded it in battle until 1862, when he was elected to the Confederate States senate, serving until tlie close of the Confederate government. He was elected governor of South Carolina by the Republican party, under President John-son's plan of recon- struction in 1865, and served until 1868. He was ORR ORTH a delegate to the Constitutional Union convention at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1866; judge of the 8th circuit of South Carolina, 1870-73, and a delegate to the Republican national convention in 1872. He was appointed U.S. minister to Russia by President Grant, as successor to Andrew G. Cur- tin, who resigned in August, 1872, and he served from March, 1873, until his death in St. Peters- burg, Russia, May 5, 1873. ORR, John, educator, was born in Chester district, S.C, Aug. 12, 1820; eldest son of William and Isabella (Ervin) Orr ; and grandson of John and Rosanna (Cameron) Orr, John Orr being a graduate of Dublin university, Ireland. He was graduated at Miami university, Oxford, Ohio, A.B., 1845 ; A.M., 1848, and was professor of ancient languages in the Macon Masonic col- lege at Macon, Tenn., which was founded in Fayette county in 1849, ti'ansferred to Clarks- ville, Montgomery county, Tenn. soon after, became known as Stewart college in 1855 and as the Southwestern Presbyterian university in 1875. He was president of the college, 1851-53. Prior to the civil war he removed to Greene county, Ohio, where he was elected principal of the schools at Cedarville, and he was clerk of courts of Greene county, 1864-82. He died at Xenia. Ohio, Dec. 30, 1883. ORR, John William, wood engraver, was bom in Ireland, March 31, 1815. He was brought to New York in 1816 by his parents, who settled in Buffalo, where he attended school. In 1836 he removed to New York city and studied wood engraving in the studio of William Redfield, re- ceiving a silver medal from the Mechanics in- stitute for the best wood engraving in 1837. He engaged as an engi-aver in Buffalo, N. Y., 1837-42 ; in Albany, N.Y., 1842-44, where he made engrav- ings to illustrate the state reports on geology, and in New York city, 1884-87. He established an engraving business, which held front rank for over a quarter of a century, and brought the art of wood engraving to public notice by extensive advertising, new inventions and able assistants, who represented the most skilled English, French and German engravers. His first work of im- portance was the frontispieces for Harper's Illus- trated Shakespeare. He received a gold medal in 1842 from the New York State Agricultural society for the best wood cuts representing do- mestic animals. He edited The American Odd Felloio, 1862-71. He died in Jersey City, N.J., March 4, 1887. CRT, Samuel Alfred, educator, was born at Lewistown, Mifflin county, Pa., Nov. 11, 1843 ; son of Samuel and £;hristina Ort ; grandson of John Ort, and a descendant of German and Huguenot families. His grandparents immigrated to America from Germany and settled near Lewis- town, Pa., in 1780. Samuel Alfred Ort was pre- pared for college in Kishacoquillas seminary, near Lewistown, 1853-56, and was graduated at Wittenberg college, Springfield, Ohio, A.B., 1863 ; A.M., 1869. He studied at the Theological school of Wittenberg college ; was a tutor in the preparatory department, 1863-65 ; pastor of the Lutheran church at Findlay, Ohio, 1865-68, and teacher of Latin and literature in Hagerstown Female seminary, 1868-69. He returned to Wit- tenberg college as a tutor in 1869, and was pro- fessor of mathematics, belles lettres, English literature and logic, 1870-74. He had charge of the Lutheran mission at Louisville, Ky., 1874-79, where he erected a church, which was completed in 1875, and was pastor of St. James church. New York city, 1879-80. In 1880 he was elected pro- fessor of theology in Wittenberg college ; became president of the college and Frederick Gilbert professor of Christian theology and mental phil- osophy in 1882, and professor of systematic the- ology in the seminary in 1884. He retired from the presidency in 1900, being succeeded by the Rev. J. M. Ruthrauff ; was elected dean but re- tained his professorships, and on the death of President Ruthrauff in 1902 became acting presi- dent of the college. Under his supervision a new college building was begun and built at a cost of $67,000, which stands as a monument to his per- severance and labor; also a young woman's hall, a gymnasium and Hamnia divinity liall. He was a delegate to the General synod of the Lu- theran church from 1873, secretary of the synod, 1873-79, and president of that body at Omaha, Neb., in 1887. He received the degree D.D. from Wittenberg college in 1877. and LL.D. in 1893. He was married in 1875 to Anna, daughter of W. W. and Mary A. Senteny of Louisville. Ky. He was prominent as a lecturer, contributed to reviews and edited the Lutheran Evangelist at Spring- field, Ohio, 1881-85. He published several lec- tures and pamphlets, and is the author of : Tlie Pre-eminence of the Spiritual (1884), and Christ, the Completeness of Man (1886). ORTH, Qodlove Steiner, representative, was born in Lebanon, Pa., April 22, 1817 ; son of God- love and Sarah (Steiner) Orth ; grandson of Bal- zer, Jr., and Rosina (Kucher) Orth, and great- grandson of Balzer Orth, a Moravian, who emi- grated from Germany to Lancaster county. Pa., with Count Zinzendorf, and was settled in Leba- non in 1730. Balzer Orth, Jr., served in the Revolutionary war, and had charge of the Hes- sian prisoners after the battle of Trenton. God- love Steiner Orth was graduated at Pennsylvania college ; studied law in the office of James Cooper, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. He settled in practice in Lafayette. Ind.; was a mem- ber of the Indiana senate, 1843-48, and became ORTON ORION president of that body. He was a candidate for elector on the Taylor and Fillmore ticket in 1848, and was appointed one of the live commissioners fr<»in Indiana to the Peace conference of 18G1. He entered tiie U.S. army in 180'3, as captain of llie 7Gtli Indiana volunteers, which he had re- cruited, and was placed in command of the U.S. ram Honier on the Ohio river. He was a Repub- lican representative from the ninth district of Indiana in the 38th, 39th, 40th and 41st con- gresses, 1863-71, and served on important com- mittees, including that on foi'eign relations. He was a representiitive from the state-at-large in tiie -i^id congress, 1873-75 ; was instrumental in securing the right of expatriation ; active in be- half of the annexation of Santo Domingo, and in reorganizing the diplomatic and consular system. He was recommended by the entire senate and house as U.S. minister to Berlin, in 1871, but President Grant decided to make no change. He declined a commissionership of internal revenue antl accepted the appointment as U.S. minister to Austria in 1875, having previously declined the mission to Brazil. He resigned liis mission in 187G, upon his nomination as Republican candi- date for governor of Indiana, Feb. 22, 1876, and made the canvass for that office, but on Aug. 2, 1876, withdrew his name in favor of Benjamin Harrison, who was nominated and defeated. He receivt^d the votes of fifty-nine Republican legis. lators for U.S. senator, Jan. 24, 1879, when Daniel W. V(jorhees was elected. He was a Republican representative from the ninth district in the 46th and 47th congresses, 1879-82, and was defeated for the 48th congress in 1882. He w-as married first, in 1840, to Sarah Elizabeth Miller of Gettys- burg, Pa., and secondly, Aug. 28, 1850, to Mary A. Ayers of La Fayette, Ind. He died in La Fay- ette. Ind.. Dec. 16. 1882. ORTON, Edward Francis Baxter, educator, was V>orn in Deposit, N.Y., March 9, 1829 ; son of the Rev. Dr. Samuel George and Clara (Gregory) Orton ; grandson of Miles Orton, a soldier in the war of 1812, and a descendant, through Samuel Orton, one of the fifty-one colonists who settled in Litchfield county. Conn., of Thomas and Mar- garet (Pratt) Orton. Thomas Orton came to Massachusetts Bay colony before 1641 ; settled in Windsor, Conn., and removed to Farmingcon, Conn., in 1655. Dr. Samuel G. Orton was gradu- ated at Hamilton college, 1822, and was a Pres- byterian minister in western New York for fifty years. Edward Orton was fitted for college by his father, and was giaduated at Hamilton college, A.B., 1848, A.M., 1851. He was assistant in the academy at Erie, N.Y., 1848-49 ; private tutor, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1849-.50 ; a student at Lane Theological seminary. 1849-50 : assistant at Delaware Literary institute, Franklin, N.Y"., 1851-54 ; student at Lawrence Scientific school, Harvai'd, 1852, and at Andover Theological sem- inary, 1854-55. He was ordained to the Presby- terian ministry, Jan. 2, 1856 ; was professor of natural science. State Normal school, Albany, N.Y\, 1856-59; princi- pal of the academy at Chester, N.Y., 1859- 65 ; principal of the preparatory depart- ment and professor of natural history, An- tioch college, Ohio, 1865-69 ; assistant state geologist, Ohio, 1869-75 ; president of Antioch college, 1872- 73, and of the Ohio State Agricultural college (Ohio State university) 1873-81 ; professor of geology in Oliio State university, 1873-99, and state geologist of Ohio, 1882-99. Orton Hall, one of the chief buildings of the university, w^as named for him. He was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and its president, 1899, and corresponding and honorary member of various scientific associa- tions in the United States and Europe. He helped to organize and was president of the Ohio State Sanitary association, 1884-85, and of the Geological Society of America, 1896. The degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by Hamilton in 1876, and that of LL.D. by Ohio State university in 1881. He served on the U.S. geological survey, and his report appears in the " Eighth Annual Report " ; on the Kentucky State survey, and his report on the petroleum and gas fields of western Kentucky was published in a separate volume. He was married first, in 1855, to Mary M. Jennings of Franklin, N.Y''., who died in 1873, leaving two sons and two daughters ; and sec- ondly, in 1875, to Anna Davenport Torrey of Millbury, Mass., and of the two children by this marriage the son was given the ancestral name of Samuel. He is the author of many scientific reports and addresses, and of : Economic Geology of 0/ijo( 1883-88) ; Petroleum and Injlammahle Gas (1887). He died in Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 16, 1899. ORTON, James, naturalist, was born in Seneca Falls, N.Y\. April 21, 1830 ; son of the Rev. Azar- iah Giles and Minerva (Squire) Orton ; grandson of Azariah and Abigail (Jackson) Orton, and a de- scendant of Thomas and Margaret (Pratt) Orton. Azariah G. Orton. Williams, 1813 ; Princeton The- ological seminary, 1820 ; D.D., University of New Y'ork, 1847 ; Union college, 1850, was a Presbj-- terian minister, 1822-60, and died in Lisle, N.Y''., ORTOX OSBON Dec. 28, 1864. James Orton was graduated at Williams in 1855, and at Andover Theological seminary in 1858. He was married in 1859 to Ellen E. Foote of AVilliamstown, Mass. He traveled in Europe, 1859-60 ; was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian church, Greene, N.Y., July 11, 18G0 ; was pastor at Thomaston, Maine, 1861- 63, and at Brighton, N.Y., 1863-69. He developed a strong interest in natural history, and while in college successfully conducted a students' expedi- tion to Labrador. He was instructor in natural history at the University of Rochester, N.Y., 1866-69 ; conducted a scientific expedition to South America under the auspices of Williams college in 1867, and was professor of natural hist- ory in Vassar college, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1869- 77. He made a second expedition to South Amer- ica in 1873, crossing the continent from Para to Lima by Lake Titicaca, and in 1876, owing to pulmonary trouble, returned to the high plateau regions of Peru and Bolivia, and in the spring of 1877 undertook the exploration of tlie Beni river, a large tributary of the Amazon. He had in view a preliminary survey for a railroad to con- nect the navigable waters of the Amazons with the railroad that had been already built from the Pacific coast to La Paz, Bolivia. He was forced, however, to turn back, reaching the eastern shore of Lake Titicaca on Sept. 24, 1877, and died while crossing to the other side. He brought to the United States the first fossils ever reported from the stratified rocks of the Amazon valley, and became one of the highest authorities on the central region of South America. He was a member of numerous scientific societies in the United States and Europe, and his discoveries were second only to those of Alexander Von Humbolt. He contributed articles on the natural history of Soutli America to scientific journals and to the transactions of societies, and is the author of : Miners' Guide and Metallurgists' Directory (1849): 77ie Proverhalist and the Poet (1852): Tlie Andes and the Amazon (1870); Un- derground Treasures and How to Find Tlierii (1872); The Liberal Education ofWomen (1873), and Comparative Zoology (1875). He died on Lake Titicaca, Peru, Sept. 25, 1877, and was buried on an island in the lake. ORTON, William, publisher and financier, was born in Cuba, N.Y., June 14, 1826 ; son of Horatio and Sarah (Carson) Orton ; grandson of John and Ruth (Norton) Orton ; great-grandson of Samuel and Ruth (Mason) Orton, and a descen- dant of Thomas and Margaret (Pratt) Orton. William Orton was graduated at the State Nonnal school, Albany, N.Y., in 1847, and engaged in teaching school until 1850, when he was married to Agnes J. Gillespie of Buffalo. N.Y., and entered the employ of George Derby & Co., VIII. — 10 publishers, taking charge of the business in Geneva, N.Y. On the death of George Derby in 1852, the firm became Derby, Orton & Co. In 1856 the business, as Miller, Orton & Co., was transferred to New York city and in 1857 went into liquidation. Mr. Orton subsequently became managing clerk for J. G. Gregory & Co., publish- ers ; was appointed collector of internal revenue for the sixth district of New York by President Lincoln in 1862, and U.S. commissioner of internal revenue, with headquarters at Washington. D.C., in 1865. He resigned this office after a few months, to accept the presidency of the United States Telegraph company, and after the consoli- dation of that corporation with the Western Union Telegraph company in 1866. was vice- president, 1866-67, and president from 1867 up to the time of his death. He established the Jour- nal of Telegrajjhy in 1867, and secured for the Western Union Telegraph company a monopoly of telegraph lines in the United States, making the earnings of the company very large. He died in New York city, April 22. 1878. OSBON, Bradley Sillick, naval officer, was born in Rye, N.Y., Aug. 16, 1828 ; eldest son of the Rev. Abiathar Mann and Elizabeth Esmond (Sillick) Osbon ; grandson of William and Han- nah (Mann) Osbon and of the Rev. Bradley and Mary (Pattison) Sillick, and a descendant of the Osbournes, who came from Normandy to England in the time of William tlie Conqueror. Four Osborne brothers came to America shortly after the arrival of the Mayfloiver, and settled in Massachusetts. His father (1808-1882) was a Methodist clergyman. The son went to sea on a merchant vessel in 1838 ; visited a majority of the ports and islands of the globe and nearly all the islands in the Pacific ocean ; spent one sum- mer in the Antarctic and two winters in the Arctic ocean ; served in the Chinese navy as cox- swain, and in the Argentine navy as commander under Commodore Coe. He also served through- out the Argentine war, returning at its close to the merchant service. Upon the outbreak of the civil war, he joined the Harriet Lane under Capt. John Faunce ; served as aide and signal officer ; was at the faU of Fort Sumter. S.C. ; was temporarily attached to the fiag-sliip Wahash, North Atlantic squadron, under Dupont, and took part in the battle of Port Royal, S.C. He was appointed clerk and fleet signal officer to Farragut ; served on the flag-ship Hartford dur- ing the capture of the forts below New Orleans, and was personally commended for gallantry. He was sent north on the gunboat Cayuga as bearer of dispatches, arriving at Hampton Roads during the fight between the Monitor and the Merrimac, and acted as signal officer to President Lincoln, and as aide and signal officer to Com- OSBORN OSBORN mander Jolin L. "Worden on the monitor Montauk in the engagements before Fort McAllister and in the destruction of the privateer Xashville. He was made adnairal in the Mexican navj' at the close of tlie civil war, and received a letter of marque giving him one half the prize monej' accruing from his captures and conferring upon lum the power to issue " letters of marque '' and to commission ships under the Mexican flag. He sailed from Pliiladelphia for Brazos de Santiago in the steamer General Slieridan with a full complement of officers and men. The steamer, fitted out in New York, and carrj-ing his guns and tori>edo outfit, was lost off Hatteras, thereby obliging him to confine his opeiations to the Rio Grande, Texas. He married in Liverpool, England. Feb. U, 1868, Eliza Balfour, one of the Balfours of Burleigh. In the war with Spain, wliile acting as a volunteer naval scout, he was the first to discover Cervera's fleet off the island of Cura(joa. May 14, 18'J8. and after reporting to the department of state received a letter of thanks from that of tlie navy for his services. He was tlie first commander of the Farragut Naval Veteran Association of Philadelphia ; a charter member of the Farragut Naval Association of New York ; captain, commodore and twice rear- admiral of tlie National Association of Naval Veterans, U.S.A. ; twice commander of Naval Post 51G, G.A.K. ; chairman of the Associated Commanders and Quartermasters of the City of New York ; colonel of the Osbon cadets, composed of Sunday-School boys, and founder and flag- officer commanding the U.S. Veteran Navy with the rank of commodore. In 1902 he had been for several years interested in mining asphalt and sul- phur in the eastern part of Venezuela. He was de- corated with the Venezuelan order of '• del Busto del Liberator " in 1889 in recognition of services rendered in coast surveying in that republic. Tiie United States hydrographic office published his survey of the harbor of Carupano, Venez- uela. OSBORN, Henry Fairfield, educator, was born in Fairfield, Cuun., Aug. 8, 1857 ; son of William H. and Virginia R. (Sturges) Osborn ; grand- son of Jonathan Sturges of Fairfield, Conn., and New York, and a descendant of Nathan Gold. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1877, Sc. D., 1881 ; was assistant profe.s.sor of natural science in the College of New Jersey, 1882-83 ; professor of comparative anatomy there, 188-3-91, when he resigned and became Da Costa professor of biology in tlie newly established department at Columbia college. New York city. He was also dean of the faculty of pure science at Columbia, 1892-9.T ; curator of vertebrate pale- ontology in the American Mtiseum of Natural History in New York. 1^01-1902 : was active in the organization of the New York Zoological societ}', serving from its foundation as chairman of its executive committee, and helping to plan the zoological park in tlie Bronx. lie was ap- pointed vertebrate paleontologist to the geological survey of Canada, and paleontologist to the U.S. survey in 1900. He was vice-president of the Academy of Science, 1894-98, president, 1898-1900, and elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1900. He was married, Sept. 29, 1881, to Lucretia, daughter of Gen. Alexander J. Perry, U.S.A. He is the author of: From the Greeks to Darwin (1894), and contributed exten- sively to educational and scientific periodicals. OSBORN, Henry Stafford, educator and author, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 17, 1823; son of Truman and Eliza (Paget) Osborn. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1841, A.M., 1844, and from Union Theological seminary, New York city, 1845. He was stated supply of the Presbyterian church, Coventry, R.I., 1845 -i6 ; traveled and studied abroad, and while in London, England, attended the Father Mathew Temperance con- vention as a delegate. He studied at the University of Bonn, Germany, and at the Polytechnic insti- tution of London, and was ordained by the presbytery of Hanover, Va., April 9, 1846. He was pastor at Hanover Court House, Va., 1846-49 ; at Richmond, Va., 1849-53; at Liberty, Va., 1853-58; stated supply at Salem, Va., while serving as professor of natural science at Roanoke college, 1858-59, and was pastor at Belvi- dere, N.J., 1859-66. He was professor of mining and metallurgy at Lafayette college, Easton, Pa., 1866-70 ; professor of chemistr\- at Miami univer- sity, Oxford, Ohio, 1870-73, and pastor at Ox- ford, 1870-71. He was stated supply at Millville, Ohio, 1871-74, but resigned on account of failing health and subsequently devoted himself to literature. He was married to Susan Paulina, daughter of G. Hampton Coursen of New York. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Lafayette college in 1865. He was a member of the Pennsylvania and Virginia histori- cal societies and of the Victoria Philosophical society of London. He is the author of: Pales- tine, Past and Present (1855); Fncits and Floirers of the Holy Land (18.56); Pilgrims in the Holy Land (1857); Scientific Metallurgy of Iron and Steel in the United States (1870); The New Descriptive Geography of Palest i7ie (1877); Manual of Bible Geography and Ancient Egypt in the Light of Recent Discoveries (1885): Chart of Books of the Bible (1886); The Useful Miiierals and Mining Architecture (1887); Biblical History and Geography (1888), and with the Rev. Lyman Coleman published a large map of Palestine. He died in New York city, Feb. 2, 1894. OSBORX OSBORN OSBORN, Herbert, entomologist, was born in Lafayette, Wis., March 19, 1856 ; son of Cliarles Paine and Harriet Xewell (Marsh) Osborn ; grand- son of Alpheus and Harriet (Paine) Osborn, and of Enos, Jr., and Eebeckah (Hawley) Marsh, and a descendant of John Marsh, wlio was born in England, 1618, landed in Boston, 1635, settled in Hartford, Conn., 1636, and married Anne, daugh- ter of John Webster, about 1642. He attended the public schools of Fairfax, Iowa, 1864-73 ; Iowa college, 1873-73, and was graduated from the Iowa State college, B.Sc, 1879, M.Sc, 1880. He was assistant professor of zoology and entomology in Iowa State college, 1880-85, and professor, 1885-98. He was married, Jan. 19, 1883, to Alice Isadora Sayles of Manchester, Iowa. He became the entomologist of the experiment station in 1890 ; state entomologist of Iowa in July, 1898, and was elected professor of zoology and entomo- logy and director of Lake Laboratorj-, Ohio State university in 1898. He was special agent of the division of entomology of the U.S. department of agriculture, 1885-94; was elected president of the Iowa Academy of Sciences, 1887 ; president of the Association of Economic Entomologists, 1898, and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1884, the Biological society of Washington, 1885, the Entomological society of Washington, 1885, the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science in 1893, the American Entomological society of Philadelphia, 1897, and of the Societe Entomologique de France in 1888. He edited the Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences, 1890-98, and is the author of : Pediculi and MaUophaga of Man and Loicer Animals (1891) : Insects Affecting Domestic Ani- mals (\S9G) ; Contributions to Hemijiterous Fauna of Iowa, with E. D. Ball (1897) ; Studies of North American Jassoidea, with E. D. Ball (1898) ; Tlie Hessian Fly in the United States (1898) ; The Genus Scaj)hoideus (1900) , and articles in scientific journals and transactions of scientific societies. OSBORN, Thomas Andrew, governor of Kan- sas, was born in Meadville, Pa., Oct. 26. 1836. He attended the public school and Allegheny college, and learned the printer's trade. He studied law under Judge Derrickson of Meadville in 1856, removed to Pontiac, Mich., in 1857, where he was admitted to the bar, and in November of that year re- moved to Lawrence, Kansas Territory, being employed as a compositor on the Herald of Freedom. In 1858 he en- gaged in the practice of law in Elwood, Kansas ; was elected attorney of Doniphan county, and was a member of the state senate. 1859-62. serving as president pro tempore of that body in 1863. He was lieutenant-governor of Kansas in 1863 ; U.S. marshal by appointment from President Lincoln, 1864-67, and Republican governor of Kansas, 1873-76, He was U.S. minister to Chile, by appointment from President Hayes, 1877-81, and conducted important negotiations between various South American governments, and in 1881 was transferred to the Brazilian mission, where he served until 1886. He located in Topeka, Kan., on his return, and in 1888 was state sena- tor from Shawnee county. He was decorated with the Grand Cross of the Order of the Rose by the Emperor of Brazil for special services. He died at Meadville, Pa., Feb. 4, 1898. OSBORN, Thomas Ogden, soldier, was born in Jersey, Licking county, Ohio, Aug. 11, 1832; son of Samuel and Hannah (Meeker) Osborn. He attended Delaware college ; was graduated from the University of Ohio, A,B. 1854, A.M. 1857 ; studied law with Gen, Lew Wallace at Craw- fordsville, Ind., and began practice in Chicago, 111,, in 1859, He organized the 39tli Illinois regi- ment, of which he became lieutenant-colonel and colonel. He was detailed to guard the Baltimore and Ohio railroad and engaged Jackson's forces during the raid into Morgan county, Va., in 1861, and succeeded in delaying him for several hours, afterward making a successful retreat across the Potomac, He engaged in the battle of Winches- ter, Va., March 23, 1862, and commanded a bri- gade made up of the 39th Illinois, 13th Indiana and 62nd and 67th' Ohio regiments in the operations against the forts in Charleston harbor in 1863, In 1864 he accompanied General Butler up the James river, his regiment occupying the right of the 1st brigade, 1st division, 10th army corps. He was wounded at Drewry's Bluff, May 13, 1864, and commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division, 24th army corps at the siege of Petersburg, Va., 1864- 65, On April 2, 1865, his brigade was one of three to capture Fort Gregg, He was promoted briga- dier-general and brevetted major-general of vol- unteers for gallant services throughout the war. He returned to his law practice in Chicago, where he was treasurer of Cook county and a manager of the National Soldiers' Home. He was ap- pointed a member of the international committee to settle disputed claims between the United States and Mexico, and was U.S. consul-general and minister-resident to tlie Argentine Republic, 1874-85, subsequently engaging in railway enter- prises in Brazil, but continuing his residence in Chicago. He was elected a member of the Mili- tary Order of the Loyal Legion and of various other military associations. OSBORN, Thomas Ward, senator, was born in Scotch Plains. N.J., March 9, 1836, He was graduated from Madison university in 1860, studied law in Watertown, N,Y., and was ad- OSBORNE OSBORNE mitted to the bar in 1861. At tlie outbreak of the civil war he organized a company of artillery in Watertowu, N.Y., was oommissioued its captain and was assigned to the 11th army corps. He served through the war as chief of artillery in various army corps, and of the Army of the Ten- nessee and was three times wounded. He was commissioned colonel in 1865, and was appointed assistant commissioner of the Florida bureau vi refugees, 1865-66. He practised law in Tallahas- see. Fla. ; was appointed register in bankruptcy in 1867 ; was a member of tlie state constitutional convention of 1867, and drew up the constitution wliicli was adopted. He was a Republican state senator and wa3 elected June 30, 1868, by the Florida legislature, U.S. senator witli A. S. Welcli, drawing the long term expiring March 3, 1873. H^- died in New York city, Dec. 18. 1898. OSBORNE, Edwin Sylvanus, repres. ntative, was born in Bethany, Wayne count}-, la., Aug. 7, 1839; son of Sylvanus and Lucy (Messinger) 0.s- borne ; grandson of Cooper and Hannali (Oakley) Osborne. His great-grandfather, Thomas Os- borne, was a soldier in the Continental army during the Revolutionary war and was mortally wounded in the battle of JMonmouth, and liis first ancestor in America, John Osborne, emigrated from England and settled in East Windsor, Conn., in 1645. Edwin S. Osborne was graduated from the University of Northern Penn- sylvania. Bethany, Pa., in 1858 and from the National Law school of Poughkeepsie, N.Y., in 1860. He was admitted to the bar at Wilkes- Barre, Pa., Feb. 26, 1861, and in April joined the 8th regiment infantry, Pennsylvania volunteers. He served with General Patterson's division and was honorably mustered out, July 29. 1861. In August. 1862, he recruited a company and joined tlie 149th Pennsylvania volunteers, being com- missioned captain, Aug. 30, 1862. In September he h.is appointed judge advocate and served as such for the command of General W^adsworth, 1st corps. Army of the Potomac, until February, 1863, when, at his own request, he rejoined his regiment and participated in tlie battle of Get- tysburg. In the first day's battle this regiment forming part of Stone's " Bucktail " brigade, 3d division, 1st corps, succe.ssfully held an advanced position for four hours against the repeated as- saults of greatly superior numbers, meanwhile executing the movement of " changing front to rear" under heavy fire, and sustaining in the battle a loss of seventy-five per cent of its efTec- tive strength. Captain Osborne was afipointed brigade inspector. Aug. 27, 1863, and assigned to duty in General Wadsworth's divi.sion. He dis- tinguished himself in leading a charge in the Wilderness, May 6, 1864, and again in the assault on Petersburg, June 18, 1864. He was commis- sioned major of the 149th Pennsylvania, March 2. 1865, was several times mentioned in orders for gallantry and skillful handling of troops in battle and was three times brevetted for meritorious conduct. In April, 1865, Major Osborne was re- lieved froni duty in the inspection department and appointed judge advocate at Washington. In June, 1865, he was sent to Andersonville and other Confederate prisons to investigate the charges of cruelty to prisoners on the part of those late in command. In July, 1865, he pre- ferred charges of murder against Capt. Henry Wirz of Andersonville prison and drew the spec- ifications of the indictment under which that ofl[icer was found guilty and executed. He was honorably mustered out, July 21, 1865, and re- turned to the practice of law. He was major- general of the 3d division. National Guard of Pennsylvania, 1870-78 ; was prominent in re- organizing the militia system of the state ; com- manded the forces that quelled the riots in Scranton, Pa., in 1871, and Susquehanna Depot, Pa., in 1874, and prevented a similar outbreak at Hazleton, Pa. He was commander of the De- partment of Pennsylvania, G.A.R., in 1883, and was a delegate to the Republican national con- vention at Chicago in 1888. He was representa- tive-at-large from Pennsylvania in the 49th and 50th congresses, and from tlie 12tli congressional district in the 51st congress, serving, 1885-91. During his service in congress he defended the policy of protection and advocated the subsidizing of American ships. He was married to Ruth Ball of Pittston, Pa., Oct. 12, 1865, and their son, John Ball Osborne, born June 24, 1868, Yale, A.B.. 1889, was U.S. consul at Ghent, Belgmm, 1889-94, and joint secretary of the reciprocity commission of the United States, Oct. 18, 1897. Their second son, William Headley Osborne, born in 1870, graduated from the U.S. Military academy in 1891, served in the campaign against Santiago in the war with Spain as lieutenant in the 1st U.S. cavalry, and died of typhoid fever in the military camp at Montauk Point, N.Y., Aug. 23, 1898. General Osborne died in Washington, D.C., Jan. 1, 1900. OSBORNE, John Eugene, governor of Wyom- ing, was born in Westport, Essex county, N.Y., June 9, 1860 ; son of John C. and Mary E. Os- borne. His grandparents were English. He worked on a farm summers, attended the district and high school winters, was api)renticed to a druggist in Burlington, Vt., in 1876, and was graduated from the medical department of the University of Vermont in 1880, after liaving at- tended tlie winter course of lectures, 1877-80. In 1881 he removed to Rawlins, Wyo., where he es- tablished a wholesale and retail drug store. He was appointed assistant surgeon of the Union OSBORXE OSBORNE Pacific railway company. He engaged exten- sively in live-stock raising in 1884, and becanae the largest individual sheep owner in Carbon county. He was a Democi'atic representative in the territorial legislature in 1883 ; chairman of the territorial peni- tentiary building com- mission, and mayor of Rawlins, 1888 ; an al- ternate to the Demo- cratic national con- vention in 1892 ; was governor of Wyo- ming, 1892-94, having been elected, Nov. 8, 1892, to fill the va- cancy caused by the resignation of Gov. F. E. Warren, and de- clined re-nomination in 1894. He was a member of the bi- metallic Democratic national committee for the state of Wyoming in 1895 ; was chairman of the state delegation at the Democratic national con- vention, Chicago, 1896, and was the Democratic representative-at-large from Wyoming in the 55th congress, 1897-99. He was vice-chairman of the Democratic national congressional committee in 1898 and the unsuccessful Democratic and Free Silver candidate for U.S. senator before the Wy- oming legislature of 1899. OSBORNE, Phoebe Ann Sayre, educator, was born in Madison, N.J., March 14. 1812 ; daughter of Baxter and Elizabeth (Kitchell) Sayre ; grand- daughter of Deacon Ephraim Sayre (born 1746) and of Aaron Kitchell (q.v.), and a descendant of Thomas Sayre, born in Bedfordshire. England, 1597, a Puritan refugee to America about 1635, and of Robert Kitchell, born in England in 1604, and prominent in the Guilford settlement in Connecticut, 1639. Phoebe Osborne was well educated and in 1828, with her sister, Elizabeth Kitchell. born in 1814, removed to New York city, where they devoted their time and liberal means to charitable work. The sisters founded and became teachers in the charity mission known as the "'Ragged school," established at Five Points in 1830, and conducted with marked success. In 1836 they were prominent in induc- ing the city council to open public schools. Num- ber 1 for boys and Number 2 for girls, the first public schools in the city, and they were engaged as the first teachers, Phoebe teachingthe boys and her sister Elizabeth the girls. Phoebe continued to teach until 1835, when she was married to Milo Osborne of Lenox, Mass. and devoted herself to domestic life. In 1873 she removed to Chicago, 111., where she died, Jan. 20, 1897. OSBORNE, (Samuel) Duffield, author, was born in Brooklyn, N.Y., June 20, 1858; son of Samuel Smith and Rosalie Willoughby (Duffield) Osborne ; grandson of Samuel and Abbie M. (Theall) Osborne, and of James Murdoch and Margaretha A. (Prince) Duffield, and a descen- dant of George Duffield, who emigrated from Ireland to Pequea, Penn., in 1720, and of Carel de Beauvais, who emigrated from France and set- tled in New York in 1659. He attended the Brooklyn Polytechnic institute and was gradu- ated from Columbia college, A.B., 1879, A.M., 1882, and from the Columbia Law school, LL.B., 1881. He was admitted to the bar in 1881 and practised in New York city, 1881-92. He was as- sistant secretary of the Brooklyn department of city works, 1892-94 ; traveled in Europe, 1895-96, and on his return settled in New York city and engaged in literary work. He was elected a member of the Liuucean society in 1878 ; corres- ponding member of the Nuttall Ornithological club in 1879, and an associate member of the American Ornithological union in 1883. He edited : Livy's Roman History in the World's Great Books series (1898); Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome (1901), and became as- sociate editor of the Home Library of Litera- ture and Achievement, in 1901. He is the author of : The Spell of Ashtaroth (1888) ; TJie Robe of Kessus (1890); TJie Secret of the Crater (1900); The Lion's Brood (1901), and of many short stories, essays and poems. OSBORNE, William McKinley, consul-gen- eral, was born in Girard, Ohio, April 26. 1842 ; son of Abner and (Allison) Osborne. He attended the academy at Poland, Ohio, and Allegheny college, Meadville, Pa. He enlisted in the 23d Ohio volunteer regiment early in 1861 and was discharged in 1862 owing to injuries re- ceives. He studied law at the University of Michigan, 1863-64 ; was admitted to the bar in June, 1864, and practiced at Youngstown. Ohio, 1869-77, serving as mayor of the city, 1875-76 ; removed to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1877, and was married in April 24, 1878, to Frances Clara, adopted daughter of Walter Hastings of Boston, Mass. He practiced law in Cleveland, Ohio, 1877- 80, and in 1880, after traveling and residing in Europe, he settled in Roxbury and opened a law office in Boston, Mass. He became a prominent Republican politician ; was a common council man, 1884-85 ; a member of the board of police commissioners, 1885-93, and secretary of the Republican national committee of 1896. He was appointed, March 18, 1897, U.S. consul-general at London, by President McKinley, his maternal cousin, and held that office until his death, which occurred at Wimbledon, London, England, April 29, 1902. OSGOOD OSGOOD OSGOOD, Frances Sargent, author, was born in Boston. JIass.. June l'*, 1811 ; daujrhter of Joseph Locke. She became aciiuaiiitoil with Mrs. Lydia Maria Child, editor of tlie Juvenile Miscelkunj, and contributed articles and poems to that and other periodicals under the pen-name " Florence," and also edited the Ladies' Compan- ion for a short time. She was married in ISJio to Samuel Stillman Osgood (1808-1850), an artist; accompanied him to England, and while there published two of her Ixxiks and contril)Uted to English majjazines. They returned to Boston in 1840, and shortly afterward settled in New York city, where she spent nearly all the remainder of her life. She issued while in London : The Casket of Fate (1838) ; A Wreath of Wild Floicers from Xew England (1839), and wrote at the re- quest of James Sheridan Knowles, a play T7te Happy Release, or the Trinmpli of Love. In New York she issued : Poetry of Floicers and Flowers of Poetry (1841); Tlie Snowdrop, a book for chil- dren (1841); Poems (1846), and in Philadelphia, Hie Floral Offering (1847). An illustrated edition of Poems appeared in 1849 ; a 16mo edition in 1861 ; a complete edition of her poems in 1850 ; Labor is Prayer, Rufus W. Griswold wrote a biographical sketch for a Memorial issued in 1850. She died in Hingham. Mass., May 12, 1850. OSGOOD, Howard, educator, was born at Magnolia plantation, Plaquemine, La., Jan. 4, 1831 ; son of Isaac and Jane Rebecca (Hall) Os- good ; grandson of Timothy and Sarah (Farnham) Osgood, and a descendant of John Osgood, And- over, Mass., 1642, He was a student at Harvard college, 1846-49. He was married in 1853 to Caroline Townsend Lawrence, who died in 1898. He was ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1856 ; was pastor at Flushing, N.Y., 1856-58; traveled and studied in Europe, 1858-59 ; was pastor in New York city, 1860-65, and professor of Hebrew in Crozier Theological seminary, Chester, Pa., 1868-73, and in Rochester Tlieological seminary, 1875-1900. The degree of A.B. was conferred on him by Harvard in 1858, of D.D., by Brown in 1868, and of LL.D. by the College of New-Jersey, Princeton, in 1894. He served on the American committee on Bible revision, prepared the intro- duction for the Schaff-Lange Commentary, and is the author of numerous articles published in the Baptist Review, Biblotheca Sacra and Presbyter- ian and Reformed Review. OSGOOD, James Ripley, publisher, was born in Fryeburg, Maine, Ft- b. 22, 1836 ; son of Col. Edward Louis (1806-1804) and Abby R. (Dana) Osgood; grandson of Capt. James (1757-1815) and Abigail (Evans) Osgood, and a descend:) nt tin-ough Samuel, James. Samuel and Capt. John from John Osgood, the immigrant. He was grad- uated from Bowdoin. A.B.. 1854. A.M.. 1857 ; was a clerk for Ticknor & Fields, publishers, at the Old Corner Book store, Boston, Mass., 1855-64; member of the firm, 1864-09 ; of the firm Fields, Osgood & Co., 1869-71 ; James R. Osgood & Co., 1871-78; Houghton, Osgood & Co., 1878-80; James R. Osgood & Co., 1880-85; London agent for Harper & Brothers, 1885-90, and of the house of O.sgood, Mcllvaine & Co., London, 1890-92. He was elected a member of the Century association, New York city, in 18G6. He never married. His sister, Katharine Putnam Osgood, born May 25, 1842, was the author of : Driving Home the Cows and other poems. He died in London, England, May 18, 1892. OSGOOD, Samuel, delegate and postrnaster- general, was born in Andover, Mass., Feb. 3, 1748 ; third son of Capt. Peter and Sarah (John- son) Osgood ; grandson of Timothy and Maiy (Russell) Osgood; great-grandson of Timothy and Deborah (Poor) Osgood ; greats-grandson of John and Mary (Clements) Osgood ; and great-- grandson of John and Sarah Osgood, wlio came from Wherwell, Hampshire, England, to Massa- chusetts, about 1637-38, sojourned at Ipswich, and settled at Newburj'. John Osgood was admitted a freeman. May 23, 1637, and about 1645 removed to Andover, Mass., where he died, Oct. 24, 1651, leaving sons : John, born 1630, and Stephen, born 1638. Samuel Osgood was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1770, A.M., 1773, and studied theology, but abandoned it to join his brother Peter in business. He was a delegate to the Essex county convention in 1774 ; was a representative in the colonial legislature and served on many important committees in the provincial congress. He organized among his neighbors a company of minutemen and was made captain. On hearing of the conflict he marched to Lexington, and thence to Cambridge, where he joined the Continental army and was appointed aide-de-camp to Gen. Artemas Ward, serving, 1775-76. He was offered the command of a regiment in February, 1776, but resigned from the army to become a member of the Provisional congress of Massachusetts which body made him a member of the board of war. He was a delegate to the state constitutional conven- tion of 1779 and a member of the committee to frame the constitution. He was elected tlie first senator from Essex county in the Massachusetts legislature in 1780, and was a delegate to the Continental congre.ss. 1780-84, where he served on the board of war, wMnning the confidence and esteem of General Washington. He was the first commissioner of the U.S. treasury, 178.5-89, and first postmaster-general of tlie United States, 1789-91. the government being conducted in New York city at tliat time. He rosigned tlie post- master-generalship on tlie removal of the national OSGOOD OSSOLI capital to Philadelphia, Pa. ; was elected a member of the state assembly in 1800, serving for several years, and was elected speaker. He was a supervisor of New York county, 1801-03, and U.S. k ■m\^'' ^.fi Mr 1785-1788. CSOVER/^JMEAiT HOUSE, AJewYoftK. naval officer of the port, 1803-13. He was married first, Jan. 4, 1775, to Martha Brandon of Cambridge> Mass., who died witliout issue. Sept. 13, 1778 ; and secondly, May 24. 1786, to Maria (Bowne) Frank- lin, widow of Walter Franklin of New York city, and daughter of Daniel Bowne of Flushing, Long Island, N.Y. Their daughter, Martha Brandon, married the Hon. Edmond C. Genet, French minister to the United States ; Juliana married fii'st her cousin, Samuel W. Osgood, and secondly the Rev. Dr. Israel W. Putman ; Susan Kittredge married. May 17, 1821, Moses Field, and Walter Franklin Osgood (1791-1836) married Ellen and had one son, Samuel, who married Kate Bowling and died in Newbern, N.C., 1863. Samuel Osgood, the delegate, was a charter member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is the author of : Letters on Episcopacy (1807), and other theological writings. He died in New York city, Aug. 12, 1813. OSGOOD, Samuel, clergyman and author, was born in Charlestown, Mass., Aug. 30, 1813 ; son of Thomas (1767-1818) and Hannah (Stevens) Osgood ; grandson of Samuel (1714-1774) and Elizabeth (Abbott) Osgood ; great-grandson of Ezekiel (1679-1741) and Rebecca (Word well) Osgood ; greats-grandson of Christopher (1643- 1723) and Hannah (Belknap) Osgood, of Amherst, and greats-grandson of Christopher (the immi- grant) and Margaret (Fowler) Osgood of Ipswich, Mass., who came from Mai'lborough, Wiltshire, England, in 1633-34. Samuel Osgood prepared for college under Willard Parker and was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835, and from the Divinity school, Cambridge, in 1835. He traveled and preached, 1835-37, and while residing at Louisville, Ky., in 1836-37, assisted James Freeman Clarke in editing the Westei^n Messenger. He was ordained pastor of the Unitarian church, Nashua, N.H., in 1837, and served there, 1837-41 ; was pastor of the West- minster church, Providence, R.I., 1841-49, and succeeded tlie Rev. Orville Dewey in the pastor- ate of the Church of the Messiah, New York city, 1849-69. He resigned in 1869; was baptized, confirmed and ordered deacon, and advanced to the priesthood in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1870-71. He preached in New York city, but never took charge of a parish, devoting himself to missionary work and to literature. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Harvard in 1855 and that of LL.D. by Hobart in 1872. He was corresponding member of the Massachusetts Historical society and of the New England Historic Genealogical society and mem- ber of the New York Historcial society, serving for many years as its domestic corresponding secre- tary. He was married. May 24, 1843, to Ellen Haswell, daughter of George and Mary (Haswell) Murdock of Boston. He edited in connection with the Rev. Henry W. Bellows, the Christian Inquirer (1850-54), and is the author of : Studies in Christian Biography (1851); God With Men, or Footprints of Providential Leaders (1853); Tlie Hearth Stone : TJioughts Upon Home Life in our Cities (1854); Milestones in our Life Journey (1855); Student Life (1860); American Leaves (1861), and Tliomas Craivford and Art in America ( 1875) . He translated from the German of Olshausen : History of the Lord's Passion (1839) ; De Wette's Prac^/caZ Ethics (2 vols. 1842), and published several addresses and sermons. He died in New York city, April 14, 1880. OSMUN, Thomas Embley (" Alfred Ayres"), orthoepist, was born at Montrose, Ohio, Feb. 26, 1834 ; son of George and Mildred Washington (Ayres) Osmun, and a descendant of Benjah Osmun, a colonel in the Revolution. His maternal grandfather, a justice of the peace of Akron, Ohio, removed from Vermont in 1813 and four ded the Ayres settlement. Thomas Osmun attended an academy in Cleveland and Oberlin college ; studied in Paris and Berlin, 1853-59, and after his return to the United States became a pro- minent contributor to periodicals, teacher of elocution and dramatic critic. He was an editor of the Standard Dictionary, and under the pen name "Alfred Ayres" is the author of: The Orthoepist (1880) ; Tlie Verbalist (1881) ; The Men- tor (1884); Essentials of Elocution (ISSG); Acting and Actors ; Elocution and Elocutionists (1894); Tlie Essentials of Elocution (1897); Some Hl- Used Words (1901). He died in New York city, Oct. 26, 1902. OSSOLI, Sarah Margaret Fuller, author, was born at Cambridgeport, Mass., May 3, 1810 ; daughter of Timothy (q.v.)and Margaret (Crane) Fuller. Her younger sister, Ellen, married the poet, Ellery Channing of Concord, Mass. Mar- garet was educated at home and at the age of OSSOLI OSTERHAUS *^=^ ^'^^i'*-~^«t*~e?^^«i^«r fifteen was proficient in Latin. Greek, Frencli and Italian. She removed to Gioton, Mass., in 1833 and upon the deatli of Jier father in 1835, taught school in Boston, Mass., and Providence, R.I., in order to support the younger children of the family. She re- moved to Jamaica Plain, Mass.. in 1839 ; was a fre(iiient visitor at Brook Farm and there met the famous patrons of that cele- brated colony, being recognized as the in- spiration of Haw- thorne's "Zenobia" in his " Blithedale Ro- mance."' She formed a club of the brigiit- est and most distin- guished women in Boston and edited the Dila, a philosophical journal. In December, 1844, she re- moved to New York city and assumed the position of literary critic and philanthropic and artistic reporter on the Tribune, and became a member of the houseiiold of Horace Greely. In August, 1846, she sailed for Europe and after an extended tour in whicli she met the foremost leaders in philanthropic, literary and reform movements, settled in Rome, Italy, in 1847. While there she was married in December, 1847, to Giovanni Angelo, Marquis Ossoli. During the siege of Rome, at the request of Mazzini, she was in charge of the Hospital of the Trinity to the Pilgrims and contributed much to the care of the woundfd ; but upon the possession of the city by the French in June, 1849, she took refuge with her husband in Rieti, Italy, where her child had been placed for safety. After a few months tlie family retui-ned to Florence and set sail from Leghorn, on tiie merchant ship Elizabeth bound for America. While off Fire Island, N.Y., the vessel was wrecked during a severe storm and tlie tliree were drowned. The body of the child, tlie only one recovered, was taken to Boston and buried at Mt. Auburn cemetery by the New England relatives. A memorial to Margaret Fuller, con- sisting of a pavilion on the dunes overlooking the sea at Point o' Woods, opposite the site of the wreck, wjis unveiled on July 19, 1901, the 51st anniversary of the disaster. Tlie idea of its erection originated with Mrs. Lillie Devereux Blake and the necessfiry money was raised by subscription. The interior of the pavilion con- tains a bronze tablet giving the name of Margaret Fuller and tliose of her husband and child, togt-ther with the facts of the shipwreck, and bearing an inscription by Mrs. Julia Ward Howe. Margaret Fuller is the author of : Summer on the Lakes (1843) ; Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1844) ; Papers 071 Literature and Art (184G), of which a new edition was prepared by her brother, the Rev. Arthur B. Fuller (q.v.) (1855). The MS. of her proposed History of the Roman Republic was lost in the shipwreck. Her life was written jointly by William Henry Clianning, R. W. Emerson and James Freeman Clarke in 1852 ; Julia Ward Howe wrote a memoir in Eminent Womeii series (1883), and Thomas Went- worth Higginson in American Men of Letters (1884). See also correspondence of Emerson and Carljde, and Life of Mazzini. She died at sea off Fire Island, Long Lslund, N,Y., July 19, 1850. OSTERHAUS, Peter Joseph, soldier, was born in Cobleutz, Germany, Jan. 4, 1823. He emigra- ted to tlie United States and settled in Belleville, 111., in 1849. Upon the outbreak of the civil war he was commissioned major of a battalion of the 2d Missouri infantry and engaged in the battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, 18G1. He was pro- moted colonel of the 12th Missouri regiment. He commanded the 1st division of the corps under General Curtis at Pea Ridge, Ark., March 6-8, 1862, and one of the three divisions in the Army of tlie Southwest in May, 1862. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, June 9, 1802, and commanded the 9tli division, 13tli army corps. Army of the Tennessee, in the attack on Arkansas Post and in the Vicksburg campaign. May 1-July 4, 1863. On May 2, 1863, he was stationed on the left branch of the road to Port Gibson and was repulsed by the Confederate force opposed to him ; but later in the day he was joined by Gen. John E. Smith's brigade and made a successful attack. He commanded the 1st division, 15th army corps, of the army under Grant at Chatta- nooga, Nov. 23-25, 1863, and temporarily under General Hooker. At Lookout Creek he crossed the bridge, ascended the mountain, subsequently attacked the southern wing of the enemy on Missionary Ridge, making thousands of prisoners, and drove back tlie Confederate forces stationed at the summit. He commanded the 1st division, 15th army corps, in the Atlanta campaign, May 3 to Sept. 8, 1863, and during the absence of General Logan, the 15th army corps. Army of the Tennessee, Sept. 1, 1864, to January, 1865. He was chief of staff to Gen. E. R. S. Canby during the Mobile campaign and at the surrender of Gen. E. Kirby Smith's army, after wliich he com- manded the military district of Mississippi until Jan. 15,1866. He was appointed U. S. consul to France and resided at Lyons, 1866-77. He re- turned to New York city in 1877 and was engaged in manufacturing and exporting hardware for several years. He then removed to Mann- heim, Germany, where he continued the business. O'SULLIVAN OTEY O'SULLIVAN, John Louis, diplomatist, was born on a British man-of-war in the Bay of Gibraltar, during the outbreak of the plague in November, 1813 ; son of the U.S. consul to the Barbary states. He was a student at the Military school of Soreze, France, and at the Westminster scliool, London, wliere he received a gold medal; was graduated at Columbia college, A.B. 1831, A.M. 1834, and was tutor there, 1881-33. In 1841- 43 he was a member of the New York state assem- bly, where he labored to secure a bill abolishing capital punishment ; was a regent of the Univer- sity of the State of New York, 1846-54 : and charge d'affaires and U.S. minister resident to Portugal, 1854-63. At the unveiling of Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty in New York harbor, Oct. 28, 1886, he addressed the French visitors. He died in New York city. March 24, 1895. OSWALD, Eleazer, soldier, was born in Eng- land about 1755, and immigrated to America in i770. At the outbreak of the Revolution he entered the Continental army ; became secretary to Benedict Arnold, serving under him at Ticon- deroga, and commanded the patriot force at Quebec after Arnold was wounded. He was com- missioned lieutenant-colonel, Jan. 1, 1777, and served with Col. John Lamb's regiment of artil- lery, distinguishing liimself at Compo, where he fought under Arnold, and at tlie battle of Mon- mouth, where he was honorably mentioned in the official report. He left the service in July, 1778, and became connected with tlie Maryland Jour- nal, Baltimore, where he was uni^opular on account of publishing an article by Gen. Charles Lee re- flecting on the military ability of Washington. He removed to Philadelphia, where he established the Independent Gazetteer, or the Chronicle of Freedom in 1782, began the publication of the Price Current in 1783, the first commercial jour- nal in the United States, and published the Independent Gazette, or the New York Journal Revived, in New York city, 1782-87. In 1792 he joined the Revolutionary army in France as colonel of artillery, served at Jemmapes and was sent by the Republican government on a secret mission to Ireland. He returned to the United States in 1795, and died of yellow fever in New York city, Sept. 30, 1795. OTERO, Miguel Antonio, delegate, was born in Valencia, N.M., June 21, 1829 ; son of Vicente and Maria Gertrudes (Chavez) Otero. His brother, Antonio Jose Otero, was appointed by Gen. Stephen Kearny one of the three district judges, on the acquisition of tlie territory in 1846. He was educated in St. Louis, Mo., and Fishkill, N.Y. ; studied law in New York city and in Missouri under Gov Trusten Polk, and was ad- mitted to the bar in St. Louis in 1852. He was private secretary to W, C. Lane, governor of New Mexico, 1852-53 ; was elected to the territorial legislature from Valencia county in 1852 ; de- clined the appointment of U.S. attorney for the territory by President Pierce in 1853 ; was a del- egate to the 34th, 35th and 36th congresses, 1855- 61, and delegate to the Democratic national con- vention at Charleston in 1860, where he supported Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency. He served as territorial secretary from June to Sep- tember, 1861, under appointment of President Lincoln, but his nomination was not confirmed by the senate. In 1864 he went to Leavenworth, Kansas, where he engaged in merchandising, and later removed with the progress of the Kansas Pacific railroad to Hays city. When the Atchi- son, Topeka and Santa Fe road was building he followed its progressive steps to Granada, La Junta, El Mora, Otero and Las Vegas. He helped to organize the New Mexico and Southern Pacific railroad and was its first vice-president. He also organized and was the first president of tlie San Miguel National bank at Las Vegas in 1880 ; was president of the Jamez Hot Springs company, and the unsuccessful candidate for delegate to the 47th congress in 1880. He was married in St. Louis, Mo., April 2, 1857, to Mary J. Blackwood, and had four children ; Page Blackwood, Miguel Antonio, Gertrude V. and Mary J. He died at Las Vegas, N.M., May 30, 1882. OTERO, Miguel Antonio, governor of New Mexico, was born in St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 17, 1859 ; son of Miguel Antonio and Mary J. (Blackwood) Otero. He received his classical education at the University of St. Louis, Mo., and the University of Notre Dame, Ind., and was married, Dec. 19, 1888, to Caroline V., daughter of Lafayette Emmett, chief-justice of Minnesota, 1858-65. He was cashier in his father's bank at Las Vegas, 1880-85 ; city treasurer, 1883-84 ; clerk of San Miguel county, 1889-90 ; clerk of the U.S. district court, 1890-93 ; delegate to the Republican national convention, 1892 ; and on June 7, 1897, became by appointment of President McKiniey governor of the territory of New Mexico for a four years' term ; was reappointed by President McKiniey, June 15, 1901, during the vacation of congress, and by President Roosevelt, Dec. 18, 1901, being confirmed, Jan. 22, 1902, for a second four year term. He was chairman of tlie New Mexico delegation to the Republican national convention at Philadelphia, 1900. OTEY, James Hervy, first bishop of Tennessee, and 30th in succession in the American episco- pate, was born at Liberty, Bedford county, Va., Jan. 27, 1800 ; son of Isaac Otey, and a descend- ant of John Otey, a soldier of tlie American Rev- olution. His father served for thirty years in the Virginia senate. He received an excellent pre- paratory education and was graduated with OTEY OTiS honors from the University of North Carolina, A.B., 1820, A.M., 1823. He wtvs tutor in Latin and Greek at the university, 1820-21, and taut^lit in a private school, Warrentou, N.C. He studied theology under Bishop Ravenscroft ; was ad- mitted by him to the diaconate and to the priest- hood, and was rector of St. Paul's, Franklin, Tenn., 1827-35, and of St. Peter's, Columbia. He was elected the first bishop of Tennessee in 1834, and was consecrated by Bishops White, Onder- donk and Doane, Jan. 14. 1834. As pioneer bisliop of the church in the southwest, he had missionary jurisdiction over Arkansas, Louisiana, Indian Territory, Mississippi and Florida. He made St. Peter's church, Columbia, the cathedral church in 1835, and removed to Memphis, Tenn., wliere he erected St. Mary's cathedral. At the outbreak of the civil war he opposed secession, and altliough he was a firm friend and co-worker with Bishop Polk, refused to attend the conven- tion of soutliern bishops held in Georgia, and re- mained loyal to the government. He established Columbia institute, a school for girls at Columbia, Tenn., while residing there, and was one of the first to propose the theological school which be- came the University of the South at Sewanee. The honorary degree of S.T.D. was conferred upon him by Columbia college in 1833 and that of LL.D. by the Universitj- of North Carolina in 1859. He is the author of: Tlie Unity of the Church (1852). and of many sermons. He died in Mempliis, Tenn.. April 23, 1863. OTEY, Peter Johnston, representative, was born in Lynchburg, Va., Dec. 22, 1840; son of John M. and Lucy Wilhelmina (Norvell) Otey ; grandson of Isaac Otey, for thirty years a state senator, and a descendant of John Otey of Revo- lutionary fame, and of Capt. Matthews, who served at Point Pleasant, Va., Oct. 10, 1774. He was graduated from the Virginia Military insti- tute, Lexington, Va., in July, 1860, and while a cadet took part in the defence of the state during the John Brown raid. He engaged as a civil en- gineer on the Virginia and Kentucky railroad, and in April, 1861, joined the Confederate army, serving throughout tlie war with tlie Armj- of Northern Virginia. He was severely wounded at the battle of New Market, Va., May 15, 1864, and as senior field officer commanded a brigade under General Early in tlie battle of Cedar Creek, Oct. 19, 1864. Upon the close of the war he re- turned to Lynchburg and engaged in the railroad, banking and insurance busine.ss. He was a Democratic representative in the 54th, 55th. 56th and 57th congresses, 189.5-1902. He died at Lynchburg. Va.. May 4. 1902. OTIS, Eliza Henderson (Boardman), author, was born in Boston. Mass.. .July 27. 1796 ; daugh- ter of William H. and Elizabeth (Henderson) Boardman, and granddaughter of Joseph Hender- son, who read tiie proclamation announcing " A Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and America," from tlie Old State House balcon}-, Boston, April 23, 1783. She was carefully edu- cated, and was married, May 6, 1817, to Harrison Gray Otis, 2d (1793-1827); Harvard, A.B., 1811, A.M., 1814. Shortly after his death .she went to Europe, where she resided seven years and where her two sons were educated. Wliile in Europe she was presented at several courts and after her return to Boston was prominent in society. She was interested in various charitable institutions, especially the Blind asylum and the Sailors' Snug Harbor. She aided in the purcha.se of Mt. Ver- non, the home of Washington, and in the erection of the Washington equestrian statue, and was the first to celebrate regularly Wasliington's birthday, throwing open her house to tiie public on each succeeding February 22. Through her appeal to the legislature the day was set aside as a legal holiday by Massachusetts, which was the first state to recognize it as such. Upon the out- break of civil war, she took charge of the Evans House aid committee, for which she was thanked by the mayor and council. Her portrait, painted by George P. A. Healy, is owned by the Bostonian society. She is the author of : Tlie Barclays of Boston (1854). and articles in the Boston Trans- cript. She died in Boston, Mass., Jan. 21, 1873. OTIS, Elwell Stephen, soldier, was born in Frederick, Md., March 25, 1838 ; son of William and Maiy Ann Catharine (Late) Otis ; grandson of Elwell and Sallie (Evans) Otis, and of Michael and Maria Late, and descendant of John Otis, born at Barnstaple. Devon- shire, England, 1581, who came to this country in 1635 and settled in Hingham, Mass. He was gradu- ated from the Univer- sity of Rochester in 1858, and from the Harvard Law school in 1861 ; practiced law in Rochester, N. Y., 1860-62, and join- ed the Federal army, Sept. 13, 1862, as cap- tain in tlie 140tli New York volunteer in- fantry attached to Warren's brigade, Sykes's di- vision, and afterward to Ayres's brigade. Griffin's division, 5th army corps. He participated in tlie battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Get- tysburg, Rappahannock Station. Mine Run, the Wilderness. Spotlsylvania, North Anna, Tolopo- tomy and Bethesda Church : was promoted lieu- ^^^lS.^^ OTIS OTIS tenant-colonel, Dec. 23, 1863, and upon the death of Col. George Ryan at Spotts^-lvania, succeeded to the command of the regiment. He commanded the 1st brigade, 2d division, 5th army corps, dur- ing the early operations against Petersburg, Va., in 1864, but later in the year was severely wounded, and after a sick leave of absence was honorably discharged, Jan. 24, 1865. The brevets of colonel and brigadier-general of volunteers were conferred on him, March 13, 1865, for ''gal- lant and meritorious services in the battle of Spottsylvania and the battle of Chapel House, Va." He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 22d U.S. infantry, July 28, 1866, which commis- sion he accepted, Feb. 7, 1867, and was brevetted colonel, U.S. army, March 2, 1867, "for gallant and merit oriovis services in the battle of Spott- s\'lvania, Virginia." He served on frontier duty, 1867-74 ; was inspector-general of tlie Department of Dakota. 1874-75, and took part in the cam- paign against the Sioux Indians, 1876-77. Dur- ing the labor riots of 1877 he commanded his regiment, togetlier with other troops, in Penn- sylvania; upon the death of Col. George Sykes, succeeded him as colonel of the 20th U.S. infan- try, Feb. 8, 1880, and organized and condvicted the U.S. Infantrj' and Cavalry school, Leaven- Avorth, Kansas, 1881-85. He returned to the command of the 20th infantry at Fort Assini- boine, Montana, in 1885. He was detailed as su- perintendent of the recruiting service, Oct. 1, 1890, which position he held until Jan. 21, 1893, and was commissioned brigadier-general, U.S.A., Nov. 28, 1893. He svas placed in command of the Department of the Columbia, including the states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho and the territory of Alaska, with headquarters at Van- couver barracks, Dec 1, 1893, and remained there till 1896, when he was engaged in revising the "Army Regulations" at Washington, D.C. He was assigned to the command of the Department of the Colorado, including the state of Colorado and the territories of Utah, Arizona and New Mexico, in May, 1897. Upon the outbreak of the Spanish-American war he was engaged as presi- dent of a court-martial held at Savannah, Ga., and was delayed in entering active service until May 4, 1898, when he was commissioned major- general of volunteers and sent to San Francisco to organize troops destined for the Philippines. He sailed from San Francisco to Manila, July 23, 1898, with re-inforcements for Gen. Wesley Mer- ritt, then commanding the U.S. army in the Philippines. In August, 1898, he succeeded Gen- eral Merritt as commanding general of the Philip- pine army and governor-general of the province. Orders were issued prohibiting any acts of retali- ation on the part of the troops to the annoyances of the insurgent forces, and on Feb. 1, 1899. a de- tachment of U.S. troops was arrested and im- prisoned at Malolos for examining, as was alleged, the Filipino intrenchments. On the same date the insurgents succeeded in drawing tlie fire of the outposts by attempting to break through the lines, and the ensuing battle lasted twenty-one hours, resulting in the utter rout of the Filipinos. On Feb. 4, 1899, he was brevetted major-general, U.S. army, for " military skill and most distin- guished services in the Philippine Islands." On Feb. 23, 1899, on the occurrence of another de- monstration the insurgents were defeated. Otis now followed up these engagements with the bat- tles of Caloocan, Luzon, Iloilo, Island of Panay, and thereupon pressed Aguinaldo's Luzon army north, captured his capital of Malolos and drove the insurgent forces beyond tlie Rio Grande De Pampanga. Later, by combined operations of U.S. forces lasting from September to January, he took possession of all important points in the Philippines, scattered and disintegrated the army of the insurgents, Aguinaldo being among the fugitives. At the same time he inaugurated muni- cipal governments, the supreme and some of the minor courts of the islands, and re-established trade and commerce throughout that archipelago. Bj' his request he was relieved of the command of the U.S. forces in the Philippines, May 5, 1900, and was succeeded by General MacArthur, who also exei-cised the authority of military governor. He returned to San Francisco, May 25, 1900 ; on June 15, 1900, was publicly entertained at a cele- bration held in his honor at the city of Rochester, N. Y. , and on June 16, 1900, his commission in the volunteer army was vacated. He was pro- moted major-general, U.S. army, June 16, 1900, to succeed Gen. Wesley Merritt, retired for age ; was given command of the Department of the Lakes with headquarters at Chicago, 111., and on March 25, 1902, was retired, the war department, which issued a general order, reciting his distin- guished services not only through the civil war, but in his conduct of the campaign in the Philip- pines. He was twice married, first in 1870 to Louise, daughter of Henry R. Selden of Roches- ter, N.Y., and secondly in 1879 to Louise Bow- man, widow of Gen. Miles Daniel McAlester, U.S. army. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Rochester in 1900. He is the author of : Tlie Indian Question (1878j, and contributions to periodicals. OTIS, Fessenden Nott, surgeon, was born at Ballston Spa, N.Y.. March 6. 1825. He attended Canandaigua academy and Union college ; was graduated from the New York medical college in 1852 , was interne at Blackwell's Island hospital. New York city, 1852-53 ; and surgeon to the U.S. Mail steamship company, 1853-60. He was mar- ried in 1859 to Frances H., daughter of Apollos OTIS OTIS Cook. He -was surgeon to the New York city police department in 1861 ; lecturer at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York city, 1863- 71, clinical professor tliere, 1871-90, and professor emeritus. 1890-1900 ; superintendent surgeon of the Pacific Mail steamship company, 1869-73, and president of the medical board of tlie New York police department, 1870-73. He acted as consulting surgeon to several New York liospitals, 1800-90. He made a trip around tlie world, 1890- 91. and while in Japan gave a course of lectures at the medical university at Tokio. He was elected president of the American Association of andrology and syphilology in 1891 : fellow of the American Academy of Medicine ; the New York County Medical society ; the British associa- tion, and a member of the University club, the Century association and numerous medical socie- ties. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Union college in 1851 ; that of M.D. by the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1804, and that of LL.D. by Columbia in 1893. He is the author of : Lesso7is in Draicing, Studies of Animals and Landscajjes (3 vols.. 18-19-50); Tropicid Journeyings (1856); History of the Panama Railroad and its Connections (1860), and of numerous important medical and surgical works. He also contributed to various foreign and American medical journals, and invented many surgical instruments. He died in New Orleans, La., May 34, 1900. OTIS, George Alexander, author, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 13, 1830 ; son of George Alexander (Harvard, 1831) and Anna (Hickman) Otis ; grandson of George Alexander Otis, author of a translation of Botta's " History of the Ameri- can War for Independence " ; great-grandson of Dr. Ephraim Otis (Harvard, 1756), and a descend- ant from John Otis, Hingham, Mass., 1636. He at- tended the Boston Latin school and Fairfax in- stitute near Alexandria, Va., and was graduated from th College of New Jersey, A.B., 1849, A.M., 1853 ; and from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D. in 1851. He was married, Sept. 19, 1850, to Pauline, daughter of the Rev, Alfred L. Baury of Newton, Mass. He studied in hospitals in London and Paris, 1851-53, and on his return to th=! United States settled in Richmond, Va. He A-as associate editor of the Virginia Medical and Snrgical Journal. 1853-54. and in 1854 removed to Springfield, Mass. Upon tlie outbreak of the civil war he joined the Federal army as surgeon of tiie 37th Massachusetts regiment of volunteers and served throughout the war, receiving brevets as captain, major and lieutenant-colonel for faithful and meritorious services. He was ap- pointed c\irator of the U.S. Army Medical Mu- seum, July 33. 1864. and given charge of tlie sur- gical record department. His health failing in 1877, he was advanced to the rank of major and surgeon in the U.S. army, March 17, 1880, and remained in charge at the Army Medical Museum until his death. He was a member of the Medi- cal Society of Norway ; corresponding member of the Surgical Society of Paris ; an honorary member of the Massachusetts Medical society, a member of the Philosophical Society of "Washing- ton, D.C.. and of the Academy of Natural Scien- ces of Philadelphia, Pa. He is the author of Surgical History of the Rebellion (3 vols. 1881), on which he was engaged at the time of his death, and numerous reports for the Medical Museum. He died at Washington. D.C.,Feb. 33, 1881. OTIS, Harrison Gray, senator, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 8. 1765 ; son of Samuel Al- leyne and Elizabeth (Gray) Otis ; grandson of Col. James and Mary (Alleyne) Otis, and of Har- rison Gray, a loyalist and receiver-general of Massachusetts before the Revolution, and a de- scendant of John Otis, who emigrated from Hingham, Norfolk county, England, to Hingham, Mass., in June, 1635. He was graduated at Har- vard, A.B., 1783, A.M., 1786; studied law under Judge John Lowell in Boston, and became his law partner in 1786. He was married, May 31 , 1790, . to Sarah, daughter of William Foster. He served as captain in the Light infantry, 1787-93, his company escorting Washington on his entrance into Boston in 1789. He was an aide-de-camp to Gen. John Brooks during Shays's rebellion. He delivered the Fourth of July oration in Boston in 1788 ; represented Boston in the state legisla- ture in 1796 and 1803-05, and was speaker. 1803- 05. He was a Federalist representative from Massachusetts in the 5th and 6th congresses, succeeding Fisher Ames, and served, 1797-1801 ; was U.S. district attorney for Massachusetts, 1801-03; and state senator and president of the senate, 1805-11. He was a delegate to the Federalist convention at Hartford, Conn., in 1814 ; judge of the court of common pleas of Massachusetts, 1814-18. and U.S. senator as suc- cessor to Joseph B. Varnum, 1817-33, resigning in 1833, when he was succeeded by James Lloyd, who completed the term. He was defeated as the Federal candidate for governor of Massachusetts by William Eustis in 1833, and was mayor of Boston, 1839-33. He delivered a eulogy on Alex- ander Hamilton in 1804 and made an argument in tlie U.S. senate in 1830 on the admission of Missouri, which were extensively copied and quoted. He was a fellow of the American Acad- emy of Arts and Sciences, and was elected an honorary member of the New England Historic Genealogical society, Jan. 6, 1846. He was an overseer of Harvard, 1810-35. a fellow, 1838-35, and received the degree LL.D. from there in 1814. He died in Boston, Mass.. Oct. 38, 1848. OTIS OTIS OTIS, Harrison Gray, journalist, was born near Marietta, Ohio, Feb. 10, 1837 ; son of Stephen (born Litchfield, Conn., 1784) and Sarah (Dyar) Otis ; grandson of Barnabas (1756-1850) and Meliitable (Turner) Otis ; great-grandson of Joseph Otis, who was born in Plymouth, Mass., and married Lit- tle, and a descendant of James Otis (Hing- ham, 1635) from the Otis stock in America is descended, including James Otis, the Revolutionary pa- triot, and Harrison Gray Otis,the senator, for whom he was named. Barnabas Otis, his grandfather, serv- ed thirteen months • in a New Hampshire battalion, and was wounded, discharged and pensioned ; and Stephen Otis, his fatlier, removed with the New England Colonization company to Ohio in 1800, built a block house at Marietta, and was joined by his father, Barnabas Otis, and family from East Poultney, Vt. Harri- son Gray Otis was partially educated in the common schools of Ohio, and learned the printer's trade. He married Eliza A. Wetherby at Lowell, Ohio, Sept. 11, 1859. He enlisted as a private in the 12th Ohio volunteers in 1861 ; was promoted four times and served in that regiment until 1864, when he was transferred to the 33rd Ohio Veteran Volunteers, in which he was promoted captain. He was twice wounded in battle and was brevetted major and lieutenant-colonel for gallant and meritorious conduct, having partici- pated in fifteen actions during the war. Subsequently he was appointed 2d lieutenant in the U.S. army, but declined. He was official reporter of the Ohio house of representatives, 1866-67 ; was foreman of the U.S. government printing office, 1869-70, and later an emploj-ee of the U.S. patent office, resigning as chief of division in 1876. He removed to California in that year, edited the Santa Barbara Press, 1876-79, and was special U.S. treasury agent in charge of the Seal Islands of Alaska, 1879-81. He became editor of the Los Angeles Times in 1882. At the beginning of the Spanish-American war he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, May 27, 1898. He served against the Filipino insurgents in Luzon, commanding tlie 1st brigade, 2d division, 8tli army corps, and led his brigade at the capture of Caloocan, Feb. 10, 1899, being brevetted major-general for meritorious conduct there, March 25, 1899. After taking part in the campaign against Malolos, the Filipino capital, he resigned, was honorably discharged, returned to Calif oi-nia and resumed his newspaper work. OTIS, James, orator and patriot, was born in West Barnstable, Mass., Feb. 5, 1725; son of James (1702-1778) and Mary (AUyne) Otis ; grand- son of Judge John Otis (1657-1725) and of Joseph Allyne of Plymouth, Mass., and greats-grandson of John Otis, who came from Hingham, England, in 1636 with his family and founded the town of Hingham, Mass. James Otis was tutored by the Rev. Jonathan Russell of Barnstable and was graduated from Harvard college, A.B., 1743, A.M., 1746. He studied law in the office of Jeremiah Gridley, 1745-48 ; was admitted to the bar in 1748, and began practice in Plymouth, Mass. He removed to Boston in 1750, soon attain- ing a high rank in his profession, and was appointed advocate-general under the crown. He was married in 1755 to Ruth, daughter of Nathaniel Cunningham, a Boston merchant. He was dlosely identified with the pre-Revolutionary movements and upon being asked to furnish the revenue officers with writs of assistance, refused and resigned his office, acting as counsel for the merchants in their protests against issuing writs, and accepting no fee. The case was argued before Chief-Justice Hutchinson in 1761, Otis's opponent being Jeremiah Gridley, his legal preceptor. He spoke for five hours in answer to Mr. Gridley's defence of the measure, and in his speech, which has been characterized as one of tlie greatest of modern times, embodied all tlie relations between the colonies and Great Britain. John Adams declared that on that day " the child of Independ- ence was born," that "the oration breathed into the Nation the breath of life." The court reserved its decision until the next term when it granted the ||l^ | writs. In May, 1761, l^Lsl] Mr. Otis was elected a representative in ISfeit^ '"'''''W the Massachusetts fe..V^i!i'ft^^ ' legislature, where fy he served, 1761-70 ; ^->^|- opposed the stamp -^^^Wfe** act in 1765; was ouo STATE house the mover for the stamp act congress and a delegate to the same in New York city in October, 1765, and was a mem- ber of the committee that prepared an address to parliament. He was elected speaker of the house in 1767, but his election was not confirmed by Governor Bernard, his political enemy. On OTIS OTTENDORFER Sept. "), 17G9, he was badly beaten by one Robinson, a customs officer, supported by officers of tlie Britisli army and navy, for having attacked the customs department in tlie columns of the Boston Gazette. He received a severe sword-cut on the liead, and for the rest of his life was niildl}' insane. When he had received from Robinson a juiignient for damages of £2,000, he refused to take the money awarded because Robinson had written an apology. In June, 1775, while residing at Watertown, Mass., on hearing of the assembly of troops at Breeds Hill, he borrowed a musket from one of his neighbors, joined the recruits and participated in the battle of Bunker Hill. He removed to Andover, Mass., and in 1778 argued a case in Boston, but his mental powers were inadequate for the exertion and he returned to Andover. Shortly after his return, while standing in his doorway, he was struck by lightning and instantly killed. He is the author of: Rudiments of Latin Prosody (1760); Vindica- tion itfthe Conduct of the House of Representatives (1762): Rights of the Colonies Asserted (1765); Coiisideration in behalf of the Colonists (1765), and Power of Harmony in Prosaic Composition. The Massachusetts society. Sons of the Revolu- tion, placed a granite boulder holding a bronze inscription to his memory over his grave in the Old Granary Burying-Ground in Boston in 1898. He was named a.s eligible for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans in 1900 in Class M, Rulers and Statesmen, and at the election in October received four votes. His daughter Elizabeth, on Oct. 4, 1776, married without his consent Lieut. Leonard Brown of the British army, who was wounded at Bunker Hill, and subsequently settled in Steaford, Lincolnshire, England. Her father, in his will, bequeathed to her "five shillings "; to his other daughter, Mary, and to her mother, Ruth Otis (who died in 1789), he bequeathed the residue of his estate and made them the executrices of liis will. His only son, James, died when eighteen years of age, and his daughter Mary married Benjamin Lincoln, Jr. (1756-1784), eldest son of Gen. Benjamin Lincoln. James Otis died at the Osgood House, Andover, Mass., May 2.3. 1783. OTIS, James. See Kaler, James Otis. OTIS, Samuel Allyne, delegate, was born in Barnstable, Mass., Nov. 24, 1740; son of James and Mary (Allyne) Otis, and brother of James Otis the patriot. He was graduated from Harvard second in his class, A.B., 1759, A.M., 1762 ; studied law and engaged in business in Boston, Mass., as a merchant. He was a representative in the Massachusetts legislature, 1776-88, and speaker, 1784 : a member of the Massachusetts constitu- tional convention, 1780. and a member of the board of war. He was one of the commissioners that negotiated with tlie leaders of Shays's rebel- lion in 1787 ; was a delegate to the continental congress, 1787-88, and upon the meeting of the first U.S. congress, March 4, 1789. was made secretary of the senate, which office he held, 1789- 1814. He was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Harrison Gray, treasurer of Massachusetts. He died in Washington, D.C., April 22, 1814. OTJEN, Theobold, representative, was born in West China, St. Clair county, Mich., Oct. 27, 1851 ; son of John C. and Dorothea (Schriner) Otjen. He attended the academy at Marine City, Mich., and a private school in Detroit, Mich., under Prof. P. M. Patterson, and was employed as foreman in a rolling mill at Milwaukee, Wis., 1870-72. He was graduated from the law de- partment of the Universit}' of Michigan in 1875 and practiced law in Detroit until 1883, when he removed to Milwaukee. He was a member of the common council of the city, 1887-94 ; a trus- tee of the public library, 1887-91. and of the public museum, 1891-94 ; was defeated for city comptroller in April, 1892 ; was the un- successful Republican candidate for represen- tative in the 53d congress in 1892 and for the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Mitchell in 1893, and was a representative from the fourth Wisconsin district in the 54th, 55th, 56th and 57th congresses, 1895-1903. OTTENDORFER, Anna (Behr), philanthro- pist, was born in Wiirzburg, Bavaria, Feb. 13, 1815. She removed to the home of her brother in Niagara county, N.Y., in 1837, and in 1838 mar- ried Jacob Uhl, who opened a small printing office in New York city in 1844. He purchased the Xeiv Yorker Staats-Zeitung, a German weekly, in 1845, which, through the help of his wife, greatly prospered and became a daily in 1849. Upon the death of Mr. Uhl in 1852, his wife be- came proprietor of the Staats-Zeitung, managing it alone until July, 1859, when she married Os- wald Ottendorfer (q.v.), the latter assuming the position of editor-in-chief, while she remained the business manager. When the propertj' of the paper, which had become the leading German journal in the United States, was turned into a stock company, Mrs. Ottendorfer gave the employees a ten per cent dividend on their annual salaries, subsequently raising it to fifteen per cent. She also bequeathed them ^25,000 in lier will. She built and endowed the Isabella Home for Aged Women at Astoria, L.I., in 1875. at a cost of $150,- 000, in memory of her daughter Isabella ; contrib- uted about $40,000 to a memorial fund in support of several educational in.stitutions in 1881 ; built and furnished tiie woman's pavilion of the Ger- man hospital in New York city at a cost of $75.- 000, and gave $100,000 and a library to the Ger- man dispensary on Second avenue. New York OTTENDORFER OVERSTREET city. Her fortune was estimated at $3,000,000. She was awarded a gold medal by the German Empress in 1883, for her philanthropic work. She died in New York city, April 1, 1884. OTTENDORFER, Oswald, jomualist, was born at Zwittau, Moravia, Feb. 26, 1826. His father, a manufacturer, removed to Galicia, leaving Os- wald in the charge of a married sister at Brtinn. He attended the gymnasium at Briinn until 18-16 ; was graduated in jurisprudence from the Univer- sity of Vienna, and subsequently attended the University of Prague. In 1848 he returned to Vienna, joined the revolutionists and became a leader of the party in Saxony and Baden, and was subsequently commissioned a lieutenant in the battalion under Robert Blum. Upon the defeat of the revolutionists in October, 1848, he escaped to Switzerland and thence to the United States. He obtained employment in the counting room of the Staats-Zeitung, then owned by Jacob Uhl. Upon the death of Mr. Uhl in 1852 the management devolved on his widow, and Mr. Ottendorfer became an important factor in its publication. He was married in 1859 to Anna, widow of Jacob Uhl, and became the proprietor and editor-in-chief of the Staats-Zeitung, which rapidly increased in circulation. In politics he was a Democrat, but his paper was strictly non- partisan. He was an alderman of the city, 1872-74, and was named as a candidate for maj-or in 1874. He was a presidential elector on the Cleveland and Stevenson ticket in 1892. He retired from business in 1890, and part of his time was spent in travel in Europe. He donated $300,000 to build and endow an educational institution in Zwittau, Moravia ; founded a home for aged and indigent men on Long Island, N.Y., and founded and con- tributed to the Ottendorfer Free library on Sec- ond avenue, New York city. In his will he bequeathed to the Isabella Hermath Home for Aged Women, named in memory of a de- ceased daughter of his wife, §100,000, supple- menting a gift of like amount made a few days before his death ; $20,000 to the New York Free Circulating library, and the same to the Charity Organization society, to the Cooper Union and to the German hospital and dispensary ; $25,000 to the American Museum of Natural History, and 110,000 each to the Society for Ethical Culture and the German Ladies' Society for the Relief of Destitute Widows and Orphans and Sick Persons. To each employee of the NeivYorker Staats-Zeitung he bequeathed a share in proportion to his salary in a total bequest of $50,000. He died in New York city, Dec. 16. 1900. OTTO, William Tod, jurist, was born in Phil- adelphia, Pa., Jan. 19, 1816 ; son of Dr. John Conrad (q. v.) and Eliza (Tod) Otto. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1833, A.M., 1836 ; studied law with Joseph R. IngersoU, and practiced in Indiana, 1836-44. He was judge of the second judicial circuit, 1844- 52 ; was professor of law in the Indiana univer- sity, 1847-52 ; assistant secretary of the interior, 1863-71 ; was appointed the arbitrator on the part of the United States under the treaty between the United States and Spain in 1871, resigned in 1875, and was reporter of the decisions of the U.S. supreme court, 1875-84. He was U.S. represent- ative to the universal Postal congress at Lisbon, Portugal, in 1885. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Indiana university in 1852. He is the author of seventeen volumes of the Reports of the U.S. Supreme Court (1866-82). OUTHWAITE, Joseph Hudson, representa- tive, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, Dec. 5, 1841 ; son of George and Harriet (Hudson) Outhwaite, and grandson of John Outhwaite. He attended the public schools of Zanesville, Ohio, 1847-60 ; taught in the Zanesville high school, 1862- 64 ; was principal of a grammar school in Columbus, Ohio, 1864-67, and practiced law in Osceola, Mo., 1867-71, and in Columbus, Ohio, after 1871. He was prosecuting attorney of Franklin county, Ohio, 1874-78 ; a trustee of the Franklin County Children's home, 1879-83 ; a member of the sinking fund commission of the city of Columbus, 1883-89, and Democratic rep- resentative from the 13th and 12th districts of Ohio in the 49th, 50th, 51st, 52d, and 53d con- gresses, 1885-95. He was a civilian member of the board of ordnance and fortification by ap- pointment of President Cleveland in 1895, resigning in 1900, and was a trustee of the Ohio State universitj^ in 1897. In 1896 he was elector-at-large on the "Gold Democracy" ticket for the state of Ohio. He was presi- dent of the Columbus board of trade, 1900- 1901. OVERSTREET, Jesse, representative, was born in Franklin, Johnson county, Ind., Dec. 14, 1859 ; son of Gabriel Monroe and Sarah L. (Mor- gan) Overstreet ; grandson of Samuel Overstreet, who removed from Oldham county, Ky., to John- son county, Ind., in 1834, and of the Rev. Lewis Morgan. Jesse Overstreet attended the public schools and was graduated at Franklin college, Ind., in 1882. He studied law under his father, was admitted to the bar in 1886, settled in prac- tice in Franklin, and in 1891 associated himself in practice with his father on the death of the latter's partner, Anderson B. Hunter. He subse- quently pi"acticed in Indianapolis. He was a Re- publican representative from the seventh Indiana district in the 54th, 55th, 56th, 57th and 58th congresses, 1895-1905. He was married, June 7, 1898, to Katharyne, daughter of F. T. Crump of Columbus, Ind. OVERTON OWEN OVERTON, Edward, representative, was born in Towanda, Pa., Feb. 4, 1836 ; son of Edward and Eliza (Clymer) Overton ; grandson of Thomas and Mary (Bleasdale) Overton of Wales, and of Henry and Mary (Willing) Clymer, and a great- grandson of George Clymer (q.v.). Edward Overton. Sr., a native of Clithers, Lancashire, England, was educated for the law in London, was admitted to the bar of Luzerne county, Pa., in 1818, and practiced in Wilkes Barre, Athens and Towanda, Pa. Edward Overton, Jr., was graduated at the College of New Jersey, A.B., 18.')6, A. M., 1859. and was admitted to the bar in 1838. He practiced in Towanda, and entered the Union army as major of the oOth Pennsylvania volunteers in September, 1861. He was promoted lieutenant -colonel in 1863. and commanded the regiment from that time until mustered out in October, 1864. He resumed practice in Towanda ; served as U.S. regi-ster in bankruptcy, 1867-76, and as president of Citizens National Bank of Towanda, Pa., and was a Republican representa- tive from the fifteenth Pennsylvania district in 1877-81. Hp died Sept. 18, 100?,. OVERTON, John, jurist, was born in Louisa county, Va., April 9, 1766 ; a descendant of William and Mary (Waters) Overton. William Overton, a native of England, settled in Virginia previous to 1670. John was self-educated ; taught school in Virginia, later went to Kentucky where lie was admitted to the bar in 1787, and in 1789 removed to Tennessee, practicing at Nashville with Andrew Jackson, at that time district attor- ney. He was employed as an expert in straighten- ing out complications in the land titles in the dis- trict, and in modifying the land laws of North Carolina in conformity with the acts of 1777 and 1783. He was appointed judge of the superior court by Governor Sevier in 1804, to succeed An- drew Jackson, and was judge of the state supreme court, 1811-16. He purchased with Andrew Jack- son the Rice grant of land at the mouth of the Wolf river in 1794, and was influential in establish- ing the city of Memphis. He was active in promo- ting the election of General Andrew Jack.son to the Presidency, and was consulted by the Presi- dent during his two administrations. He owned the largest estate in Tennessee. He was the author of Overton's Reports 1701-1817 (1817), which contain the land laws of the state, and his de- cisions became the statute law of Tennessee. He died near Nashville, Tenn., April 12. 1833. OWEN, Alfred, educator, was born in China, Maine. July 20, 1829 ; son of Sewell and Jane (Maxfield) Owen. He was graduated at Water- ville college, A.B., 1853. A.M.. 1856 ; was principal of the academy at Bridgton, Maine. 1854-56. and was graduated at the Newton Theological institu- tion in 1858. He was married, March 4, 1858, to Elizabeth C. Stark of Waterville, Maine. He was ordained at China, Maine, Feb. 9, 1858 ; was pastor at Lynn, Mass., 1858-67 ; at Detroit, Mich., 1867-77, and at Chicago, 111., 1877-79: He was president of Denison university, Granville, Ohio, 1879-86, and during his administration all debts were paid ; the endowment was increased by $100,000 ; the publication of the Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of the University begun, and the admittance of the university to the Ohio branch of the Inter-State Oratorical association secured. He was president and professor of theology at Roger Williams university, Nashville, Tenn., 1887-95, resigning the presidency in 1895, but continuing to hold the chair of theology and metaphysics. He received the honorary degree D.D. from Kalamazoo college, Micliigan, in 1871. He was a frequent contributor to reviews and to the denominational press, and an occasional lecturer at several theological seminaries and ministers' institutes. OWEN, David Dale, geologist, was born at Braxfield House, near New Lanark, Scotland, June 24, 1807 ; son of Robert and Anne Caroline (Dale) Owen, and brother of Robert Dale Owen (q.v.). He was educated under a private tutor, and trained in the use of carpenters' tools in the mechanical department connected with his father's mills. He attended the academy at New Lanark, the school of Emanuel von Fellenberg at Hofwyle, Switzer- land, and the Ander- sonian Institution at Glasgow, Scotland, where he studied science under Dr. Andrew Ure. He joined his father's community at New Harmony, Ind., in 1828, and with his brother Richard con- tinued the study of chemistry and made geological researches. He went to Eng- land in 1831 to attend the lectures of Dr. Turner in the London university, returned to the United States in 1832 and was graduated at the Ohio Medical college in 1836. He accompanied Dr. Gerard Troost on the state survey of Tennessee during the sununer of 1836, and was appointed state geologist of Indiana in 1837. He was married, March 23. 1837, to Caroline C, daughter of Jo.seph Neif wlio had been associated with Pestalozzi in his educational movement in Switzerland. He made a preliminary reconnaissance of the .state of Indiana in 1837-38, and immediately published a ^'. ^, ^-<^ OWEN OWEN report which was re-issued in 1859. James Whitcomb, governor of Indiana and commissioner of the general land office, selected him to superintend a government survey of the Dubuque and Mineral Point districts, which comprised 11,000 square miles of the Northwest territory, the object being to reserve from sale the sections containing mineral wealth. This was one of the first surveys under the auspices of the national government. The results of his investigations were published in a Report of a Geological Exploration of a Part of lotva, Wisco7isin, and Illinois made under Instructions from the Secretary of the Treasury in 1839, with charts and illustrations (1844.) He was engaged in assorting the collection of minerals and fossils left by William McLure in 1840, was appointed U.S. geologist and dii-ected to make a survey of the Chippeway district, a preliminary report of which was published in 1848. In 1849 the task was broadened and he was directed to undertake a survey of the territory lying mainly within the states of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, for which the svim of $40,000 was reserved. This task required five years of field work and a final year of office and laboratory work, the results of which appeared in a Report of a Geological Exploration of a Part of Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and Incidentally a Portion of Nebraska Territory, with plates (1852). He was state geologist of Kentucky, appointed by Governor Powell, 1854-59, presenting four Reports of the Geological Survey in Kentucky, with an atlas (1836-61). He was also appointed state geologist of Arkansas by Governor Conway, serving, 1857- 59, and publishing the results of his efforts in a Report of a Geological Reconnoissance of the Northern Counties of Arkansas (1858) and in the Report of the 3Iiddle and Southern Counties (1860). He was appointed geologist of Indiana in 1859, but owing to his impaired health, the work was done by his brother Richard, who published Report of a Geological Reconnoissance of Indiana (1862). His museum and laboratory were con- sidered among the finest in the United States, and his collection of specimens was purchased by the Indiana State university for $20,000. He died in New Harmony, Ind., Nov. 13, 1860. OWEN, Edwin lorwerth, educator, was born in Wales in 1825, and immigrated to the United States in his early youth. He was graduated from Georgetown college, Kj'., B.A., 1849, and became a Baptist clergyman in Kentucky. He was pastor at Weston, IMo., 1857-59, and professor of ancient languages at William Jewell college, 1859-61. At the outbreak of the civil war the college was suspended, reopening in 1863 as a private school under the presidency of Dr. Wil- liam Thompson, who retired after a few months. VIII. — 11 Professor Owen became his successor and held the office until his deatli. He received the hon- orary degree of LL.D. from William Jewell college in 1859. He died in Chicago, 111., in 1867. OWEN, George Washington, representative, was born in Brunswick county, Va., in 1795, son of a planter, who removed his family to Davidson county, Tenn., in 1808. He was graduated at the University of Nashville, studied law under Felix Grundy and was admitted to the bar in 1816. He practised in Claiborne, Monroe county, Ala., in partnership with John Gayle, represented Monroe county in the state legislature, 1819-20, and was speaker of the house in 1820. He was representative from Alabama in the 18th, 19th and 20th congresses, 1823-29 ; removed to Mobile ; was collector of that port, 1829-36, and mayor of Mobile, 1836-37. He was married to Miss Hollin- ger of Mobile, Ala. He died at his plantation near Mobile, Ala., Aug. 18, 1837. OWEN, John, governor of North Carolina, was born in Bladen county, N.C., in August, 1787; son of Col. Thomas and Eleanor (Portersfield) Owen. Colonel Owen was born in Chester county. Pa., in 1735 ; settled in North Carolina with his father in 1740 ; represented Bladen in the general assem- blies of 1775-76 and 1776-77 ; served as 2d major of a Bladen regiment in the Revolutionary war, and commanded a regiment in the brigade of Gen. Isaac Gregory. He was a descendant of Robert and Rebecca (Humphrey) Owen of Mer- ionethshire, Wales, who settled in Merion. Penn., about 1688. John Owen at- tended the University of North Carolina in 1804 ; be- came a planter, and was elected to the North Carolina legislature, serving in the house and senate, 1812-28. He was governor of North Carolina, 1828-30, and was defeated as a can- didate for the U.S. senate by Willie P. Mangum in 1830, which contest produced an antagonism which very nearly resulted in a hostile meeting. He was a member of the state constitutional convention in 1835, and president of the Whig national convention at Harrisburg, Pa., Dec. 4, 1839, at which William H. Harrison was nomi- nated President, and John Tyler Vice-President, he himself having declined the nomination for the latter office. He was married to a daughter of Gen, Thomas Brown of Bladen county, N.C., an officer of the Revolution. His brother, James Owen (1784-1865), was a representative in the 18th congress, 1817-19. He died at Pittsboro, N.C., Oct. 14, 1841. OWEN, John Jason, educator and author, was born in Colebrook, Conn., Aug. 13, 1803. His parents removed to Johnstown, N.Y., where he OWEN OWEN was prepared for college. He was graduated from Middleburj' college, Vt., A.B., 1828, A.M., 1831 ; from Andover Theological seminary in 1831, and was ordained by tlie presbytery of New York city, Oct. 7, 1831. He was secretary of tlie Presbyterian Education society, 1831-35; princi- pal of Cornelius institute. New York, 1835-48 ; professor of Latin and Greek, and vice-principal of the newly-organized Free academy, 1846-66. When the name was changed in 1866 to the Col- lege of the City of New York, he was made vice- president and served 1866-69. The honorary de- gree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the Uni- vei-sity of the City of New York in 1848, and that of LL.D. by Ingliam college in 1850, and by Mid- dlebury in 1864. He was a trustee of Middlebury college, Vt., 1863-69. He is the author of a trans- lation of : Xenojihon's Anabasis (1843); Homers Odyssey (1844); Xenojihon's Cyropcedia (1846); The Works of Tlnicydides (1847); also the Acts of the Apostles in Greek, icitJi a Lexicon (1850); J. Greek Reader (1852), and a Commentary, Critical, Expository, and Practical, on the Gospels (3 vols., 1857-73). He died in New York city, April 18, 1869. OWEN, Joshua Thomas, soldier, was born in Caermartlien, Wales, March 29, 1821 ; son of David and Jane (Thomas) Owen, who immigrated to the United States in 1830 and settled in Balti- more, Md, He was graduated at Jefferson college, Canonsburg. Pa., in 1845 ; engaged in teaching ; studied law ; was admitted to tlie bar in 1852, and in connection with liis brother Robert founded a boys' academy at Ciiestnut Hill, Phila- delphia. He combined the practice of law with the duties of teacher, and was a representative in the Pennsylvania legislature, 1857-59. He was a private in the 1st city troop of Pliiladelphia in 1861 ; was elected colonel of the 24th Pennsyl- vania volunteers, enlisted for three months' service, and in July organized and became colonel of the 69th Pennsylvania volunteers, organized for two years' service. He served in the Army of the Potomac, holding the right of the 2d brigade. 2d division, 2d corps, and was present at every battle in McClellan's Penin- sula campaign. He was promoted brigadier- general of volunteers for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of Glendale, June 30, 1862, and was again with McClellan in the Maryland campaign. September, 1862, where he succeeded Gen. O. O. Howard to the command of tlie 2d brigade, when Howard succeeded Sedgwick to the command of tlie 2d division. He commanded the 2d brigade in Howard's division at Fredericks- burg, in Gibbon's division at Chancellorsville, and in Grant's campaign against Richmond, in- cluding the battle of Cold Harbor. He was mus- tered out in 1864, and again took up his profes- sion. He was recorder of deeds of Philadelphia, 1866-71, and in 1871 organized the New York Daily Register which published the official reports of the New York courts in 1873, and was a mem- ber of its editorial staff until shortly before his death. He was married in 1862 to Annie J. Shendon. He died at Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 7, 1887. OWEN, Richard, geologist, was born at Bran- field House, near New Lanark, Scotland, Jan. 6, 1810; son of Robert and Anne Caroline (Dale) Owen, and brother of Robert Dale Owen (q.v.). He studied under private tutors and attended the school of Emanuel Fellenberg at Hofwyl, Swit- zerland, three years, and the lectures of Dr. An- drew Ure at tlie Andersonian Institution, Scot- land. He came to the United States with his father in 1824; settled at New Harmony, Ind., whei'e his father founded a community and he engaged in teaching tlie settlers. He was next in business in Cincinnati, Ohio, and afterward en- gaged in the management of a stock farm at New Harmony. He was married to Annie, daughter of Joseph Neif. On the outbreak of the Mexican war, in 1846, he was commissioned captain in the 16th U.S. infantry, and served during the greater part of the war. With his brother David he made a geological sur- vey of Minnesota, exploring in pei'son the north shore of Lake Superior in 1849, and was professor of natural sciences in the West- ern Military institute of Kentucky, 1849-54. In 1854 the school was removed to Tyree Springs, Teun., and in April, 1855, became the literary de- partment of the University of Nashville, with which department he was connected, 1855-59. He also shared the military training of the students with Bushrod R. Jolinson (q.v.). He was assist- ant geologist and geologist on the Indiana sur- vey, 1859-60 ; was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 15th Indiana volunteers in 1861, and served in western Virginia, commanding a brigade under Gen. A. J. Smith. He recruited and commanded the 60th Indiana regiment and was taken pris- oner at Munfordville, Sept. 17, 1862. He after- ward served with Generals Sherman and Banks in the Red River exi^edition, resigning in 1863. He was professor of natural philosophj' and cliemistry in Indiana university, 1863-67; of science and chemistry, 1867-79, and also gave instruction in geology, mineralogy, Frencli and German. He made a survey of the mineral re- sources of New Mexico and Arizona ; a geological surve}' of parts of North Carolina and of East Ten- nessee, while at Indiana university, and after his resignation, researches in terrestrial magnetism, and its effect on the formation of land on our globe. He received the degree M.D. from Nash- ville Medical college in 1858 and LL.D. from Wabash college in 1871. He contributed to sci- OWEN OWEN entific and literary periodicals. He died, from the effects of poison taken accidentally, at New Harmony, Ind., March 25, 1890. OWEN, Robert Dale, reijresentative and author, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, Nov. 7, 1801 ; son of Robert and Anne Caroline (Dale) Owen, and grandson of Robert and (Williams) Owen, and of David Dale, a mill owner and lord provost of Glasgow, Scotland. His father (1771-1858), a prominent British social reformer and the author of many socialistic books, was in America, 1824-27, where he pur- chased 30,000 acres of land in Indiana and Ill- inois, and made an unsuccessful attempt to found a colony, which he named New Harmony. Robert Dale Owen was educated by private tutors and at Emanuel von Fellenberg's school at Hofwyl, Switzerland, 1818-21. He came to the United States in 1824, and aided his father in es- tablishing the colony at New Harmony, Ind., but in 1827, upon the failure of the enterprise, went back to England. Returning to America in the same year he settled in New York, where he published tlie Free Inquirer, 1828-32, being as- sisted in the undertaking by Fanny W^right, the abolitionist. In 1832 he again went to New Har- mony, Ind. He was a representative in the Indiana legislature, 1835-38, and was influential in securing one half of the appropriation from the surplus U.S. revenue allotted to Indiana for the support of the public schools of that state. He was a Democratic representative from Indiana in the 28th and 29th congresses, 1843-47. W^iile in congress he introduced a resolution relating to the Oregon dispute, which subsequently formed the basis upon which the question was settled in 1846, and a resolution organizing the Smithsonian Institution, He was a member of the constitu- tional convention of Indiana in 1850, chairman of the committee on riglits and privileges, and of the committee on revision. He was again a rep- resentative in the state legislature in 1851 ; ap- pointed by President Pierce charge d' affaires at Naples in 1853, and U.S. minister in 1855, serving until his return to the United States in 1858. He championed the abolitionist cause, and during the civil war was appointed by Secretary Stanton chairman of a committee to inquire into the con- dition of the freed slaves. The honorary degree of LL.D. was confei'red on him by the Indiana uni- versity in 1872, and he was a trustee of the univer- sity, 1838-46 and 1849-51. He is the author of-. Outline of the System of Education at New Lanark (1824); Moral Physiology (1831); Discussion ivith Origen Bachelor, on the Personality of God and the Authority of the Bible (1832) ; Pocahontas: a Drama (1837); Hints on Public Architecture (■1849); A Treatise on the Construction of Plank Roads (1850); Footfalls on the Boundary of An- other World {\S^^); Tlie Wrong of Slavery, the Right of Emancipation, and the Future of the African Race in the United States (1864); Beyond the Breakers (1870) ; Debatable Land Between this World and the Next {1^12) , and Tlireading My Way (1874). He died at Lake George, N.Y., June 17, 1877. OWEN, Thomas McAdory, historian, was born in Jonesboro, Jefferson count}', Ala., Dec. 15, 1866 ; son of Dr. William Marmaduke and Nancy (McAdory) Owen ; grandson of Judge Thomas and Dolly Payne (Williams) Owen, and great-grandson of Marmaduke (q.v.) and Agnes (Payne) Williams. Agnes Payne was a first cousin of Dorothy Payne, wife of President James Madison. His Owen and Williams ancestors were seated in Henrico and Hanover counties, re- spectively, in Virginia, as early as the beginning of the eighteenth century, and his McAdory ances- tor was a Scotch-Irish immigrant from North Ireland to South Carolina jjrior to the Revolution- ary war. He was graduated from the University of Alabama, A.B. and LL.B., 1887, A.M., 1893, He was admitted to the bar in 1887 and practised in Bessemer, CarroUton and Birmingham, Ala., until March 1, 1901, when he retired from the active practice of law and devoted himself to literary pursuits. He was married, April 12, 1893, to Marie, daughter of the Hon. John H. Bankhead (q-v.). He was elected secretary of the Alabama Historical society, Jnne 21, 1898; secretary of tlie Sons of tlie Revolution in Ala- bama, April 16, 1894, and a member of the American Historical association in 1894, He was one of the foundeis of the Southern History as- sociation of Washington, D.C., April 24, 1896; was instrumental in the establishment of the Alabama Department of Arcliives and History, located in the state capitol at Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 27, 1901, and was elected its director, March 2, 1901, and in July, 1902, issued the first number of The Gulf States Historical Magazine, published bi-monthly. He edited the Transactions of the Ala- bama Historical Society (vols. 1 to 4, 1898-1902,) and the Report of the Alabama History Commis- sion (1901). He is the author of a City Code of Bessemer, Alabama (1888); Bibliograpliy of Ala- bama (1897); Bibliography of Mississippi (1900), Annals of Alabama 1819-1900, being an addenda to Vickeifs History of Alabama (1900); seimrate genealogies of the Lester. Strother, Eaton. Stan- sel, Lacoy, Kelly, Fisher and Ross families ; a Hist- ory of the Great Seal of Alabama, and a sketch of Ephraim Kirby, the first Superior Court Judge in what is now Alabama. OWEN, William D., representative, was born in Bloomingtom, Ind., Sept. 6, 1846; son of William D. and Priscilla (Rawlings) Owen ; grandson of David and Elizabeth (Dunn) Owen, OWENS OWSLEY and a descendant of David and Mary Jennings. He attended the Indiana State university in 1865, and studied law, which he relinquished in 1868 to become a minister of the Christian church, serving as sucii until 1878. He was married, Sept. 8, 1869, to ^Mary, daughter of John P. and Ada Ross of Oxford, Ind. He edited the Western Journal, Logansport. Ind., and was a presi- dential elector on tiie Garfield and Arthur ticket in 1880. He was a Republican representative from the tenth Indiana district in the 49th, 50th and 5lst congresses, 1885-91. He is the author of Success, and The Genius of Industry. OWENS, James W., representative, was born in Springfield. Ind., Oct. 24, 1837. He was graduated at Miami university, Ohio, B.S., 1862, A.M. 1865 ; and served in the 20th and 86th Ohio volunteers respectively, 1862-64, rising to the rank of captain. He attended the law school of the University of Michigan, 1864-65, was ad- mitted to the bar in 1865 and settled in practice in Newark, Oiiio. He was married. July 23, 1867, to Martha, daughter of Elias Kumbler of Oxford, Ohio. He served as prosecuting attorney of Licking county, Ohio, 1867-71, was a member of the state senate, 1876-80, and president 2)^'0 tem- pore of that body, 1878-80. He was a Democratic representative from the sixteenth and fourteenth Ohio districts in the 51st and 52d congresses, 1889-93. He was a trustee of Miami university, 1878-1900. He died at Newark, O., March 30, 1900. OWENS, John Edward, comedian, was born in Liverpool. England, May 4, 1824, of W^elsh parentage. He immigrated to the United States ■with his parents in 1827 ; settled first in Balti- more, Md., and in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1837, where his father engaged in the drug business. He was educated in private schools, and after- ward assisted in his father's store and as a clerk in a wholesale house in the same business. His first stage appearance was a small and gratuitous part in the support of Charlotte Cushman at the National theatre, Philadelphia, in 1841, of which William E. Burton was manager. In 1843 he quarreled with Burton, left the company and returned to the drug business. He appeared in Baltimore at the HoUiday theatre in 1844, and at Peale's museum in 1845. In 1846 he accepted the role of Jack Humphries in " Turning the Tables," in a benefit to D. P. Bowers at the Piiiladelphia museum, and in 1847 an agreement with Burton having been effected, was seen as Jakey in " A Glance at New York " in Philadelphia and Balti- more, receiving .$300 per week. He was associa- ted with Mr. Hann in the management of the Baltimore museum in 1849, and was sole proprie- tor, 1850-53. In New Orleans he made the ac- quaintance of Joseph Jefferson, with whom he afterward played in "The Poor Gentleman." He opened at Brougham's Lyceum, New York city, in 1852, and made a professional tour of Europe, 1852-53. He gave a panoramic entertainment il- lustrative of his ascent of Mount Blanc, in various cities in the United States, 1853, and in the same year became manager of the Charles Street theatre, Baltimore, where he personified Uncle Tom in Mrs. Stowe's novel dramatized. He then starred for several seasons and was the principal comedian at the Varieties theatre in New Or- leans, La., in 1858, and manager, 1859-61. He opened at Wallack's theatre. New Y'ork city, in August, 1864, in " Solon Shingle," which had a run of eight months ; appeared in the same play at the Adelphi theatre, London, in July, 1865, where he attracted immense audiences, and re- turned to Wallack's in. 1866. He was repeatedly seen in all the leading cities of the United States in the roles of Dr. Ollapod, Caleb Plummer, Aminadab Sleek and Dr. Pangloss. He bought the Academy of Music at Charleston, S.C, in 1872 ; and while in California in 1880 lost a large proportion of his acquired fortune through spec- ulation. He accepted an engagement at the Madi- son Square theatre in "Esmeralda." 1882-83, and afterward traveled. He died at his country house Aigburth Vale, near Towson, Md., Dec. 7, 1886. OWSLEY, William, governor of Kentucky, was born in Virginia in 1782 ; son of W^illiani and Catharine (Bolin) Owslej' ; grandson of Thomas and Mary (Middleton) Owsley, and a descendant of the Rev. John and Dorothea (Poyntz) Owsley. He removed to Lincoln in 1783 with his parents ; taught school and served as deputy sheriff, his father being sheriff of Lincoln county ; studiei law under John Boyle, and es- tablished a successful practice in Lancaster, Garrard county. He served in both branches of the state legislature several terms, and was a judge of the state supreme court, 1812-28. He maintained the principle of anti-repudiation advocated bj' Henry Clay in 1824, and remained firm when the majority in the state legislature tried to abolish the supreme bench, which act was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. supreme court. In 1828 lie resumed the practice of law, again represented Garrard county in the state legislature and served on the bench of the court of appeals. Retiring from tlie prac- tise of law in 1843, he lived on a farm near Dan- ville, Ky., and in 1844 was elected by the Whig party governor of Kentucky, defeating Col. W^il- liam O. Butler. Democrat, and re-elected in 1846, serving, 1844-48. Owsley county, Ky..was named in his honor. Centre college conferred upon liim the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1843. He died in Danville, Ky., Dec. 9, 1862. PACA PACKARD P. ^l.x£.^w^w~,<^-3»^ --'<-'• ^Q^.g(j ^ s%vord by %.■, y<^, "^ "^ congress, and another ^i^.^^..e,^<^'^t^ ^:^^^^^ He took part rp^f^-^^^ in the operations against Fort Mackinaw, and in the Mexican war against Monterey. He was promoted lieu- tenant 1. April 1818 ; commander, Feb. 28. 1838 ; captain, May 29, 1850 ; was placed on the reserve list, Sept. 13, 1855, and resigned his commission, April 19, 1861. He married first, in November, 1838, Imogen, daughter of Guy Wheeler, and secondly, July 13. 1848, Elizabeth P.. daughter of Holt Wilson, of Portsmouth, Va, He died in Norfolk, Va., June 3, 1871. PAGE, John, governor of Virginia, was bom at '' Rosewell," Gloucester county, Va., April 17, 1744; son of Mann and Mary Mason (Selden) Page ; grandson of Mann (1691-1730) and Judith (Carter) Page ; great-grandson of Matthew Page (1659-1703), and great 2 grandson of John (1627- 1692) and Alice (Luckin) Page. He was graduated from the CoUege of William and Mary in 1763, and was married about 1765 to Frances Burwell. He was a member of the house of burgesses ; of the colonial council, and the committee of safety, contri- buting liberally to the prose- cution of the Revolutionary!-, war ; a delegate to the state I'. Z'^'-Wj, constitutional convention of ^.^'^ July, 1776 ; lieutenant-govern- % ^y^^p'^^^':s>\ ^ or of the commonwealth; a "--- .,^- "' representative from the seventh district of Vir- ginia in the lst-4th congresses, 1789-97; a Jefferson elector in 1801, and governor ofVirginia, succeed- ing James Monroe, 1802-05. Being constitutionally ineligible for re-election in 1805 he was succeeded by William H. Cabell. He was U.S. commissioner of loans for Virginia by appointment of President Jefferson, 1805-08 ; and a visitor to the College of William and Mary, appointed in 1776. At one time he was urged to take orders in the church, his friends desiring that he should become the first bishop of Virginia. He is the author of: Addresses to the People (1796 and 1799). He died in Richmond, Va., Oct. 11, 1808. PAGE, John, governor of New Hampshire, was born in Haverhill, N.H., May 27, 1787; son of Jolin and Hannah (Rice) Green Page, and grandson of the Rev. Samuel Rice of Landaff, N.H. His father was a native of Lunenburg, Mass., who removed to Rindge, N.H., with his parents in 1762, and finally settled in Haverhill, Mass. John Page was prepared for college but did not enter, owing to his father's financial embarrassment which forced hiin to engage in farming. He was married in 1812 to Hannah, daughter of Nathaniel Merrill of North Haver- hill, Mass. He was appointed assistant U.S. tax assessor for Grafton county in 1813, and assessor in 1815 ; was a representative in the New Hampshire legislature, 1818-20 and in 1835, and register of deeds for Grafton county, 1828-34, with the exception of one year. He was elected to the state council in March, 1836. and in the following June to the U.S. senate as a Democrat to fill the vacancy caused bj' the resignation of Isaac Hill, and served until the close of Senator Hill's terra, March 3, 1837. He was re-elected to the state council in 1838, and was governor of the state, 1839-42. He took an active part in biiilding the Boston, Concord & Montreal rail- road. He died in Concord, N.H., Sept. 8, 1865. PAGE PAGE PAGE, John Boardman, governor of Vermont, was born in Rutland, Vt., Feb. 25, 1826; son of Williamand Cynthia(Hickok)Page. He attended the public scliools and Burr & Burton seminary, and was employed in the bank at Rutland in 1842, succeeding his father as cashier and becoming president of the National bank of Rutland. He was interested in several railroad and transportation enterprises, as director, trus- tee and vice-president. He was treasurer of the Howe Scale Co. ; a representative in the state legislature, 1852-5-4 and 1880, and state treasurer, 18G0-66, distributing nearly four mil- lions of dollars for military expenses. He was elected the thirty -first governor of Vermont in 1867 to succeed Paul Dillingham, and served till 1869. He died in Rutland, Vt., Oct. 24, 1885. PAGE, Mann, delegate, was born at "Rose- well," Gloucester (now Matthews) county, Va., about 1749 ; eldest sou of Mann and Ann Corbin (Tayloe) Page ; grandson of Mann and Judith (Carter) Page, and of the Hon. Matthew and Mary (Mann) Page, and a descendant of Col. John and Alice (Luckin) Page. He was a half brother of Gov. John Page. He was graduated at the College of William and Mary ; removed to Mansfield, Spottsylvania county, and was a delegate from Virginia to the Continental con- gress in 1777, with Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Nelson and George Wythe. He was married, in 1776, to Mary, daughter of John Tayloe of Fredericksburg, Va. He died at Mansfield, Va., but tlie date could not be ascertained. PAGE, Richard Channing Moore, physician, was born at Turkey Hill, Albemarle county, Va., Jan. 2, 1841 ; son of Dr. Mann and Jane Frances (Walker) Page; grandson of Maj. Carter and Mary (Gary) Page, and of Col. Francis and Jane (Byrd) Walker, and a descendant of Col. John and Alice (Luckin) Page. He attended the University of Virginia, 1860-61 ; entered the Confederate artillery in July 1861, and was promoted captain in April 1862. He commanded a battery in the principal battles of the Army of Northern Virginia and received a severe wound at Gettysburg. He was promoted major and assigned to duty as chief of artillery on the staff of Gen. John C. Breckinridge in October 1864, where he served until tiie clo.se of the war. He was graduated M.D. from the University of Virginia in 1867, and from the University of tlie City of New York in 1868. He was house physician in Bellevue hospital. New York, house surgeon in the Woman's hospital. New York, and professor of general medicine and diseases of the chest in the New York Polyclinic, 1885-98. He was vice-president of the New York Academy of Medicine and an active member of other medical and scientific societies. He was married April 30, 1874, to Mary Elizabeth, daugliter of Stephen Fitch of Norwich, Conn., and widow of the Hon. R. H. Winslow of Westport, Conn. He contributed to the New York Medical Record and other periodicals, and is the author of: Genealogy of the Page Family in Virginia (1882); Sketch of Page's Battery, Jackson's Corps, Lee's Army (1885) ; Chart on tlie Diseases of the Chest, Chart of Physical L>iagnosis (1885), and Practice of Medicine. He died in New York, June 19, 1898. PAGE, Richard Lucian, naval officer, was born in Fairfield, Clark county, Va., Deo. 20, 1807 ; son of William Byrd and Anne (Lee) Page ; grandson of Mann and Mary I\Iason (Selden) Page and of Richard Henry and Anne H. (Carter) Lee, and a descendant of Col. Jolin and Alice (Luckin) Page of Williamsburg, 1650. He attended the common schools of Clark county, and Alexandria, Va., and entered the U.S. navy in 1824. In 1861 he resigned from the Federal service and entered the Confederate army. He was appointed brigadier-general in 1863 ; took part in the fight at Port Royal and commanded Fort Morgan in Mobile bay at the time of its fall. In 1865 he retired to civil life and removed to Norfolk, Va. He was married Nov. 4, 1841, to Alexina, daughter of Richard and Elizabeth (Calvert) Taylor of Norfolk. He is the author of : The Defense of Fort Morgan in " Battles and Leaders of the Civil War," Vol. IV., pp. 408-10. He died at Blue Ridge, Summit, Pa., Aug. 9, 1901. PAGE, Thomas Jefferson, naval officer, was born at Shelley, Gloucester (now Matthews) county^Va., Jan. 8, 1808 ; son of Mann and Eliza- beth (Nelson) Page; grandson of Gov. John and Frances (Burwell) Page ; and of Gen. Thomas and Fannie Tinker (Houston) Nelson of York- town, Va., and a descendant of Col. John and Alice (Luckin) Page. He entered the U.S. navy as midsliipman Oct. 1, 1827 ; was promoted lieu- tenant, June 10, 1833, and captain, Sept. 14, 1855. He was married Nov. 8, 1839, to Benjamina, daugliter of Benjamin Price of Loudoun county, Va. For several years he was employed on the coa.st survey, and later he sailed around the world in the Dolphin. On his return lie suggested a plan for the sui-vey of the China seas, for which congress made an appropriation, and in 1852, when John P. Kennedy became secretary of the navy and the expedition was enlarged, Com. Matthew Perry being appointed to the command, Lieut. Page was offered tlie seconmmanded the Flirt on blockading duty : was i>ronioted commander, Sept. 14, 1855 ; com- manded tlie Iroquois of the Mediterranean squad- ron in 18G1, and was tran^^ferred to Dupont's Atlantic blockading fleet. His failure to capture the Confederate privateer Sidiiter in West Indian waters in 1861 called for an investigation, through which lie wjis exonerated and restored to his command. He was promoted captain, July 16, 1862, and commanded the Iroquois, which led the advance in the passage of the Vicksburg bat- teries, forcing the surrender of Baton Rouge and Natchez, and taking part in tlie fight witli the ram Arkansas. In the passage of Vicksburg, when the admiral's flagship stoi)ped her engines to enable the vessels following to close up. Cap- tain Palmer, fearing that the Hartford was dis- abled, stopped the Iroquois, which led the line, in order to draw tlie fire from the forts, and thus relieve the admiral's ship. This action at first called for the censure of the admiral, but when he comprehended the motive, he accepted the courtesy and Captain Palmer became his close friend. He was pronioted commodore, Feb. 7, 18G3, and in March, 1863, served as Farragufs fleet captain in the passage of the Port Hudson batteries. He was naval commander at New Orleans, La., in 1864, and afterward commanded the West Gulf squadron in the capture and de- struction of blockade runners. He conducted the movement that resulted in the fall of Mobile and led the first division in the final attack on the city. He was promoted rear-admiral, July 25, 1866, for services during the war, and was placed in command of the West India squadron. In the "Life and Letters of Farragut " he is warmly praised as an officer. He died of yellow fever at St. Tliomas. AV.L. Dec. 7, 1S67. PALMER, John McAuley, senator, was born at Eagle Creek, Scott county, Ky.,Sept. 13, 1817 ; son of Louis D. and Ann (Tutt) Palmer, both natives of Virginia, and great-grandson of Charles ^IcAuley, who emigrated from Ireland. His great- grandfather, Thomas Pahner, came to Virginia from England, and liis grandfather, Isaac Palmer, was a soMier in the American Revolution, 1776- 84. His father was a soldier in Col. Jolm Allen's regiment in tlie war of 1812. He escaped tlie massacre at Raisin River and was married in 1813. The family removed to Christian county, Ky., during John's boyhood, and in 1831 to within ten miles of Alton, 111. He received his first in- struction from Isaiah Boone ; learned the trade of plasterer ; attended Alton college in 1834, but a^/Ct^t, leaving for lack of means to pay his tuition, was employed as a cooper, peddler and school teacher ; studied law, 1835-38 ; was admitted to the bar in 1839, and practised in Carlinville, 111., 1839-61. He was the defeated Democratic candidate for county clerk in 1839, and in 1840 he sup- ported Martin Van Buren for president. He was judge of pro- bate for Macoupin county, 111., 1843-47; a member of the state constitutional con- vention of 1847; judge of probate, 1848; coun- ty judge, 1849-51, and a member of the Illi- nois senate, 1852-54. As a Democrat he did not agree with his party on the slavery question, resigned from the senate in 1854, and was elected by the anti-Nebraska faction in 1855. He was president of the Republican state convention of 1856, resigned his seat in the senate a second time in 1856, and was a delegate to the Republi- can national convention at Philadelphia, June 17, 1856, where he supported the nomination of Judge McLean for the presidency, although he preferred Fremont and worked privately for his nomination. He was defeated as Republican candidate for representative in the 36th congress in 1858 ; was an elector at large from Illinois on the Lincoln and Hamlin ticket in 1861 ; a delegate to the Peace congress at Washington, D.C., in Feb- ruary, 1861, and was elected colonel of the 14th Illi- nois infantry in April, 1861. He accompanied Gen. John C. Fremont in his expedition to Spring- field, Mo.; was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, Dec. 20, 1861 ; assigned to the com- mand of the 3d division under Gen. John Pope, and took part in the capture of New Madrid, March 14, and Island No. 10, April 8, 1862. He commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division, Arniy of the Mississippi, during the siege of Corinth, April 30-May 30, and was ordered liome May 29, on account of sickness. He organized the 122d Illinois volunteers in August, 1862, and in the following September was assigned to the com- mand of the 4th (afterward the 1st) division, Crittenden's left wing. Rosecrans' Army of the Cumberland, at the battle of Stone River, Nov. 29, 1802, where he was promoted major-general of volunteers, and in the battle of Chickamauga commanded the 2d division, 1st army corps, Sept. 19-20, 1863. He commanded the 14th army corps in the Chattanooga campaign and in the Atlanta campaign until August, 1864, when he PALMER PALMER was assigned to the military division of Ken- tucky, wliere he was military governor and had charge of the Freedman's bureau, and was mus- tered out of the service, Sept. 1, 1866. He was the Republican governor of Illinois, 1869-73, de- clined renomiuation in 1872, and returned to the Democratic party. He was active in the can- vass of 1876, speaking in all parts of the coun- try for Tilden and Hendricks. He was the de- feated Democratic candidate for U.S. senator in 1877, when John A. Logan was elected, and in 1883, when Governor Cullom was elected. He was defeated for governor of Illinois in 1888 by Jo- seph W. Fifer, and was elected to the U.S. senate by the Democratic legislature in 1891, serving 1891-97. In 1896 he refused to indorse the plat- form adopted by the Democratic national con- vention at Chicago, and when the national con- vention of the Gold Democrats met at Indianapo- lis, Sept. 2, 1896, General Palmer accepted the nomination for President, with Simon B. Buck- ner of Kentucky for Vice-President. In the elec- tion of November, the Palmer and Buckner electors received 133,148 popular votes, but none in the electoral college. In the presidential can- vass of 1900, General Palmer supported the Re- publican nominees and announced his intention to vote for McKinkley and Roosevelt electors. He was married in December, 1842, to Malinda, daughter of Julius Neely. Mrs. Palmer died in 1886. They had ten children, and at Senator Palmer's death, two sons and four daughters sur- vived. His eldest son, John Mayo Palmer, was his law partner, and his youngest son, L. J. Pal- mer, was a lawyer at Rock Springs, Wyo. In 1888 he married as his second wife l^Irs. Hannah M. Kimball, daughter of J. L. Lamb of Spring- field, III. In 1899 congress voted him a pension of $100 per month. His pei'sonal recollections, The Story of an Earnest Life, were published in 1901. He died in Springfield, 111., Sept. 25, 1900. PALMER, John Williamson, author, was born in Baltimore, Md. , April 4, 1825 ; son of Ed- ward and Katherine (Croxall) Palmer ; grandson of John and Mary (Preston) Palmer, and of James and Eleanor (Gittings) Croxall, all of the Maryland colony, and a descendant of Edward Palmer (1572-1625), of AVarwickshire, England, Oxford scholar and antiquary, who purchased and gave his name to " Palmer's Island," in the mouth of the Susquehannah river (1622), and was " Projector there of the first College and School of Arts in North America" (1624). John W. Palmer was graduated from the University of Maryland, M.D., in 1847, and went to San Francisco, Cal., in 1849, where he Avas city physician, 1.849-50. He was surgeon of a war- steamer of the East India company, and served in the second Burmese war, 1851-52, having vis- ited Hawaii, China, Malacca, Burmah, Aracan and Hindostan. He returned to the United States in 1853 ; wrote for the leading magazines, and was married in 1855 to Henrietta Lee of Bal- timore, Md., who was later known as a writer for several periodicals and as the author of Tlie Stratford Gallery (1859), and Home-Life in the Bible (1881). Dr. Palmer was the Confederate war-correspondent of the New York Tribune, 1862-64. In 1870 he returned to New York city, where he resumed literary work, and was an edi- tor on the original staffs of the Century and Standard dictionaries. He translated Michelefs "L'Amour" and ''La Femme " (1859), and Le- gouve's "Histoire Morale des Femmes" (1860), and is the author of : The Queen's Heart, comedy (1858); TJie New and the Old (185Q); Up and Down the Irraioaddi (1860) ; Epidemic Cholera (1866); Tlie Poetry of Compliment and Coiirtship (1867); The Beauties and Curiosities of Engraving (1879) ; A Portfolio of Autograph Etchings (1882); After His Kind, novel (1886); For Charlie's Sake, and Other Lyrics and Ballads (1901). PALMER, Nathaniel Brown, discoverer, was born in Stonington, Conn., Aug. 8, 1799 ; son of Nathaniel (1768-1812) and Mercy (Brown) Pal- mer ; grandson of Nathaniel (1740-1818) and Grace (Noyes) Palmer, and of Peleg and Mercy (Denison) Brown, and a descendant in the seventh generation from Walter and Rebecca (Short) Palmer, who came from England to Stonington, Conn., in 1653, and in the sixth gen- eration from the Rev. Chad Brown (q.v.). He was also a direct descendant through Mercy Denison, of John Howland of the Mayflower, and through Dorothy Noyes, of Governor Peleg Sanford. His father was a lawyer and afterward a shii^builder. The son went to sea in 1813 ; was second mate of the brig Herselia, Capt. J. P. Sheffield, in 1818, and returned from the south seas to Stonington with 10,000 seal skins. He was made captain of the sloop Hero in 1819, and in company with the Herselia made a second voyage to the south seas where he discovered Palmer's land in latitude 67' longitude 70'. He next commanded the James Monroe in an expedition under Capt. W. A. Fan- ning to the South Shetland Islands, and the Cadet in several voyages to Cartagena on the Spanish main, where he was employed hy the Colombian government in transporting a portion of General Bolivar's army from Cartagena to the river Cha- gres and prisoners to Santiago de Cuba. In 1826 he took the brig Tampico to Cartagena. He was married Dec. 7, 1826, to Eliza Thompson, daugh- ter of Paul Babcock, she died in 1872, having had no children. He took the brig Francis to the south seas in 1827, and the Anawan on a voj- age of discovery in 1829, east of Cajie Horn. On his next voyage he touclied at Juan Fernan- PALMER PALMER des island for water and was captured by Chilian convicts. His identity as a Mason saved his life, but the convicts forced him to carry tlieni out of captivity. In December, 1833, he assumed com- mand of the packet ship Huntsville between New York and New Orleans ; in 1835 the Hihernia to Rio Janeiro ; in 1837 the ship Garrick of the Collins line to Liverpool ; in 1838 the S/rfc7o7is to the same port, and in 1841 tlie Paul Jones to China. He modeled the clipper .ship Hoqiia for Brown & Bell, of New York, and made a voj'age in lier to Canton. He next modeled the Sam Iiii.- Witherell, and a descendant of Walter Palmer, who emigrated from England with John Endicott in 1629, and became an original founder of Charles- town, Mass. He after- ward removed to Paw- catuck (afterward Stonington), Conn., where he died in 1661. Thomas Palmer was a native of Wind- ham count}'. Conn., and one of the pioneer American merchants of Detroit. Thomas Witherell Palmer ma- triculated at the Uni- versity of Michigan in the class of 1849, but was not grad- uated owing to the weakness of his eyes. He traveled in Europe, made a pedestrian tour in Spain, and a tour of South America and the southern part of the United States, 1848-50. He was engaged as the agent of a transportation companj^ and as a mer- chant in Appleton, Wis., 1850-52, and in the real estate business in Detroit, Mich., 1853-55. In 1855 he was married to Lizzie Pitts, daughter of Charles and Francis (Pitts) Merrill. Mr. Merrill was a lumber merchant and mill owner in Sagi- naw, Mich., and Mr. Palmer became a partner in the business. On the death of lier fatlier in 1872, Mrs. Palmer inherited his interest and became a partner with her husband. He was a member of the Michigan board of estimates from Detroit in 1873 ; president of the waterways convention at Sault Sainte Marie, in August, 1887 ; a Republican state senator in 1878 ; was defeated for nomina- tion for governor of Michigan in 1880 ; elected to the U.S. senate in 1883, and at the expiration of his term. March 3, 1889, was nominated and con- firmed as U.S. minister to Spain, which office he resigned in 1890. He was president of the World's Columbian commission, 1890-93 ; became a direc- tor in the American Exchange National bank, and was also interested in several other important enterprises. He was president of the Detroit Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. He received the honorary degree of A.B. from the University of Michigan in 1876, as of the class of 1849. He conducted a large stock farm near Detroit, and imported valuable horses and cattle. PALMER, Walter Launt, artist, was born in Albany, N.Y., Aug. 1, 1854; son of Erastus Dow Palmer (q. v. ) . He was a pupil of Frederic E. Church, Hudson, N.Y., 1870-72, and studied with Carol us Duran in Paris in 1873 and 1876. After returning to the United States in 1877 he painted in New York until 1883, when he removed to Albany. He was elected a member of the Society of American Artists in 1881; an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1887, and Academician in 1897 ; a member of the American Water-Color society, the Society of American Landscape Painters and the Pastel club. He re- ceived the second Hallgarten prize. National Academy of Design, 1887 ; medal, Woi-ld's Fair, Chicago, 1893 ; gold medal, Philadelphia, 1894 ; Evans prize. New York, 1895 ; first prize, Boston, 1895 ; second prize, Nashville Centennial, 1897 ; honorable mention, Paris, 1900 ; and gold medal, Pan-American exposition, 1901. Among liis works are: Dining Room at Appledale (1879); An Editor's Study (1880) ; Waving Grain (1881) ; Ue?i/ce (1882) ; The Oat Field (1884); The Inlet (1885); An Early S7101V (18S7); January (1887); The Vale of Taicasentha (1895) ; and The Senator's BirthjAaee (1900). PALMER, William Adams, governor of Ver- mont and senator, was born in Hebron, Conn., Sept. 12, 1781; son of Joshua and Susanna Palmer, and a descendant of Walter Palmer, the immigrant, 1629. He attended the public schools with seven brothers and sisters, and being debarred from manual work on account of an accident to his hand, studied law in Hebron under Judge Peters, and in Chelsea, Vermont, under Daniel Buck. He was admitted to the bar about 1802, practising at St. Johns- bury until September, 1813, when he was married to Sarah, daughter of Capt. Peter and Sarah Blanchard, of Danville, to which place he removed. He was clerk of Caledonia county, judge of probate for eight years, and judge of the supreme court in 1816. He served as a representative from Danville in the state legislature for six terms ; was elected by the Democratic legislature to the senate in 1818 to fill out the unexpired terra of James Fisk, resigned, and was re-elected to a full senatorial term, serving from Nov. 16, 1818, to March 3, 1825. He was a repre- sentative from Danville in the state legislature, 1826-27 ; a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1828 and 1835, and governor of Vermont, 1831-35, being elected bj' the Anti-mas- onic party four successive terms in closely con- tested elections. His last public service was as a member of the state senate in 1837. He con- ducted his farm at Danville until his death. He received the honorary degree A.M. from the University of Vermont in 1817. He died in Danville. Vt.. Dec. 3.1860. PALTSITS, Victor Hugo, librarian, was born in New York city, July 12, 1867 ; son of William Thomas and Sidonia Ida (Loose) Paltsits, and PAXCOAST PANCOAST grantlson of Tliomas Matthias and Theresa (Low) Paltsits, ami of Joliii Samuel and Adeline Rosa- munde (Schultze) Loose. He attended the com- mon schools of New York, 187'2-81 ; took a scientific course at the Cooper Institute, N.Y., 1883-86, and studied Latin, German, Greek, Spanish and French in high schools and under private tuition. He became connected with the Lenox library, Jan. 1, 1888 ; was made assistant in tlie reading room in March, 1890. and sub or assistant librarian in the spring of 1893, He eilited : The Journal of Capt. William Pote, Jr., 1740-47 (1896); Papers relating to the Siege of Charleston, S. C, in 17S0 (1898); Captivity of Capt. John Gyles, 16S9-97 (1902). Ho was biblio- graphical adviser on the editorial staff of Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents (73 vols); com- piled a bibliograpliy of the Lettres Edifiantes, Cleveland, Ohio (1900) and contributed to cyclo- pi\;dia^, magazines and reviews. He delivered the historical address on Capt. Nathan Hale at East Haddam. Conn., June 6, 1900. PANCOAST, Henry Spackman, author and teacher, was born in Germantown, Pa., Aug. 24, 1858 ; son of Charles Stacy and Mary Anne (Slielmerdine) Pancoast, and grandson of Stacy and Eliza (Hatton) Pancoast and of Edward and Martlia Mitchell (Roberts) Shelmerdine. He attended Germantown academy and studied under a private tutor, and was admitted to the bar in 1882. He was married, June 2, 1897, to Dorothea Napier, daughter of Herman Marcus of New York. He was a founder of the Indian Rights association, and is the author of : Imj^res- sions of the Sioux Tribes in ISS.?, icith some first 2yrinciples in the Indian Question (1882); The In- dian before the Laio (ISSi); Representative Eng- lish Literature (1892); Introduction to English Literature ( 1895) ; Introduction to American Lit- erature (1898); and edited a volume of Standard English Poems (1900). PANCOAST, Joseph, surgeon, was born in Burlington, N.J., Nov. 23, 1805 ; son of John and Anne (Abbott) Pancoast. His first maternal an- cestor in America emigrateil from England to Pennsylvania with William Penn. He was grad- uated at the medical department of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1828, and settled in prac- tice in Philadelphia, Pa., where he married, in 1829, Rebecca, daugliter of Timotliy Abbott of that city. He taught clai>ses in practical anatomy and surgery, was one of tlie physicians to tlie Blockley liospital in 1834, head pliysician of tlie Children's liospital for several 3-ears. and one of its visiting surgeons, 1838-45. He was professor of surgery in Jefferson Medical college, 1838-47, .succeeding Dr. George McClellan. and was transferred to the chair of anatomy, serving 1847-74, when he resigned and was succeeded by his son, Dr. Wil- liam H. Pancoast. He was surgeon to the Penn- sylvania hospital, 1854-64. He performed many novel and skilful operations which are recorded in medical works. He was a member of the Amer- ican Philosophical society ; the College of Phar- macy ; Tlie Philadelphia County Medical society ; the Medical Society of Pennsylvania, and other scientific institutions. He contributed to the American Journal of the Medical Science, The American Medical Intelligencer and the Medical Examiner ; translated J. Frederick Lobstein's Treatise on tlie Structure, Functions, and Dis- eases of the Human Sympathetic Nerve from the Latin (1831); edited ilTciHec on the Great Sympa- thetic Nerve (18il ) ; Manec on the Cerebro-Spinal Axis of Man (1841); and Quain's Anatomical Plates (1852); and is the author of: Treatise on Operative Surgery ,ioith Descriptions of all the New Operations (1844, revised edition, 1852); A System of Anatomy for the Use of Students, based on the work of Casper Wistar (1844), and several essays. He died in Pliiladelphia, Pa., March 7, 1882. PANCOAST, William Henry, surgeon, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 16, 1835; eon of Dr. Joseph and Rebecca (Abbott) Pancoast. He was graduated at Haverford college, A.B., 18.53; at Jefferson Medical college, M.D., 1856; studied in the hospitals of London, Paris, Vienna and Berlin, 1856-59, and while in Paris was a pupil and assistant of the discoverer of the opera- tion of lithotrity. He began practice in Phila- delphia in 1859 and soon became prominent as a hospital and private surgeon. In 1861 he entered the army as surgeon-in-chief and second officer in charge of the military hospital in Philadelphia. He was demonstrator of anatomy at Jefferson Medical college, 1862-74 ; adjunct professor of ana- tomy during his father's absence in Europe, 1867- 68, and 1873-74, and professor of anatomy , 1874- 97. He was also first president of and professor in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia, 1886-96. He was married first, Nov. 13, 1873, to Mary Anna Gertrude Lewis ; and secondl}-, to Matilda Robb. He secured the bodies of the Sia- mese twins in 1874, and conducted the autopsy under the auspices of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Philadelphia, proving that the band could not have been safely cut except in childhood. He was a member of the American Philosophical society ; the Academy of Natural Sciences ; fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Philadelphia ; president of the Phila- delphia County Medical societj'; vice-president of the Pennsylvania State Medical societj'; a member of the American Medical association, of tlie In- ternational Medical congress, 1876 ; corresponding member of the Societe Clinique de Paris ; first president of the Red Cross Society in Pennsyl- vania, and of a section of the Pan-American PAPE PARDEE Medical congi'ess. He received from Haverford the honorary degree of A.M., 1876. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 5, 1897. PAPE, Eric, artist, was born in San Francisco, Cal., Oct. 17, 1870 ; son of Friederich Ludwig Moritz and Maria (Meier) Pape, born in Zeven, Province of Hanover, Germany. His father came to California and Idaho in the early fifties, engaged in mining and prospecting, and was married in San Francisco, 1868, to Maria Meier, also a native of Zeven, Hanover, Germany. Eric Pape was educated at the San Francisco School of Design, under Boulanger, Lefebvre'and others in Paris, and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts under Gerome. He traveled in Egypt, 1891-93, and subsequently through remote sections of Mexico, giving much time and study to the antiquities of those two countries. He opened a studio in New York city in 1893, where he illustrated "The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," "The Building of the Mahomedan Empire," Life of Mahomet" and "The Incas of Peru" and exe- cuted portraits of "Famous Men and Women" for the Century magazine, 1893-95. He was married, Aug. 16, 1894, in Dublin, N.H., to Alice, daughter of Lewis Baxter, and Adeline Frances (Osgood) Monroe. He removed to Boston in 1897, teaching during that year at the Cowles Art school, and founded the Eric Pape school of Art in 1898, of which he became the director. He illustrated "The Fair God" by Gen. Lew Wallace, 1898-99, and "The Scarlet Letter" by Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1901. He exhibited twenty- one pictures and one gold bas-relief at the Salon Champ de Mars, 1890-1900; and several pictures at other exhibitions, including : Exposition du Cavie, Egypte, 1892 ; World's Columbian exposi- tion, Chicago, 1893 ; Munich Kunst Anstellung, 1897 ; Paris exposition, 1900, and Pan-American exposition, Buffalo, 1901. His most important paintings are : Tlie Spinner of Zeven (1889); The Great Sphinx by Moonlight (1891); TJie Two Great Eras (1892) ; The Angel with the Book of Life (1897); Approaching Storm, The Great Dune and Early Morning (1900), and Foam Surges (1902). He- received medals at five exhi- bitions. PARDEE, Ariovistus, philanthropist, was born in Chatham, N.Y., Nov. 19, 1810; son of Ariovistus and Eliza (Piatt) Pardee ; grandson of Dr. Calvin Pardee, who served in the Continental army as a surgeon, and of Capt. Israel Piatt, who served in the New York line, and married Abigal Scudder ; and a descendant of George Pardee, of Huguenot descent, who settled in New Haven, Conn., in 1644, and of Martha Miles his wife. Ariovistus Pardee, Jr., was brought up on a farm, attended the district school, and was a employed as rodman and assistant engineer on the ^, ;^/^^^^^ Delaware and Raritan canal in New Jersey, 1880- 33. He was chief engineer in the survey of the Beaver Meadow rail- road, Pennsylvania, 1833-37, and builder and superintendent of the Hazelton railroad, 1837-40. He founded the city of Hazelton, Pa., in 1836; settled there in 1840, bought anthracite coal prop- erties in the Jed do district, and in a few years became the largest shipper of anthracite coal in the state. He also engaged with Asa Packer in the development of coal mines, manufactures and railroads in the Lehigh Valley. He built a gravity railroad to Penn Haven in 1848, as an outlet to the product of the mines, which was abandoned in 1860 for the improved facilities of the Lehigh Valley railroad. He became interested in iron manu- factures, and acquired control of the blast furnaces in Stanhope, N.J., and subsequently of others in New York, Virginia and Tennessee. He purchased a tract of forest land in Canada, as large as the state of Rhode Island, and another tract in North Carolina. He was president of the Secaucus and the Musconetcong iron Works in New Jersey ; the Allentown Rolling Mills, and the Union Iron Works of Buffalo, N.Y., and a director of the Lehigh Valley, and other railroads. He fitted out at his own expense a company of U.S. volunteers commanded by his eldest son Ario Pardee, who attained the brevet rank of brigadier-general, Jan. 12, 1865. Through the influence of William C. Cattell, president of Lafayette college, he contributed in 1864 the sum of $20,000, which prevented the college from closing its doors for want of funds. He endowed the professorship of mathematics in 1864, and the Pardee scientific department in 1866. This was followed by further donations amounting in 1869 to $200,000. He afterward gave $250,000 for Pardee Hall, the corner stone of which he laid in 1873, and for the scientific equipment of which he gave $50,000 in all. The building was destroyed by fii-e in 1879, when it was rebuilt. He was president of the board of trustees of Lafayette college, 1882-92 ; president of the state board controlling the second geological survey of Pennsylvania, and a presidential elector in 1876. His benefactions extended to various charitable organizations of which he was an officer. He was married, first, to Elizabeth, daughter of John and Ellen Jacobs of PARDEE PARK Luzerne county, and secondly, in 1849, to Anna Maria, daughter of William Robinson of Blooms- bury, Pa. He died while on a visit to Rock Ledge, Indian River, Fla.. March 20, 1892. PARDEE, Don Albert, jurist, was born in Wadswortli, Oliio. :\Iarch 29, 18:57; son of Aaron and Eveline (Eyle.s)Pardee ; grandson of Ebenezer and Anna (Minon) Pardee and of William and Polly (Diithick) Eyles, and a descendant of George Pardee, settled in New Haven, Conn., li.'tween 1(5:37 and 1642. He was appointed to the U.S. naval academy in 1854, but left in 1857 to study law with his father, and was admitted to t'.ie bar in 1859. He entered the volunteer army in 1861 as major of the 42d Ohio regiment, was ]>romoted lieutenant-colonel, and took part in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Raymond, Champion's Hill, and in two assaults on Vicksburg, serving during the siege as inspector-general of the 13th corps. He was mustered out in December, 1864, and on March 13, 1835, was brevetted colonel and briga- dier-general. He practised law in New Orleans, 1865-67; was registrar in bankruptcy for the tiiird congressional district of Louisiana, 1867-68 ; judge of the 2d judicial district ; 1868-81 ; member of the state constitutional convention of 1879 ; Republican candidate for attorney-general of Louisian.-i, 1880, and in 1881 was appointed circuit judge for the fifth judicial circuit embracing Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. In June, 1898, he removed from New Orleans to Atlanta, Ga. PARET, William, sixth bishop of Maryland, and i:37tli in succession in the American episco- pate, was born in New York city, Sept. 23, 1826 ; son of John and Hester (Levi) Paret ; and grand- son of Stephen Paret, a native of Tricolet, France, who immigrated to America and settled in New York about 1765. William Paret was prepared for col- lege in the grammar school of Columbia college, and gi'adua- ted at Hobart in 1849 and the same year was married to Maria G., daughter of Isaac and Agnes Peck of Flushing, L.L, N.Y. He was prepared for holy orders under Bishop William H. Delancey ; was admitted to the diaconate by Bishop Chase in 1852 and was ordained priest in 1853. He was rector of St. John's church, Clyde, N. Y,, 1852-54; Zion church, Pierre[)ont Manor, C/zai^^!^^±^£::s N.Y., 1854-64 ; St. Paul's church, Saginaw Mich., 1864-66; Trinity church, Elmira, N.Y., 1860-68; Christ church, Williamsport, Pa., 1868-76, and Church of the Epiphany, Washington, D.C., 1876- 84. He was elected bishop of Maryland in 1884 to succeed Bishop William Pinkney who died July 7, 1883, and he was consecrated in the Church of the Epipliany, Wasiiington, D.C.. Jan. 8, 1885, by Bishops Lee, Lay, Stevens, Neely, Howe, Lyman and Whitehead. By his counsel and influence the new diocese of Washington was created out of the diocese of IMaryland in 1895, but he con- tinued fi'om choice to administer in his old dio- cese. He received from Hobart college the de- gree of D.D. in 1867, and LL.D. in 1880. He was married secondly, in 1900, to Mrs. Sarah Hayden Haskell, daughter of Levi G. and Mary E. (Belden) Hayden. He is the author of St. Peter and the Primacy of the Roman See; Our Freedom and Our Catholic Heritage, and Tlie Method and Work of Lent. PARK, Edwards Amasa, theologian, was born in Providence, R.I., Dec. 29, 1808 : son of the Rev. Dr. Calvin (1774-1847) and Abigail (Ware) Park; grandson of Nathan and Ruth (Bannister) Park, and a descendant on his maternal side of the Rev. Samuel Ware of Wrentliam, INIass. He w^as graduated from Brown university in 1826, and from the Andover Theological seminary in 1831. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry in 1831, and was pastor of the First church, Braintree, Mass., 1831-33 : and professor of mental and moral philosophy and Hebrew literature at Amherst college, 1835-36. He was married in 1836 at Hunter, N.Y., to Ann Maria, daughter of William and Rebecca (Tappan) Ed- wards, and great-granddaughter of the Rev. Jon- athan Edwards. He was professor of sacred rhe- toric at Andover Theological seminary, 1830-47 ; professor of Christian theology, 1847-81, and pro- fessor emeritus, 1881-1900. He was one of the foremost upholders of the Andover creed, and became involved in a controversy with several fellow jirofessors, in whicli he held that their teachings were inconsistent with the creed. The case was brought before an ecclesiastical court, by which Dr. Park was not sustained. The hon- orary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Harvard in 1844, and by Brown in 1840, and that of LL.D. by Brown in 1886. He was a member of the Massachusetts Historical society, the New England Historic Gt^nealogical society, and the Victoria Institute of England ; a fellow of Brown university, 1863-1900 ; a trustee of Smith college ; ]«-esident of the board of trustees of Abbot acad- emy for thirty-six years, and a charter member of the A.B.C.F.M. He founded and edited the Bibliotheca Sacra (A vols.. 1844-84). and was a member of the staff of the Sabbath Hymn Book. PARK PARK He contributed articles to the American Quarterly Register, Tlie Spirit of the Pilgrims, and the Congregational Quarterly, also to Smith's " Dic- tionary of the Bible ; " Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature," and the " Schaff-Herzog Encj-clope- dia." He is the autlior of : memoirs of The Rev. Charles B. Storrs (1833), William Bradford Homer (1842), Prof. B. B. Edwards (1853), Pro- fessor Moses Stuart (1852), TJie Rev. Samuel Hop- kins (ISoi), The Rev. J. M. Manning {1855) , The Rev. Nathanael Emmons (1861), The Rev. Joseph S. Clark (1861), Dr. Sainuel H. Taylor (1871), Richard S. Storrs (1874), Tlie Rev. Samuel C. Jackson (1878), Leonard Woods (1880), and William O. Schauffler (ISSl), and he also pub- lished Duties of a Theologian (1839); Selections from German Literal are {1839}; Unity a7id Diver- sity of Belief (1851 ) ; Theological Education (1865) ; Essay on the History of Laura D. Bridgman (1878); Associate Creed of Andover Theological Seminary (1883) ; Discourses on Some Theological Doctrines as Related to the Religious Character (1885), and many essays, addresses and sermons. He died at Andover, Mass., June 5, 1900. PARK, Milton, journalist, was born in Augusta, Ga., Jan. 1, 1846 ; son of the Rev. Dr. John Thompson Sankey and Tabitha Ann Park ; grandson of Joseph Littlejon and Sarah Owen (Musgrove) Park, and a descendant of John Park, of Donegal, Ireland. He attended the Orion, Ala., Institute and was graduated from Mercer university, Penfield, Ga. He served in the Con- federate army from March 13, 1862, until Dec. 1864, participating in all the battles of the Army of Tennessee. On Feb. 5, 1875, he married Alice Valeria, daughter of Mack Wimberly of Green- ville, Ala. He was president of South Ala- bama Female college, Greenville, Ala., 1883-85, and of Kyle (Texas) seminary, 1890-91, and in 1891 became editor of Southern Mercury, Dallas, Texas. He was chairman of the Populist national executive committee, 1896-1900 : and presidential elector at large on the Populist ticket in 1900. PARK, Roswell, educator, was born in Leba- non, Conn., Oct. 1, 1807 ; son of Avery and Betsey (Meech) Park ; grandson of Roswell and Eunice (Starkweather) Park, and of Daniel and Zerviah (Witter) Meech, and a descendant of Robert Parke, wlio emigrated from Preston, England, to America in 1630, settled in Roxbury, Mass., re- moved to Wetliersfiold, Conn., in 1639; from there to New London, in 1649, and was repre- sentative to the general court, 1641-42 and 1652. His parents removed to Burlington, Otsego county, N.Y., where he prepared for college. He matriculated at Hamilton college, N.Y., but left in 1827 before graduating to enter the U.S. mil- itary academy, where he was graduated first in tlie class of 1831, and promoted 2d lieutenant in tlie U.S. corps of topographical engineers, July 1, 1831. The same season he passed the final ex- amination at Union college and was graduated with the class of 1831. He was assistant engin- eer at Fort Adams, 1831-33, at Fort Warren, 1833-36, at the Delaware Breakwater, 1836, and resigned from the army, Sept. 30, 1836. He was professor of chemistry and natural philosophy in the University of Pennsylvania, 18-36-42. He prepared for holy orders under Bishop G. W. Doane in Burlington, N.J., 1842-43 ; was admitted to the diaconate, Sept. 10, 1843 ; ordained priest May 28, 1844 ; was rector of Christ church, Pom- fret, Conn.. 1843-52, and conducted the school known as Christ Church Hall, 184.5-52. He de- clined the presidency of Norwich universit}% Vt. , in 1850 ; spent six months in Europe, 1852 ; founded and was the first president of Racine college, Racine, Wis., 1852-59, and its chancel- lor, 1859-63. He was instrumental in having St. John's school, Delafield, Wis., unite with Racine college, and in introducing the elec- tive course of study, and discontinuing the two- year scientific course. He was rector of St. Luke's church at Racine, Wis., 1859-63, and rector and proprietor of Inimanuel Hall, a literary and scientific school near Chicago, 111., 1863-69. He received the degree A.M. from Union college in 1836, and from Hamilton college in 1837, and that of D.D. from Norwich universitj' in 1850. He was an original member of the American Associ- ation for the Advancement of Science, and held various offices of trust. He was married first, Dec. 28, 1836, to Mary Brewster, daughter of Ben- jamin F. and Mary C. (Coolidge) Baldwin, of Woburn, Mass., and secondly, April 25, 1860, to Eunice Elizabeth, daughter of Gardner and Eliza- beth Niles. He is tlie author of : Juvenile and Miscellaneous Poems (1836); Sketch of the History of West Point {18i0}; Pantology {18-11) ; Handbook for Travelers in Europe (1853); Jerusalem and other Poems (1857) and text-books for his pupils' use. He died in Chicago, 111., July 16, 1869. PARK, Trenor William, financier, was born in Woodford, Vt., Dec. 8, 1823 ; son of Luther and Cynthia (Pratt) Park, and a descendant of Richard Park, who came from Hadleigh, Suffolk, England, to Cambridge, Mass., about 1635. He removed to Bennington. Vt., with his parents about 1826, and was admitted to the bar in 1844, and conducted a law office. He was married, Dec. 15. 1846, to Laura, daughter of Gov. Willard Hall, of Bennington. In 1852 he removed %vith his father-in-law to California and became a member of the law firm of Halleck, Peachy & Billings of San Francisco. He also engaged in real estate operations in that city, and acquired a large fortune. He assisted James King in establishing the San Francisco Bulletin in 1855, PARKE PARKE and after tlie assassination of Mr. King became attorney of the vigilance committee, wliich deliv- ered the city from the power of lawless ruffians. In 1857 he was defeated by D. C. Broderick for tlie U.S. senate. He was associated with John C. Fremont in the Mariposa estate and in gold mines. His wife having died, lie married, sec- ondly, Ella, daughter of O. C. Nichols of San Francisco. He returned to Bennington, Vt., in 1S63, established the First National bank, and was a representative in tlie state legislature. He assisted in the reorganization of the Ver- mont Central railroad ; purchased the Western Vermont railroad, and began the construction of the Lebanon Springs railroad, hoping to make Bennington a great railroad centre, but receiv- ing no support, he abandoned the plan, after losing a large fortune in the venture. He was associated with General Baxter in Nevada in the ownership of tlie Emma mine in 1873, was a di- rector of the Pacific Mail Steamship company for several years, and owned a controlling interest in the Panama railroad, of which he was president, 1874-S2. He was a trustee of the University of Vermont, 1865-G7, to which he gave the Park Art Gallery ; contributed liberally to the New York Tribune " Fresh Air Fund " ; established the Bennington Free Library, and was a member of the committee on the design of the Bennington battle monument. He died at sea on his way to Panama. Central America, Dec. 13, 1882. PARKE, Benjamin, jurist, was born in New Jersey, Sept. 2, 1777. He removed to Lexington, Ky., in 1797, studied law with James Brown, sec- retary to Governor Shelby, and was admitted to tlie bar. He married Eliza Barton of Lexington, and in 1801 removed to Vincennes, Ind. Ter. He was attorney-general of the territory, 1804- 08, succeeding John Rice Jones ; a representative in the first territorial legislature in 1805 ; and on Nov. 9, 1806, with William Henry Harrison and others, he became a trustee of the proposed University of Vincennes within the borough of Vincennes. He was the first territorial delegate to tlie 9th and 10th congresses, 1805-08, resign- ing to accept the appointment as territorial judge of Indiana by President Jefferson, serving 1808-17. He was a member of the state constitu- tional convention at Corydon, June 10, 1816, and was a member of the committee appointed by that body July 19 to designate the township to be set apart by the President of the United States for the use of a seminary of learning ; Perry, ^lonroe county, being selected and named for the President and Commodore Perry. He was judge of the U.S. di.strict court for Indiana, March 6, 1817-35. In 1811 he raised a company of dra- goons and went to the relief of the frontier set- tlers. He served on Governor Harrison's staff in his treaty with Tecumseh and in the battle of Tippecanoe, was promoted major, and com- manded the cavalry after the death of Major Daviess. He lost his fortune in a bank venture at Vincennes, and subsequently removed to Sa- lem, Ind. He founded the law library of the supreme court of Indiana, was instrumental in establishing the public library at Vincennes, and was a promoter and trustee of Vincennes univer- sity, 1806-35. He also organized and was first president of the Indiana Historical society. He died in Salem, Ind., July 12, 1835. PARKE, John Qrubb, soldier, was born in Chester county, Pa., Sept. 22, 1827 ; son of Francis and Sarah (Gardner) Parke, and a descendant of John Parke, one of the early settlers of Chester county. He entered at the University of Pennsyl- vania with tlie class of 1847, but left at the close of his sopho- more year and was graduated from the U.S. Military aca- demy second in the class of 1849, being assigned to the topo- graphical engineers. He engaged in various surveys, including that of the boundary line between Iowa and Minnesota, 1849- 50, and was secretary of the board for the improvement of lake harbors and western rivers, 1852-53. He was promoted 2d lieutenant April 18, 1854, engaging in the second survey of Southern California, 1854-56, and 1st lieutenant July 1, 1856, and was chief astronomer and sur- veyor in settling the northwest boundary, 1857- 61, under the treaty of 1846. He was commis- sioned captain of the 13th U.S. infantry in 1861, but declined to serve, was promoted captain of topographical engineers Sept. 9, 1861, and briga- dier-general of volunteers Nov. 23, 1861. He ac- companied General Burnside on the expedition to North Carolina, 1861-62, being a.ssigned to the command of the 3d brigade, with which he en- gaged in gaining possession of Roanoke Island, Sept. 7, 1862, Newbern, March 14, 1862, and Fort Macon, April 25, 1862. He was brevetted lieuten- ant-colonel, U.S.A., April 26, 1862, for .services in the capture of Fort Macon, and major-general, U.S. volunteers, July 18. 1862. He was engaged in the movement to Newport News, Fredericksburg and Washington, D.C., in 1862, and was chief of staff of the 9th army corps, Army of the Poto- mac, commanded by General Burnside. during the Maryland campaign, at South Mountain and PARKE PARKER Antietam, and in the pursuit of the enemy to Warrenton, Va., September- November, 1863. When Burnside assumed command of the Army of the Potomac, Nov. 10, 1862, lie became his chief-of-staflf , and in the Rappahannock cam- paign engaged in the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. He was promoted captain of the corps of engineers, U.S.A., March 3, 1863. When Burnside took command of the Department of the Ohio in 1863, General Parke was transferred with the 9th army corps to Kentucky in March, 1863, and to Grant's army before Vicksburg, June 14- 17, 1863. He commanded the corps during the siege, and at the surrender of that city, July 4, 1863, was brevetted colonel, U.S.A., July 12, 1863, for "gallant and meritorious services" in the capture of Jackson, Miss., and commanded the left wing of General Sherman's army in the re- occupation of that city, July 16, 1863. He com- manded the corps in the Department of the Ohio during the East Tennessee campaign, being en- gaged in the action of Blue Spring, Oct. 10, 1863 ; the defence of Knoxville, Nov. 17-Dec. 4, 1863 ; and in the operations against General Longstreet, January-February, 1864. When General Burn- side resumed command of the 9th corps he ac- companied him in the march to Virginia, March 17-May 3, 1864, and acted as chief-of-staff to General Burnside in the Wilderness and Spott- sylvania campaigns. On May 24, 1864, the corps was regularly, assigned to the Army of the Potomac. He was promoted major in the corps of engineers, June 17, 1864, was on sick leave July- August, 1864, and commanded the 9th army corps, Arm}' of the Potomac, during the Rich- mond campaign, Aug. 13, 1864- April 2, 1865 ; was engaged in the siege of Petersburg, the combat at Peeble's Farm, Sept. 3 ; at Hatcher's Run, Oct. 27, 1864 ; the assault on Fort Stedman, March 25, 1865, and the final surrender of Lee at Appomat- tox. He was brevetted brigadier-general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious serv- ices in the defence of Knoxville and major-gen- eral, U.S.A., for the repulse of Fort Stedman, Va. He commanded the district of Alexandria, May-July, 1865, and the southern district of New York, 1865-66. He was mustered out of the vol- unteer service Jan. 15, 1866, and resumed charge of the northwestern boundary survey, Sept. 28, 1866. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel in the corps of engineers, March 4, 1879 ; colonel, March 17, 1884 : was superintendent of the U.S. Military academy, 1887-89, and was retired at his own re- quest, after forty years' service, July 2, 1889. He was married to Ellen, daughter of George Blight of Pliiladelphia. He compiled Laics of the Uni- ted States Relating to Public Works for the Im- provement of Rivers and Harbors (1877, new ed. 1887); Laivs Relating to the Construction of VIII.— 13 Bridges Over Navigable Waters (1882, new ed. 1887): Opinions of Attorneys-Oeneral Relative to Acquisition of Lands, Bridges, Contracts, etc. (1882), and is the author of various reports in Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. He died in Washington, D.C., Dec. 15, 1900. PARKER, Abraham X., representative, was born in Granville, Vt., Nov. 14, 1831 ; son of Isaac and Amanda (Patrick) Parker ; grandson of Abraham (1763-1829) and Sarah (Whitney) Parker ; great-grandson of Joseph (4th) Parker, a minute man and soldier at Bunker Hill, and a descendant of Joseph Parker, who came from Newbury, England, to Newbury, Mass., in 1638, at the age of twenty-four, removing later with his brother Nathan to Andover, Mass., where his descendant, Joseph (4th) was born, 1735. Abra- ham Parker's maternal grandfather was Joseph Patrick, of Scotch-Irish extraction, who was town clerk of Granville, Vt., for more than forty years. Isaac Parker served in the Vermont leg- islature, moved to Potsdam, N.Y., in 1840, and there became a farmer, town sviperintendent of schools and supervisor. Abraham X. Parker at- tended St. Lawrence academy, Potsdam, and the Albany Law school, and was admitted to the bar in Albany, 1854, returning to Potsdam to practice. He was married in 1857, to Mary J., daughter of Alpheus Wright, of Potsdam. He was a member of the assembly, 1863-64, lefusing re-nomination in 1865. He was elector-at-large on the Republican presidential ticket in 1876, and a representative from the nineteenth and twenty- second districts in the 47th, 48th, 49th and 50th congresses, 1881-89. He served on the judiciary and other important committees, and in the 50th congress was a member of the special committee appointed to investigate the coal and railroad employee strikes and other labor difficulties affecting the commerce of four states which were visited and inspected by the committee. After this public service he returned to Potsdam and resumed his law practice until his appointment by President Harrison as assistant U.S. attorney- general. Sept. 8, 1890. With the change of ad- ministration, March 4, 1893, he resigned, but was retained in office upon the request of Attorney- General Olney, to complete important work, un- til the adjournment of the supreme court in May. He took active interest in the educational institu- tions of Potsdam, and became president of the Thomas S. Clarkson Memorial School of Tech- nology. PARKER, Alton Brooks, jurist, was born in Cortland, N.Y., May 14, 1852 ; son of John Brooks and Han-iet F. (Straton) Parker ; grandson of John and Elizabeth (Brooks) Parker, and great- grandson of John and Olive (Temple) Parker, of PARKER PARKER Massaclmsetts. He was educated in the academy at Cortland, and at the Corthmd Normal school ; studied law in the office of Sclioonmaker & Har- denburgh, at Kingston, N.Y., and taught school in Ulster county. He was graduated at the Albany Law school in 1872. He was married Oct. 16, 1873, to Mary L., daughter of M. I. and Phebe (Decker) Sclioonmaker, of Rochester, Ul- ster county, N.Y. He practiced law in Kingston, N.Y., in partnership with W. S. Kenyon, 1872-78, and afterward alone until November, 1885. He was surrogate of Ulster county, 1877-85, a dele- gate to the Democratic national convention in 1884, and declined the office of first assistant postmaster-general, in 1885. He was chairman of tlie Democratic state executive committee in 1885 ; was appointed a justice of the supreme court of New York in 1885, and the year follow- ing w;is elected to that office without opposition, serving, 1886-98. He was a member of the court of appeals, 2d division, 1889-92, and on the disso- lution of tlie court in 1892, became a member of the general term of the supreme court of New York, serving 1893-96, and of the appellate divi- sion of the supreme court, 1896-97, and on Jan. 1, 1898, became chief judge of the court of appeals of New York. PARKER, Amasa Junius, jurist, was born in EUswortli. Conn.. June 2, 1807; son of the Rev. Daniel and Anna (Fenn) Parker ; grandson of Amasa Parker, of Wallingford, Conn., and a de- v-endant of William Parker, of Hartford, Conn. His parents removed to Hudson, N.Y''., in 1816, and he received a good education under the tutelage of his father. He was princii^al of the Hud- son academy, 1823- 27 ; was graduated from Union college, Sclienectady, N.Y., on examination, in 1825 ; was admitted to the bar in October, 1828, and became a partner of his uncle, Amasa Parker, at Delhi, N.Y. He was married Aug. 27, 1834, to Harriet Langdon, daughter of Edmund and Catliarine Whipple (Langdon) Roberts, of Portsmouth, N.H. He was a member of the state a.ssembly, 1833-34 ; was district attorney of Delaware county, N.Y., 1834-37 ; was a Demo- cratic representative in the 25th congress, 1837- 39, anil was vice-chancellor and circuit judge of the third circuit, 1844-47. He presided at the anti-rent trials of 1845. and disposed of 240 cases /^^'^<2A2^^^;/^^-'i^5f<^ in three weeks. He was judge of the supreme court, 1847-55, during one year of which he was on the bench of the court of appeals. In 1856 he was the Democratic nominee for governor of New York, John A. King, Republican, being elected. Erastus Brooks, Native American, was also his opponent. In 1858 he was again defeated for governor, Edward D. Morgan, Republican, be- ing elected. He was appointed U.S. district at- torney for the southern district of New York, by President Buchanan, in 1854, but declined the position and also that of U.S. minister to Russia. He was a delegate to the state constitutional con- vention of 1867 and 1868. He was a member of the board of regents of the University of the State of New York, 1835-44, the youngest regent ever elected in the state ; was president of the board of trustees of Albany Female college for many years ; trustee of Cornell university, 1871-90, and a trustee of the Albany Medical college, and president of the board of trustees, 1875-90. In 1851, in conjunction with Amos Dean and Ira Harris, he founded the Albany Law school in which he filled an important professorship. He was a corresponding member of the Buffalo His- torical society for twenty-one years. The honor- ary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by (Geneva) Hobart college, in 1846, He edited : Repoi'ts of Criminal Cases (6 vols., 1855-69), and assisted in editing the Revised Statutes of 1S59 (3 vols. ) , and was a commissioner of revision of the New York statutes. He died in Albany, N.Y"., May 13, 1890. PARKER, Amasa Junius, lawyer, was born in Delhi, N.Y., May 6, 1843; son of Judge Amasa Junius and Harriet Langdon (Roberts) Parker. He attended the Albany academy, and was gradu- ated at Union college. A.B., 1863, A.M., 1866, and at the Albany Law school, 1884 ; and was a law partner with his father, 1865-90. He was major and aide-de-camp, 3d division, N.G.S. N.Y., 1866 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1875 ; colonel, 10th regiment, 1877, and brigadier-general command- ing the 3d brigade, 1886-91. He was president of the National Guard association, 1878-80 ; member of the state as.sembly, 1882, and state senator, 1886-87, 1892-93 and 1894-95. He compiled the new military code adopted by the state legisla- ture in 1883. He .served as president of the Albany Young Men's association ; president of the board of trustees of the Albany Law school ; trustee of the Albany Medical college ; trustee of Union college, 1878-82 ; president of the board of tru.stees of the Young Men's a.ssociation of Albany; trustee of the Union Trust company of New Y'ork city, and president of the board of managers of the Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., for sixteen years. After 1890 he continued the practice of law alone. PARKER PARKER PARKER, Cortlandt, lawyer, was born at Perth Amboy, N.J., June 37, 1818 ; son of James and Penelope (Butler) Parker ; grandson of James Parker, who was one of the Proprietors of the colony of New Jersey. He bore off the honors of his class at Rutgers college ; delivered the vale- dictory, and was gra- duated A. B., 1836, A.M., 1839. He stu- died law under Theo- dore Frelinghuysen and Amzi Armstrong, and established him- self in practice at Newark, N.J., in 1839. His practice contin- ued to increase for some eight years and in September, 1847, he was married to Elizabeth Wolcott, daughter of Richard W. Stites of Morris- town, formerly of Savannah, Ga. He was pros- ecutor of pleas for Essex county, 1857-67. He de- clined a seat on the supreme bench of New Jersey in 1867, the judgeship of the court of Alabama claims offered by President Grant in 1874 ; the mission to Russia offered by President Hayes in 1877, and that to Austria offered by President Arthur in 1882. He was named by Governor Newell with others to the legislature, for the office of chancellor during the vacancy in that court in 1888, and was twice a prominent candi- date befoi'e the legislature for U.S. senator. He also declined the nomination by the Republican convention, after it was made, for representative in congress. During the civil war and the re- construction period he was a leader for the Union and for the civil rights of the freedmen. He was one of the revisers of the statutes of New Jersey in 1875 ; was sent to Louisiana in 1876 by President Grant to witness the count of electoral votes ; was commissioner to establish the bound- ary line between New Jersey and Delaware, and was largely instrumental in tiie forming and pas- sage of the general railroad law which removed an abundant source of corruption. He acted for the defense in no less than thirteen homicide cases, several of them very celebrated, and was concerned either for the paintiff or the defend- ant in almost all civil suits of great importance occurring in the state during his active practice. His power over a jury was phenomenal. He tried cases in every county in the state, as well as in New York and Philadelphia, and in the supreme court of the United States. He was the counsel of tlie Erie Railway company, and president of the American Bar association, of the State Bar association and of the Essex County Bar associa- tion. The College of New Jersey and Rutgers college conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1866. He was influential in the coun- cils of the Protestant Episcopal church, as a del- egate to the Diocesan convention yearly for about forty years, and as a representative of his diocese in five general conventions. PARKER, Ely Samuel, soldier, was born in the Indian reservation, Tonawanda, N.Y., in 1828 ; grandson of Red- Jacket, chief of the Wolf tribe, Seneca Indians, Six Nations. He was a full- blooded Indian, and chief in turn of his tribe, his Indian name being " On-E-Don-E-Wag-Wa." He was educated in the public schools ; took a course at the Rensselaer Polytechnic institute at Troy, N.Y., and studied law, but as Indians had no claim to citizenship at that time, he could not be admitted to the bar. He subsequently entered the employ of the U.S. government as an engin- eer and in that capacity superintended the erec- tion of the U.S. custom house and marine hospi- tal at Galena, 111., 1858-61. He there became the intimate friend of Ulysses S. Grant. When Gen. C. F. Smith assumed command at Paducah Parker was appointed on the engineer corps, and when Grant was before Vicksburg Parker was commis- sioned captain and assistant adjutant-general on his staff, May 25, 1863, and served as lieutenant- colonel and military secretary to Grant from Aug, 30, 1864, to July 25, 1866, succeeding Gen. W. R. Rowley. He wrote from Grant's dictation the terms of capitulation at the surrender of Lee, and was mustered out of the volunteer service July 1, 1866. He was appointed 2d lieutenant in the 2d cavalry March 22, 1866, served as colonel and aide-de-camp to General Grant from July 25, 1866, to March 4, 1869, was piomoted 1st lieuten- ant of the 2d cavalry, June 1, 1867, and resigned April 24, 1869. He was brevetted colonel of vol- unteers, Feb. 24, 1865, for faithful and meritori- ous services ; brigadier-general of volunteers April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the campaign terminating in the surren- der of the army vmder General Lee, and 1st lieu- tenant, captain, major, lieutenant colonel, colonel and brigadier general in the U.S. army Marcli 2, 1867, for faithful and meritorious services during the civil war. He served as U.S. commissioner of Indian affairs, 1869-71 ; then resumed the pro- fession of civil engineering, and was appointed on the police department of New York city, where he superintended repairs in department buildings and the purchase of supplies. 1876-95. He died at Fairfield, Conn., Aug. 31, 1895. PARKER, Foxhall Alexander, naval officer, was born in New York city, Aug. 5, 1821 : son of Foxhall Alexander and Sara (Bogardus) Parker : gi-andson of William Harwar and Mary (Sturman^ PARKER PARKER Parker, and of Gen. Robert Bogordus ; great- grandson of Judge Richard and Elizabetli (Beale) Parker, great-grandson of Alexander and (Ilarwar) Parker, and a descendant of Thomas and Elinor Parker, who settled in Rapi)ahannock count}', Va., in the 17th century, lie was ap- pointed midshipman in the U.S. navy in 1839, attached to the lAivaut of the "West India squad- ron in 1840. served in Florida against the Indians, and was graduated at the naval scliool, Philadel- phia. Pa., and promoted passed midshipman June 29. 18-13. He served on the Midiigan on the lakes, 1844-45, on the coast survey in 1848, and on the St. Lawrence, Mediterranean squadron, 1849-50. He was promoted lieutenant Sept. 28, 1850 ; served on the Susqnehamia in the East India squadron, 1851-53, on the coast survey, 1854-55, and in the Pacific squadron, 1859-61. His brother William Ilarwar Parker (q.v.) resigned from the U.S. navy in 18G1 and joined the Confederate navy. Foxhall Alexander Parker was executive officer at the navy yard. "Washington, D.C., 1861-62, and sei-ved with the navy on the Potomac at Alexandria, "Va., where he manned Fort Ellsworth July 23, after the battle of Bull Run, with 250 seamen and ma- rines to protect Washington. He was promoted commander July 16, 1862, and was given com- mand of the U.S. gunboat Mahaska. He com- manded the Wabash off Charleston, S.C, and the naval battery on Morris Island, at the bombard- ment of Fort Sumter, Aug. 17- 23, 1863, and en- gaged the batter- ies on the Poto- - mac and Rappa- ^ luuinock rivers and the Confed- erate forts off Wilmington, N.C. He commanded the Potomac flotilla after September, 1863. He was promoted captain July 25, 1866, and was employed in the bureau of navigation at Washington, D.C. He commanded the Franklin on the European squadron, 1870-71 ; was chief of staff to the North Atlantic fleet in 1872, and drew up a code of sig- nals for steam tactics September, 1872. He was promoted commodore Nov. 25, 1872 ; served as chief signal officer of the U.S. navy, 1873-76 ; and in December, 1874, was detached to act as chief of staff of the united fleets under Admiral Case, assembled for instruction in tactics in the Florida waters. He commanded tlie navy yard at Boston, Mass., 1876-78, and in 1878 was made superintendent of the U.S. naval institute, Annap- olis, Md., of wliich he was one of the organizers, Oct. 9, 1873. He prepared by order of tlie navy department, systems of Fleet Tactics under Steam (1863), Squadron Tactics under Steam (1863), The Naval Howitzer Afloat (1865), and The Xaval Howitzer .4s/iore(1866), all text bot)ksat the naval academy. He is the author of : Tlie Fleets of the World, Tlie Galley Period (1876), and The Battle of Mobile Bay, and the Capture of Forts Powell, Gaines and Morgan, under the Command of David G. Farragut and Gordon Granger (1878). He died in Annapolis, Md., June 10, 1879. PARKER, Francis Wayland, educator, was born at Piscataquog, N.H., Oct. 9, 1837; son of Robert and Mille (Rand) Parker ; grandson of William and Nabby (Parker) Parker, and of Deacon Jonathan and Sarah (Abbott) Rand ; and a descendant of Tliomas Parker, the immigrant, 1635. He was brought up on a farm, and in 1850 entered the academy at Mt. "Vernon, where he paid his tuition by working on a farm during the summers. He taught school in New Hampshire, 1854-58 and then in CarroUton, 111., until 1861, when he entered the 4th New Hampshire volun- teers as a private, subsequently attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel. At Deep Bottom, Va., July 26, 1864, he was severely wounded and taken prisoner and was not released till April 1865. He was brevetted colonel, Aug. 16, 1864, and mustered out in August, 1865. He was prin- cipal of the grammar school in Manchester, N.H., 1865-68; of the district schools in Dayton, Ohio, 1868-71, and studied psychology, philosopliy, history and pedagogy at King William's univer- sity, Berlin, 1871-73. He was superintendent of the schools at Quincy, Mass., 1873-80, where he applied his methods begun in Dayton, Ohio, founded on the theories of Comenius, Pestalozzi. and Frobel, and his influence soon extended all over the country. He was supervisor of schools in Boston, Mass., 1880-83 ; principal of the Cook county. 111., normal school, 1883-95, and of the Chicago, 111., normal school, 1895-99, and in the latter year became president of the Chicago In- stitute, founded b}^ Mrs. Emmons McCormick Blaine in 1899 and affiliated with the University of Chicago, 1901. He was married Dec. 1, 1864, to Phene H., daughter of Gilbert Perry Hall of Bennington, N.H., who died in 1871 ; and second- ly, Nov. 23, 1882, to Mrs. Frank Stuart, daughter of Calvin and Dorothy Stuart of Boston, ]\Iass. The twenty-fifth anniversary of the inauguration by him of tlie " Quincy movement" was cele- brated at Quincy, Mass., April, 1900. He was one of the founders and the first president of the Illinois Society for Child Study, the first organi- zation of its kind in tlie United States : and editor of : Tlie Elementary School Teacher and Course of Study, a publication begun at the Cook County normal school and continued at the Chicago Institute and the University of Chicago. Dartmouth conferred upon him the honorary PARKER PARKER degree of A.M. in 1886, and Lawrence university gave him that of LL.D. He is tlie author of : Talks on Teaching (1883); Tlie Practical Teacher (1884); Course in Arithmetic {\SM); How to Teach Geography (1885); Outlines in Geograjjhy (1885) ; How to Study Geography (1889) ; Talks on Peda- gogics (1894:); Uncle Robert's Geography {1898). He died at Pass Christian, Miss., March 2, 1903. PARKER, Helen Eliza Fitch, author, was born in Auburn, N.Y., Dec. 20, 1827; daughter of Abijah (1799-1883) and Lanah (Nelson) Fitch ; granddaughter of Stephen Fitch of Otsego, N.Y., and of Colonel Neilson, from county Armagh, Ireland, a member of the family whose history is in "Sunrise and Sunset," infra. Slie attended the female seminary at Auburn and engaged in literary work. She was married April 20. 1852, to the Rev. Dr. H. Webster Parker (q.v.). She is the author of: Sunrise and Sunset (1854); Morning Stars of the New WoiM (1854); Ramblers after Land Shells (1863) ; 3Iissions and Martyrs of Mad- agascar (1864) ; Frank's Search for Sea Shells (1866) ; Constance of Aylmer (1869) ; Blind Morette (1871); Arthur's Aquarium (1872). She died in Amherst, Mass., Dec. 4, 1874. PARKER, Henry, president of Georgia, was born at Savannah, Ga., in 1690. He was bailiff of Savannah in 1734, and in 1741, upon the division of the colony into Frederica and Savannali coun- ties, was chosen assistant president of Savannah county. In 1750 he succeeded President Wil- liam Stephens, resigned, as colonial president or governor, holding the office till the appoint- ment of John Reynolds in 1754. Governor Parker organized the colonial militia and called the first meeting of the colonial assembly, Jan. 15, 1751. He settled a colony at Isle of Hope about eight miles south of Savannah, to which place he retir- ed in 1754, and he died there subsequent to 1777. PARKER, Henry Webster, author, was born in Dauby, N.Y., Sept. 7, 1822 ; son of the Rev. Samuel (1779-1866) (q.v.) and Jerusha (Lord) Parker. He attended the schools of Ithaca, N.Y., and was graduated from Amherst college A.B., 1843, A.M., 1847, and from the Auburn Theolo- gical seminary in 1846. He was ordained by the presbytery of Cayuga in 1847 and was pastor at Aurora, N.Y., 1847-50; at Dansville, N.Y., 1850-52 ; at Bedford and Central Congregational churches (founding the latter), Brooklyn, N.Y., 1852-56. and at North Congregational church. New Bedford, Mass., 1856-63. After a course of study in the Lawrence Scientific school, Harvard uni- versity, 1863-64, he was Dodge professor of chemistry and natural science at Iowa col- lege, 1864-70 ; professor of mental and moral science in the Massachusetts Agricultural college, Amherst, Mass., 1870-79, and Stone professor of natural history at Iowa college, 1879-89. He removed to New York city in 1889, devoted him- self to cyclopedia work, was on the editorial staff of the Standard Dictionary, vol. II, and became editor of Popular Science Neivs in 1896. He was married, first, to Helen E. Fitch (q.v.), of Auburn, N.Y., April 20, 1852, and secondly to Susan M. Winkley of Amesbury, Mass., Nov. 6, 1876. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Iowa college in 1886. He is the author of: Poems (1848); The Story of a Soul (1851); a volume of verse (1862); The Spirit of Beauty 1888); and The Agnostic Gospel (1896). PARKER, Horatio William, musician and composer, was born in Auburndale, Mass., Sept. 15, 1863 ; son of Charles Edward and Isabella Grahame (Jennings) Parker ; grandson of Elijah and Sally (Hall) Parker, and of John and Susan Cornelia (Keyes) Jennings, and a descendant of Thomas Parker, wlio sailed from London in the Susan & Ellen March 11, 1635. He was gradu- ated from the Royal Conservatory of Music, Munich, in 1885, and was married in 1886 to Anna, daughter of Franz and Rosa (Hiibrich) Ploessl, of Munich. He was professor of music at the Cathedral School of St. Paul, Garden City, Long Island, N.Y., 1845-87 ; organist of Holy Trinity, N.Y., 1887-93; and organist of Trinity, Boston, 1893-1901. In 1894 he was appointed Battell pro- fessor of the theory of music at Yale, receiving the honorary degree of A.M. from Yale in 1894, and that of Mus. Doc. from Cambridge (England) University in 1902. He composed the oratorio Hora Novissima which was performed at the Fes- tival of the Three Choirs, Worcester, England, September, 1899 ; and at the Chester. England, Festival in July, 1900 ; the oratorio St. Christopher; the cantatas King Trojan and The Kobolds; and A Wanderer's Psalm, which last was given under his direction at the Hereford festival, Eng- land, in 1900. He conducted St. Christopher at the Three Choirs Festival, in Worcester, Sep- tember 1902, and in Bristol, Oct. 9, 1902. PARKER, Hosea Washington, repiesentative, was born in Lempster, N.H., May 30, 1833 ; son of Benjamin Parker, a farmer, and Olive (Nicliols) Parker ; and a descendant of Capt. Joseph Parker. He prepared for college at the Green Mountain Liberal institute at South Woodstock, Vt., attended Tufts college, 1855-56 ; studied law at Newport, N.H., 1856-59, and began practice in Claremont, N.H., m 1860. He was married in 1861 to Caroline Lovisa, daughter of Mark and Lovisa (Curtis) Soutligate of Bridgewater, Vt. He represented Sullivan county in the state legislature, 1859-60 ; was a member of the Demo- cratic state committee for many years ; a delegate to the Democratic national conventions of 1868, 1880 and 1884 ; a representative from the third district of New Hampshire in the 42d and 43d PARKER PARKER congresses, 1871-75. and lield several local offices. He was nominated by acclamation for U.S. senator by the Democratic caucus of the state legislature on Jan. 14, 1897. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from Tufts college in 1883. PARKER, Isaac, jurist, was born in Boston, Mass., June 17, 176S ; son of Daniel and Margaret ( Jarvis) Parker. His father, a Boston^mercliant, was a native of Charleston, S. C. Isaac Parker prepared for college at tlie Boston Latin school, was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1786, A.M., 1789 : taught for a time at the Latin school, and completed his law studies under Judge Tudor of Boston, practising at Castine, Maine. He was married to Rebecca Hall of Boston. He was a Federal representative in the 5th congress, 1797- 99 ; and was appointed U.S. marshal for the district of Maine by President John Adams in 1799, being removed on the accession of President Jefferson in 1801. He was chief justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts, 1814-30 ; Royall professor of law at Harvard, 1816-27, and an overseer, 1810-30. He was a trustee of Bowdoin college, 1799-1810, and president of the Massa- chusetts constitutional convention of 1820. The lionorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Harvard in 1814. He is the author of: Oration on Washington{lSOO), and Sketehofthe Character of Chief Justice Pai'sons (1813). He died in Boston. Mass.. May 26, 1830. PARKER, Isaac Charles, jurist, was born in Belmont county. Ohio. Oct., 15, 1838; son of Joseph and Jane (Sliannon) Parker. His father was a native of Marvland, whose English ancestors were among the early settlers in Massachusetts Bay Colony, and his mother was a niece of Wilson Shannon (q.v.). He worked on his father's farm, attending the country school in winter, until 1855, when for four years he divided his time between teaching and studying law at Barnes- villa academy, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar in 1859, settled in practice in St. Joseph, Mo., was mayor and alderman, 1859-62, and city attorney, 1862-64. In 1861 he raised a company for the 1st Nebraska infantry, served with the Missouri troops as corporal, and was also provost marshal. He was a presidential elector on the Lincoln and Johnson ticket in 1864 ; circuit attorney of the 9th district of Missouri, 1864-66 ; circuit, judge 1868-70. and Republican represen- tative from Missouri in tlie 42d and 43d congres.ses, 1871-75. He was appointed by President Grant chief justice of Utah, and confirmed by the senate, but at the President's request declined in order to become judge of the U.S. court for Western Arkansas in 1875. and held the office until his death. His name became a terror to outlaws and fugitives who ran over the Indian Territory and adjoining states, for he enforced the law to the letter, and imposed the death penalty upon more criminals than any other jurist in tlie United States. He also made a record of attendance on court without missing a day for twenty-one years, and in that time sentenced 160 murderers to be hanged. He was probabl}' the only subordinate judge that ever overruled a decision of the U.S. supreme court, which he accomplished in November, 1894, with- out receiving judicial reproof from the higher court. He died at Fort Smith, Ark. , Nov. 17, 1896. PARKER, James, representative, was born in Bethlehem, Hunterdon county, N.J., March 8, 1776 ; son of James and Gertrude (Skinner) Parker ; grandson of Col. John (1693-1732) and Janet (Johnstone) Parker, and of the Rev. Wil- liam Skinner, and great-grandson of Elisha and Hannah (Rolph) Parker. Elisha Parker removed from Staten Island, N.Y., to Woodbridge, N. J., previous to 1675, and was high sheriff of the county of Middlesex, and a member of the Provincial Assemblj'. James Parker, Sr., .served in the French and Indian war, was one of the proprietors of the colony and a member of the council of Gov. William Franklin. James Parker, Jr., was graduated at Columbia college in 1793. entered a counting house in New York city, where he remained until his father's death in 1797, when he returned to the family estate at Perth Amboy, N.J. He engaged in mercantile pursuits there for a few years, was a representa- tive in the New Jersey legislature, 1806-10, 1812- 13, 1815-16, 1818 and 1827 ; a presidential elector on the Jackson ticket in 1824, and collector of customs at Perth Amboy, 1829-33. He presented to the trustees of Queen's (afterward Rutgers) col- lege the site for the college buildings. He was one '^.^^^='^^w^m(^ QuEtAJS COLLEGE of the commi.ssioners appointed in 1807, 1827 and 1833 to obtain a settlement of the boundary question between New York and New Jersey, which was accomplished in 1833, and was pro- minent among the originators of the Delaware and Raritan canal. He was married first, January 5, 1803, to Penelope, daughter of Anthony Butler PARKER PARKER of Philadelphia, and secondly, Sept. 20, 1827, to Catherine Morris, daughter of Samuel Ogden, of Newark, N.J. He was a Democratic represen- tative in the 23d and Slth congresses, 1833-37, and a member of the state constitutional conven- tion of 1844. While in tlie state legislature he drew up and secured the passage of several laws, including that prohibiting local slavery in 1819, and that establishing the school fund. He was a vice-president of the New Jersey Historical society and its president, 1804-68. He died at Perth Amboy, N.J., April 1, 1868. PARKER, James Cutler Dunn, musician, was born in Boston, Mass., June 2, 1828 ; son of Sam- uel Hale and Sarah (Parker) Parker, and grand- son of the Rt. Rev. Samuel and Annie (Cutler) Parker. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1848., A.M., 1856; read law in the office of Samuel Dunn Parker, attorney of Suffolk county, 1848-51, aban- doning it for mu- sic and studying in Leipsic, 1851-54. He made a six months' tour of Europe in 1854, and on his re- turn to Boston be- came professor of pi- anoforte in the Bos- ton University Col- lege of Music, accept- ing a similar position in the New England Conservatory of Music in 1871. He was organist of the Handel and Haydn society, 1857-59, and of Trinity church, Boston, 1864-91. He was made the examiner of the New England Conservatory of Music in 1891. He re- ceived the degree of A.M. from Harvard in 1856 and Mus. Doc. from Alfred university in 1887. He was married, Sept. 6, 1859, to Maria, daughter of Jolm and Rebecca (Punchard) Derby of Boston. He translated Ernst F. E. Richter's Manual of Harmony, and is the author of Manual of Har- mony (1855). His compositions include: Re- demption Hymn (1877); Blind King (1883); St. John (1890); Life of Man, oratorio (1895), and solos, choruses, orchestra pieces and several church services. PARKER, Jane Marsh, writer, was born in Milan, N.Y., June 16, 1836 ; daughter of the Rev. Joseph and Sarah (Adams) Marsh ; granddaugh- ter of Lemuel Marsh of Vergennes, Vt., and of Jonathan Adams of Sennett, Cayuga county, N.Y., and a descendant of Captain James Marsh of Kent, England, a royalist who was slain at Marsden Moor, 1644. Joseph IMarsh was a Camp- bellite minister, who became a disciple of Will- iam Miller, and was a leader in the Second Ad- vent movement, 1843-50. His daughter was educated in Rochester, N.Y., and in 1856 married George T. Parker, a lawyer of Rochester. She became a regular writer for many leading New York daily and weekly newspapers, both relig- ious and secular. She is the author of : Toil- ing and Hoping, novel (1856); The Boy Mission- ary {18o9); The Morgan Boys (ISoQ); Losing the Way {18Q0); Under His Banner (ISQ2); Roches- ter, a Story Historical (1884); The Midnight Cry, a novel founded on the Millerite movement (1886); Life of S. F. B.Morse (1887); Pajjers Re- lating to the Genesee Country (1888), and histor- ical articles for leading naagazines. PARKER, Joel, jurist, was born in Jaffrey, N.H., Jan. 25, 1795 ; son of Abel and Edith (Jew- ett) Parker ; grandson of Samuel and Mary Rob- bins (Proctor) Parker, and sixth in descent from Samuel Parker, who emigrated from England pri- or to 1643, first settled in Woburn, Mass., in 1644, and was one of the first settlers at Chelmsford. Abel Parker was a native of Westford, and served in the Revolutionary war as 2d lieutenant of the Middlesex and Worcester brigade under Gens. Gates and Heath. Joel Parker attended Groton academy, and was graduated from Dartmouth college, A.B., 1811, A.M., 1814. He studied law with his brother Edmund of Amherst, N.H., was admitted to the bar in Cheshire county in 1817 ; practised at Keene, 1817-21, and at Columbus, Ohio, after 1821. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1824-26 ; associate justice of the superior court of New Hampshire, 1833-38, and chief justice, 1838-48. While associate justice he originated the bill abolishing the court of com- mon pleas and providing that trial terms should be held by a single judge, empowered to try all causes except murder and treason, and giving the court full chancery powers. He was chair- man of the committee ap^jointed to revise the laws of the state in 1840 ; professor of medical jurisprudence at Dartmouth college, 1847-57, and professor of law, 1869-75. He removed to Cam- bridge, Mass., in 1847, and practised law in Bos- ton with his brother-in-law, Horatio G. Parker. He was married, Jan. 20, 1848, to Mary Morse, daughter of Elijah Parker of Keene, N.H. He was Royall professor at Dane Law School, Har- vard universit}^ 1847-75. He was a representa- tive from Cambridge in the constitutional con- vention of 1853 and a member of the commission for the revision of Massachusetts statutes in 1855. In his will he made provisions for founding the professorship of law at Dartmouth college, of which he was a trustee, 1843-60. He was president of the New Hampshire Medical society' and of the Northern Society of Arts and Sciences. The hon- orary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by PARKER PARKER Dartmouth in 1837 and by Harvard in 1848. He is the author of : Progress (1840J ; Daniel Webster as a Jurist (l8od) ; A Charge to the GraiidJuryon the Uncertainty of Lair (1854); 77te Non-E.vtension of Slavery ( 1856); Personal Liberty Laics and Slavery in the Territories (1861); TJie Right of Secession (1861): Constitutional Law (186"2); Habeas Corj^us and Martial Laic (186'2),- The War Powers of Con- gress awl the President {1SG3); Bevolutioii and Construction (1866); TJie Three Poicers of Gov- ernment (1869), and Conflict of Decisions (1875). He died in Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 17, 1875. PARKER, Joel, clergyman and educator, was born in Bethel, Vt., Aug. 27, 1799. He was grad- uated at Hamilton college in 1824, and attended Auburn Theological seminary, 1824-26. He was married. May 9, 1826, to Harriet Phelps of Lenox, N.Y. lie was pastor of the Third Presbyterian church in Rochester, N.Y., 1826-30, being or- dained in February, 1827. He organized and was pastor of the Dey Street Presbyterian church, New York city, 1830-33 ; was pastor of the First Presbyterian church. New Orleans, La., 1833-38, and of the Broadway Tabernacle, New York city, 1838-40. He was the second president of Union Theological seminary, New York city, and its first professor of sacred rhetoric, 1840-42 ; pas- tor of the Clinton Street Presbyterian church, Philadelphia, Pa., 1842-52 ; of the Bleecker Street church. New York city, 1852-62, and of the Park church, Newark. N.J., 1862-68. He retired from the ministry in 1868 on account of age. He re- ceived the degree of D.D. from the College of New Jersey in 1839. He was a frequent contributor to the religious press, served at one time as asso- ciate editor of the Presbyterian Quarterly Review and edited Sermons of the Rev. John W. Adams, With a Memoir (1851). He is the author of : Lectures on Unitarianism (1829); Morals for a Young Student (1832); Invitation to True Happi- ness (1843); Reasonings of a Pastor (1849); Notes on Twelve Psalms (1849); Sermons (1852), and Pastor's Initiatory Catechism (1855). He died in New York city. May 2, 1873. PARKER, Joel, governor of New Jersey, was born near Freehold, N.J., Nov. 24, 1816; son of Charles and Sarah (Coward) Parker ; grandson of Thomas and Sarah (Stout) Parker, and of Capt. Joseph Coward of the Continental army, and a descendant of Joseph Parker, who was settled in Monmouth, N.J., about 1668. Charles Parker was sheriff of Monmouth county ; a member of the New Jersey assembly ; state treasurer for thirteen years, and also .state librarian. His parents removed to Trenton in 1821. Joel Parker was prepared for college at Trenton acad- emy and the Lawrenceville high school, and was graduated at the College of New Jersey. A.B., 1839, A.M., 1842. He studied law under Henry W. Green at Trenton, was admitted to the bar in 1842, and practised in Freehold, N.J., 1842-80. He was married in 1843 to Maria M., daughter of Samuel R. Gumraere of Trenton, N. J. He can- vassed the state for Van Buren and Johnson in 1840 and for Polk and Dallas in 1844 ; was a Democratic member of the state assembly in 1847 ; prosecuting attorney of Monmouth county, 1852-57 ; a presidential elector on the Douglas and Johnson ticket in 1860, and was commissioned brigadier-general of the state militia in 1857 and major-general in 1861. He supported the war measures of the administration of President Lin- coln on constitutional grounds : was Ptniocratic governor of New Jersey, 1863- 66, and was active in the organization of volunte( i - On the invasion of Penns\ 1 vania by Lee's army in 1863 ' Governor Parker supplied Governor Curtin with seveial organized regiments of New Jersey volunteers. He kept the quota of New Jersey for the army up to its full number, and so successfully man- aged the finances of the state during the civil war that not a bond of New Jersey was sold be- low par, and in 1865 thei'e was a surplus of $200,- 000 in the treasury. At the Democratic national conventions of 1868, 1876 and 1884 he received the unanimous vote of the New Jersey delega- tion for President. He was the candidate of the National Labor Reform convention of 1872 for Vice-President on the ticket with David Davis for President, but he declined to accept. He was again governor of New Jersey, 1872-74 ; was at- torney-general of the state January to April, 1875 ; a presidential elector on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket in 1876 ; a justice of the supreme court for the second district of the state, 1880-88, and declined a fourth nomination for governor in 1883. He was influential in the erection of the monument commemorating the battle of Mon- mouth, which was unveiled Nov. 13, 1884. He received the degree LL.D. from Rutgers college in 1872, and was an honorary member of the New Jersey state branch. Society of the Cincin- nati. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 2, 1888. PARKER, John, delegate, was born in Charles- ton, S.C., Jan. 24, 1749; son of John Parker. He was educated in England ; graduated in law at the Middle Temple, London, in 1775 ; practiced law in Charleston, S.C, and cultivated a rice plantation near that city. He was elected a delegate to the Continental congress, serving 1786-88. He was married Dec. 24. 1776, to Susan- nah, daughter of Henry and Mary (Williams) Middleton, of South Carolina, and sister of Arthur Middleton, the signer. He died on his plantation, near Charleston. S.C. April 20, 1822. PARKER PARKER PARKER, John Adams, landscape painter, was born in New York cit}% Nov. 27, 1827. He was educated in the University of the City of New York, and in 1850 engaged in mercantile pursuits, which he abandoned in 1857 to study art. He first exhibited at the National Academy of Design in 1858. from which time he was a regular contributor. He was elected an associate of the National Academy in 1864. He settled in Brook- lyn, N.Y., in 1856, and was a founder of the Brooklyn Art association and of the Brooklyn Art club. His best paintings are those of moun- tain scenery in the White Mountains, Catskills and Adirondacks, his summer studio being in Keene Valley, in the Adirondacks. His works include: Ticilight in the Adirondacks (1876); Winter (1879); Winter Twilight (1^80); Land- scape in the Adirondacks — Tivilight (1882); Win- ter Evening (1884); The Gothics — Adirondacks (1885), and Close of a November Day, Ausahle Pond, Adirondacks (1886). He died in Brooklyn, N.Y., in March, 1900. PARKER, John Mason, jurist, was born in Granville, N.Y., June 14, 1805 ; son of John Clark Parker and Susan (Mason) Parker ; grandson of Peter and Esther (Clark) Parker ; and a descend- ant of Edward Parker, who settled in New Haven in 1644. He was prepared for college at Granville academy ; graduated at Middlebury college, Vt., in 1828, and studied law under John P. Cushman, at Troy, N.Y. He was admitted to the bar in 1833, settled in practice in Owego, N.Y., and was a Whig representative from the twenty-seventh New York district in the 34th and 35th congresses, 1855-59. He was a justice of the supreme court of New York, 1859-73, and a justice of the general term of the tliird depart- ment, 1867-73. He also sat as a member of the court of appeals for a part of the time. He was married first, in September, 1835, to Catherine Ann, daughter of Charles Pumpelly, of Owego, N.Y., and secondly, Mai'ch 1, 1854, to his deceased wife's sister, Stella A. Pumpelly. He received the degree LL.D. from Middlebury college, in 1865. He died in Owego, N.Y., Dec. 6, 1873. PARKER, Josiah, representative, was born in Macclesfield, Ya., May 11, 1751 ; son of Nicholas and Ann (Copeland) Parker; grandson of Nathaniel and Ann Parker, and a descendant of Thomas Parker, who settled on Smith's Neck, Isle of Wight county, Va., in 1650. Josiah Parker was married May 6, 1773, to Mary Pierce, widow of Col. Joseph Bridger. He was a member of the county committee of safety in 1775, and of the Virginia convention that met in March, July and December, 1775. He was commissioned major in the 5th Virginia regiment, Feb. 13, 1776 ; was promoted lieutenant-colonel, July 28, 1777, and colonel, April 1, 1778. His regiment served under Gen. Charles Lee in Virginia, until the latter part of 1776, when it was transferred to Washing- ton's army. He rendered distinguished service at the battles of Trenton, Princeton and the Brandy wine, and resigned from the army July 12, 1778. He commanded the militia on the south side of the James river in Virginia, 1778-82 ; was a member of the Virginia house of delegates 1780-81 ; naval officer at Portsmouth, Va., 1786, and a candidate for election to the Virginia con- vention of 1788, but was defeated because he was opposed to the adoption of the Constitution. He was a representative in the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th and 6th congresses from the Norfolk district, Va. , 1789-1801, and was chairman of the committee on naval affairs. He was a member of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati. He died in Maccles- field, Isle of Wight county, Va., March 18, 1810. PARKER, Leonard Fletcher, educator, was born in Arcade, N.Y., Aug. 3, 1825 ; son of Elias and Dorothy (Fletcher) Parker ; grandson of Leo- nard and Mary (Foster) Parker, and of Gershom and Sarah (Robinson) Fletcher, and a descendant of Abraham Parker, of Chelmsford, Mass.. about 1640, and of Robert Fletcher, of Concord, Mass., 1630. He was graduated from Oberlin college, Ohio, in 1851, and finished two years in the theo- logical department of Oberlin college in 1853. He was married Aug. 21, 1853, to Sarah Candace, daughter of Timothy and Harriet (Wilder) Pearse, of Oberlin, Ohio, formerly of Sudbury, Vt. He taught in public scliools, 1841-53 ; was superintendent of schools at Brownsville, Pa., 1853-56, and at Grinnell, Iowa, 1856-60. He was Carter professor of ancient languages at Iowa college, 1860-70 ; and in 1864, with all the students of the college of military age, enlisted in the 46th Iowa infantry. Col. D. B. Henderson (q.v.), and was 1st lieutenant of his company, declining the captaincy in favor of a veteran invalid soldier. He was a Republican member of the Iowa house of representatives, 1868-70 ; professor of Greek or of history at the State University of Iowa, ' 1870-87 ; Parker professor of history at Iowa col- lege, 1888-98, and was elected professor emeritus, in 1898, when he retired from active teaching. He was a member of the American History asso- ciation, and received the degree of A.M., in 1860, and the honorary degree D.D. in 1895, from Ober- lin. He is the author of : History of Education in Iowa, in No. 17 of state monographs (publislied by the U.S., 1893), and of pamphlets and maga- zine articles on literary, political and historical subjects, including Address at the Semi-Centen- nial of loica college ; The College on the Campus and Beyond It; Puritan Faith, not French Athe- ism, the Foundation of American Liberties, and The Abuse of Grant's Des Moines Speech (1875), in which he exposed the falsification of the PARKER PARKER report of tlie speech which made the President seem to oppose all education by the state except in common schools. PARKER, Linus, M. E. bishop, was born near Vienna, Oneida county, X.Y., April 23, 1829 ; son of John and Alvira (Wadham) Parker, both of Connecticut, and grandson of Eri and Joana (Stoddard) Parker. His first ancestor in Amer- ica, William Parker, emigrated from Bristol, England, and located in Saybrook, Conn., in its early settlement. Linus Parker removed to New Orleans, La., in early youth, engaged as a clerk, and also attended college at Lewisburg, La., be- coming proficient in Latin and Greek. He served in the Mexican war in Captain Girault's company from Louisiana ; entered the Louisiana confer- ence of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, Dec. 26, 1849, and was stationed at Lake Provi- dence in 1850 ; at Shreveport in 1851-52, was ordained deacon, December, 1852, and elder December, 1853. and was stationed in New Or- leans, Jan. 5, 1853. He served as pastor in principal stations until 1870. when he was elected editor of Tlie Christian Advocate, holding this position until May, 1882, also acting as presiding elder at various times. He was a delegate to the General conference of the Methodist Episco- pal church. South, in 1866, and sat in its quad- rennial sessions, 1866-82. He was elected bishop of the M. E. church. South, May, 1882, and filled this office until his death. He was married June 7. 1853, to Sallie Fitzgerald, daughter of the Rev. Alexander and (Burruss) Sale. She died Sept. 13, 1853, and he was married secondly, Jan. 20, 185S, to Ellen K., daughter of the Rev. John Crenshaw and Emily L. (Nutting) Burruss. She died Sept. 3, 1900. Bishop Parker died in New Orleans. La., March 5, 1885, PARKER, Nahum, senator, was born in Shrews- bury, Mass,, March 14, 1760; sou of Amos and Anna (Stone) Parker ; grandson of Andrew and Sarah (Whitney) Parker; great-grandson of John Parker and a descendant of Thomas Parker, who emigrated from England in the Susan and Ellen in 1635 and settled first in Lynn, and then in Reading. Massachusetts Bay colony. Nahum Parker was a soldier in the Continental army under General Gates and took part in the battles that resulted in the capture of Burgoyne's forces at Saratoga in 1777. He settled in Fitzwilliam, N.H., in 1786. was a member of the board of selectmen, 1790-94, and clerk and treasurer of the town, 1792-1815. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1794-1804 and 1806-07 ; a member of tlie governor's council, 1804-05. and was U.S. senator from New Hampshire, 1807-10, resigning in 1810 when he was succeeded by Charles Cutts (q.v.). He was justice of the court of common pleas for Cheshire county, whicli included Sullivan county, 1807-13 ; an associate justice of the Western circuit, 1813-16 ; judge of tiie court of sessions of Clieshire county in 1821 andof the court of common pleas for Hillsborough county in 1822. He was also a member of the New Hampshire senate and its president in 1828. He was married, Aug. 11, 1783, to Mary Deeth of Gerry, Mass., and their son, Amos Andrew Parker (born Oct. 8, 1791, University of Ver- mont, 1813, lawyer, editor of New Hampshire Statesman, author of Recollections of Lafayette (1879)) celebrated the hundredth anniversary of his birth, and died in Fitzwilliam, N.H., Ma^*^ 12, 1893. Nahum Parker died in Fitzwilliam, N.H., Nov. 12, 1839. PARKER, Peter, missionary and diplomat, was born in Framingham, Mass., June 18, 1804; son of Nathan and Catliarine (Murdock) Parker, grandson of Peter and Ruth (Eaton) Parker, great-grandson of John and Experience (Cloyes) Parker, and a descendant of Hananiah Parker of Reading, Mass. He was a student at Amherst college, 1827-30, was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1831, M.D., 1834; and attended Yale Divinity school, 1832-34. He was appointed by the A.B. C. F. M., a missionary to China; was ordained May 16, 1834, and embarked for Canton in June, 1834. In October, 1835, he opened an ophthalmic hospital in Canton, which soon became a general hospital, and not only attended over 2.000 sick, but preached to his patients in their own language and trained several in medicine and surgery. He came back to the United States at the out- break of the opium war between China and Eng- land in 1840, and was married, March 29, 1841, to Harriet Colby, daughter of John Ordway Webster, of Augusta, Maine. He returned to China in 1842, accompanied by his wife, who was the first foreign woman to reside in Canton. Dr. Parker continued the hospital 1842-55. He was appointed secretary and interpreter to the U.S. legation to China in 1844 ; and in 1845 resigned his connection with the American board to serve as charge d'affaires in the absence of the U.S. minister. In 1853 he made a brief visit to the United States, where he was appointed U.S. commissioner to China with plenipotentiary powers for the revision of the treaty of 1844, and served as such, 1855-57. In this capacity he was again in China, 1855-57, and then settled in AVashington, D.C. He was founder and for several years president of the ^ledical Missionary Society of China, became a regent of the Smith- sonian Institution in 1868, a corporate member of the A. B.C. of F.M. in 1871, and in that year a delegate of the Evangelical Alliance to petition the Emperor of Russia to permit freedom of worship in the Baltic provinces. He was president of the Washington branch of the PARKER PARKER Evangelical Alliance in 1887. Yale conferred upon him the degree of A.M. in 1858. ' He is tlie author of : Journal of an Expedition from Singapore to Japan (1838) ; A Statement respect- ing Hospitals in China (1841); Eulogy on Henry Wilson (1880). He died in Washington, D.C., Jan. 10, 1888. PARKER, Richard Elliott, senator, was born at Rock Spring, Westmoreland county, Va., Dec. 27, 1783 ; son of Capt. William Harwar and Mary (Sturman) Parker, and grandson of Judge Richard and Elizabeth (Beale) Parker. He studied law at La wfield.Va., under his grandfather, Judge Richard Parker, was admitted to the bar and set- tled in practice in his native county, which he re- presented in the Vii'ginia legislature for several years. He was colonel of the militia in West- moreland county at the outbreak of the war of 1812, and served as colonel of the 35th Virginia regiment, with which he defended the Northern Neck from British attacks, 1813-14. He was wounded in the action at White House, Sept. 16, 1814, returning after the war to the practice of law, and was elected a judge of the general court, July 26, 1817. He was elected to the U.S. senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Benjamin Watkins Leigh, serving from Dec. 15, 1836, to Feb. 13, 1837, when he resigned to accept a seat on the bench of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dabney Carr, Jan. 8, 1837. He declined the position of attorney-general in the cabinet of President Van Buren, in 1840, as successor to Felix Grundy. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. William Foushee, of Richmond, Va. He died at the " Retreat," Snickersville. Va., Sept. 9, 1840. PARKER, Richard Wayne, representative, was born in Newark, N.J., Aug. 6, 1848 ; son of Cortlandt (q.v.)., and Elizabeth Wolcott (Stites) Parker, and grandson of Richard Wayne Stites, of Morristown, N.J. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey, A. B., 1867, A.M., 1870, and at Columbia Law school LL.B., 1869. He was adinitted to the bar in 1870, and practiced with his father in Newark. He was married, Jan. 2, 1884, to Eleanor, daughter of Gen. Wil- liam W. (q.v.) and Eleanor (Kinzie) Gordon, of Savannah, Georgia. He was a representative in the New Jersey legislature 1885-86 ; was the Republican candidate for congress from the sixth New Jersey district in 1892, and was elected a representative in the 54th, 55th, 56th, 57th and 58th congresses, 1895-1905. PARKER, Samuel, second bishop of Massachu- setts and 10th in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Portsmouth, N.H., Aug. 17, 1744 ; son of Judge William and Elizabeth (Grafton) Parker ; grandson of William and Zerviah (Stanley) Parker, of England, who fled OLO TRINITY CHURCH —BOSTON to America and settled in Portsmouth, N.H., in 1703. Zerviah Stanley, a daughter of the Earl of Derby, married without her father's consent and abandoned her claims to nobility. Samuel Parker was graduated at Harvard, A.B. 1764 ; A.M., 1767. He was married in November, 1766, to Annie, daughter of John Cutler of Bos- ton, Mass. He pre- pared for holy or- ders while teaching school, and was elected assistant of Trinity church in Boston, Mass., in October 1773. He was ordered deacon in the chapel of Fulham palace, London, Eng., Feb. 24, 1774, and ordained priest three days later by Dr. Terrich, Lord Bishop of London. He assumed tlie duties of assistant in November, 1774, and during the Revolution was the only Anglican clergyman to remain at his post and support the cause of the colonists. He was elected rector of Trinity church, June 27, 1779, and after the war went about trying to re- organize and establish the scattered churches and to reinstate the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. He was elected bishop of the Eastern diocese to succeed Bishop Bass, deceased, in 1803, and was consecrated at Trinity church. New York city, Sept. 14, 1804, by Bishop White, assisted by Bishops Claggett, Jarvis, and Moore. He never discharged the duties of the office, being pros- trated with gout on his return from New York from which he did not recover. He received the degree D.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1789. He published an Annual Election Ser- mon before the Legislature of Masschusetts (1793) ; a Sermon for the Benefit of the Boston Female Asylum (1803), and several occasional discourses. He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 6, 1804. PARKER, Samuel, missionary ex]>lorer, was born in Ashfield, Mass., April 23, 1779; son of Elisha and Thankful (Marchant) Parker, and a descendant of Robert Parker, the immigrant, who settled in Barnstable, Mass. Elisha Parker, a native of Yarmouth, Mass., was a member of the coast guard at the beginning of the Revolution, and afterward a soldier in the engagements from Bennington to Saratoga, 1775-77. Samuel Parker was graduated at Williams college, A.B., 1806, A.M., 1809; was principal of the academy at Brattleboro, Vt., and was graduated at Andover Theological seminary in 1810, going as a mission- ary to Steuben and Allegany counties. N.Y. He was ordained, Dec. 24, 1812, and was pastor of PAliKER PARKER the Congregational church at Dauby, N.Y., 1812- 27. He was agent for the Auburn Theological semiiuxr}- ; was pastor at Fabius, N.Y., 1827-32 ; at Middiefield, Mass., 1832-33 ; conducted a young women's school at Ithaca, N.Y., 1833-35, and was sent to Oregon by the First Presbyterian church, Itliaca, un- der the auspices of the A.B.C.F.M., 1835, to explore and locate missions, returning by the way of the Sandwich Islands in 1837. He lectured in the eastern states on the character of Ore- gon Territory, enlist- ed Dr. Marcus Wliit- man and other mis- sionaries to work there, and did much to set forth the value of that territory, then in strenuous dispute. He was the first missionary of the A.B.C.F.M. beyond the Rocky Mountains, and the discoverer of an easy grade for a rail- road tlirough the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific ocean. He was married first to a Miss Sears of AshHeld, Mass., and secondly, in 1815, to Jerusha Lord (1790-1857) of Sahsbury, Conn., a niece of Noah Webster. He is the author of Exploring Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains (1838), which was republished several times, and of which a London edition was issued. He died in Ithaca, N.Y., March 24, 1866, and in 1901 a tablet to his memory was placed in the First Presbyterian Cliurch of Ithaca. PARKER, Samuel Parker, clergyman and educator, was born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 10, 1805 ; son of Jolin Rowe and Mary (Hamilton) Parker ; grandson of the Rt. Rev. Samuel and An- nie (Cutler) Parker. He prepared for college at tlie Boston Latin school and was graduated at Harvard in 1824. He was usher and sub-master of the Bos- ton Latin school, 1824-30, and prepared for holy orders under Bisliop Griswold of the Eastern diocese. He was ordered deacon in 1834 and priested in 1835 by Bishop Griswold. He was married, April 20, 1836, to Eliza Pomeroy, grand- daughter of Judge Tlieodore Sedgwick and niece of Catherine M. Sedgwick, the autlioress. He went as a missionary to Stockbridge, where he enacted St. Paul's church and built up a flourish- ing parish. He wjis assistant to Dr. Mulilenberg in the Cliurch of the Holy Communion, New York city ; rector of St. Mary's church, Staten Island, where he erected a stone church ; return- ed to St. Paul's, Stockbridge, and succeeded Dr. Huntington at Grace church, Amherst, wliere he also built a fine church. He next labored in New York city ; was rector of St. Pauls, Stock- bidge, and of Trinity, Lenox, and conducted a preparatory school at Stockbridge. He was rec- tor at Christ church, Exeter; Epiphany, Win- chester ; and Trinity, Melrose, and officiated in vacant churches in western Massachusetts, includ- ing Christ church, Sheffield, making his home in Stockbridge and devoting much of his time to the public librarj', of which he largely selected the books purchased and procured funds for its en- largement. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from Union college in 1861. He died in Stockbridge, Mass., Nov. 16, 1880. PARKER, Theodore, clergyman, was born in Lexington, Mass., Aug. 24, 1810 ; son of John and Hannah (Stearns) Parker ; grandson of Capt. John Parker, an officer at the battle of Lexington, and a descendant of Thomas Parker, the immigrant, Lynn, 1635. Theodore worked on his father's farm and in his shop ; was a student at the public school ; attended a day school in Lexington one term in 1826, where he took up algebra, Latin and Greek ; from 1827 was self-instructed, mak- ing rapid progress, and in 1830 was examined and admitted to Harvard, where he passed his successive examina- tions in each class, but under the rules of the college was not allow^ed to receive a degree. He taught in a private school in Boston in 1831, in a private school in Watertown, Mass., 1832-42, and prose- cuted his post-grad- uate studies, includ- ing theology, in 1834. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred upon him by Harvard in 1840. He was ordained pastor of the Unitarian society at West Roxbury, Mass., June 21, 1837, remaining minister of that society until February, 1845, when lie was excommunicated by the Uni- t£irian association on account of alleged heret- ical teachings, and resigned his pastorate. He formed and was installed as pastor of a new society, Jan. 4, 1846, and preached in Boston at the Melodeon, 1846-52, and at Music Hall, 1852-59. TJie new society, aided by the reform movement in Massacliusetts which had reached its height, grew rapidly. Mr. Parker was a leader in effect- ing the escape of runaway slaves in Boston and defended and helped the revolutionary movement of John Brown in the West. He accepted the editorship of the Massachusetts Quarterly and /zXk)- ifL^^- PARKER PARKER conducted it, 1847-50. During the winter of 1857, while on a lecturing tour in central New York, he contracted a severe cold whicli settled on his lungs, and in January, 1859, he made a voyage to Santa Cruz for the benefit of his liealth. In May, 1859, he went to Southamjiton and thence to Switzerland and Rome, where he suffered a relapse during the wet season, and was taken to Florence, where lie died and was buried in the cemetery outside the walls, the Rev. Mr. Cunningham, an old friend, conducting the funeral service. Busts were made by William W, Story and Robert Hart, and in January, 1903, a bronze statue by Robert Kraus was erected on the lawn of the First Parish (Unitarian) church at West Rox- bury by the society. He is the author of : A Discourse of Matters Pertaining to Religion (1849); Occasional Sermons and Speeches (2 vols., 1852); Ten Sermons on Religion (1853); Sermons on Theism, Atheism and the Pojmlar Tlieology (1853) ; Additional Speeches and Addresses{2 vols. , 1855); Trial of Tlieodore Parker for the "■Misde- meanor of a Speech in Faneuil Hall against Kidnapping" (1855); Two Christmas Celebrations and Experience as a Minister (1859) ; a volume of Praters (1862), and Historic Americans (1870). His complete works were edited by Frances P. Cobbe (14 vols., 1863-71), and also Lessons from the World of Matter and the World of Man, selec- tions from his unpublished sermons by Rufus Leighton (1865). His biography was written by John Weiss (1864), and O. B. Frothingham (1874). In October, 1900, his name received twenty-one votes for a place in tlie Hall of Fame for Great Americans, New York university, being fifth in " Class G, Preachers and Theologians," number- ing twenty-six names, of which but three, Beecher, Channing and Edwards, received a place. He died in Florence, Italy, May 10, 1860. PARKER, Willard, surgeon, was born at Hills- borough, N.H.. Sept. 2, 1800; son of Jonathan and Hannah (Clark) Parker ; grandson of Capt. Peter Clark, and a descendant of Abraham Parker, who emigrated from England to Massachusetts Bay colony in 1640, and settled first in Woburn and afterward in Chelmsford, Mass. His parents, who were farmers, removed to Chelmsford in 1805, and he worked on the farm and attended the public school winters until 1829. He taught in the district schools, 1819-22, and was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1826, A.M., 1829. He taught school in Charlestown, Mass.; attended the lec- tures of Dr. John C. Warren, 1826-27 ; was assistant in the U.S. Marine hospital at Chelsea, Mass, 1827-29 ; studied surgery under Dr. Warren during the winter of 1828-29, and was graduated at Harvard, M.D., in 1830, and at Berkshire Medical college (Mass.) M.D., 1831. He delivered a course of lectures on anatomy in the Vermont Medical school at Woodstock, 1829-30 ; was pro- fessor of anatomy and surgery, Colby university, 1830-33, and in the Berkshire Medical college, 1830-33 ; of anatomy and physiology in Geneva college, 1834-36 ; professor of surgery in the Cincinnati university, 1836-37 ; visited Europe in 1837 ; settled in New York city in 1839, where he was connected with the College of Physicians and Surgeons as professor of surgery, 1839-69, professor of clinical surgery, 1870-80, and profes- sor emeritus, 1880-84. He was twice married ; first, in 1839, to Caroline Allen of Massachusetts, and secondly, to Henriette Bissell. He instituted college clinics in 1840, became a visiting surgeon to Bellevue hospital in 1847, and to the New York hospital in 1856, in the meantime establishing a large practice. He became president of the New York state inebriate asylum in 1865, suc- ceeding Dr. Valentine Mott, and was a consulting surgeon to the Roosevelt, St. Luke's and Mt. Sinai hospitals. He was active in the organization of the New York Pathological society in 1843 ; of the hospital for the relief of widows and orphans of medical men in 1846, and of the New York Academy of Medicine in 1847, becoming its pres- ident in 1856. He was also influential in estab- lishing the New York city board of health, 1864- 66, and served as a member of the board. He was a member of several scientific societies of the United States and Europe. He received the degree LL.D. from the College of New Jersey in 1870. The Willard Parker hospital for contagious diseases was erected and named in his honor. His discoveries in practical surgery include the operation of cystotomy, for the relief of chronic cystitis, an operation for the cure of abscess of the appendix vermiformis and one for the la- ceration of the perineum during parturition. He was also the first in the country to call atten- tion to the phenomena of the concussion of the nerves, as distinguished from that of the nerve- centres, and to report cases of malignant pustule. His monographs include : Cystotomy (1850) ; Spontaneous Fractures (1852); Concussion of Nerves (1856); On the High Operation for Stone in the Female (1855) ; Ligature of the Subclavian Artery (1864), and a lecture on Cancer (1873). He died in New York city, April 25, 1884. PARKER, William Harwar, naval officer, was born in New York city, Oct. 8. 1826 ; son of Fox- hall Alexander and Sara (Bogardus) Parker. He was graduated at the U.S. Naval academy in 1748, and was promoted lieutenant in 1855. His brother, Foxhall Alexander Parker (q.v.), was a cpmmander in the U.S. navy during the civil war. William Harwar Parker was dismissed from the U.S. naval service, April 20, 1861, having joined the secession movement in Virginia and accepted a commission as lieutenant commander PARKHURST PARKINSON in tlie Confederate States navy. He commanded the gunboat Beaufort in the fleet of Commodore Lyncli. C.S.N. , in protecting the sounds of North Carolina, opposed the landing of the expedition of General Burnside at Roanoke Island, and sup- ported Fort Huger against the Federal assault. Tlie Confederate fleet retreated to Elizabeth City, followed by the Federal fleet under Commander Rowan, and there made a stand. Tlie North Caro- lina militia having evacuated the fort. Com- mander Lynch ordered Lieutenant-Commander Parker to reman it with men from the fleet, and on the destruction of the Confederate fleet Lynch and Parker escaped to Norfolk through the canal with the Beaufort. Parker joined in the attack on the Federal fleet at Hampton Roads. March 8, 1S62, wliere he ordered Lieutenant Pendergast, commanding the U.S. frigate Congress, after the surrender of his sword and the colors, to return to the Congress and aid in rescuing the crew. The fire from the Merrimac prevented Pendergast's return to the Beaufort and he escap- ed to tlie shore. In 1863 Parker was promoted captain and establislied a naval academy on board the Patrick Henry, moored in the James River, from which were graduated junior officers wlio rendered efficient service to the Confederacy during the last year of the war. Captain Parker is the author of : Instructions for Naval Light Ar- tillery (1862) : and Recollections of a Naval Officer (18S3). He died in Washington, D.C., Dec. 30, 1896. PARKHURST, Charles Henry, clergyman and reformer, was born in Franiingham, Mass., April 17. 1842 ; son of Charles F. W. and Mary (Goodale) •k>iurst, and grandson of John Parkhurst (Har- vard, 1811). He pre- pared for college at Lancaster academy and was graduated at Amherst, A.B.. 1866, A.M., 1869. He was principal of the Am- herst high school, 1867-69; studied theo- ^ rf'' '^.^-r^ ;:i logy in the Univer- x^y^;'''", .>^- ' sity of Halle, 1869- 70 ; was married, Nov. 23, 1870, to Nel- lie, daughter of ^y J. ^ y . Luther and Philena O^A^.^. ya.iA^U*^:f: (Hawks) Bodman of Williamsburg, Mass.; taught Greek and Latin in Williston seminary, Easthampton. Mass., 1870-71 ; completed his theo- logical studies at Leipzig, 1872-73 : was pastor of the Congregational churcli at Lenox, ^Mass., 1874- 80, and was called to the Madison Square Presby- terian church. New York city, in 1880. He became interested in social reform, preaching the same .,'. / from the pulpit, was a director in the Society for the Prevention of Crime, 1890. and its president in 1891, succeeding Dr. Howard Crosby. He declared that those entrusted with the enforce- ment of the laws were derelict of duty and often corrapt, and in 1892 delivered a sermon for which he was summoned before the grand jury, which pronounced the sermon without foundation. He then personally investigated the truth of the matter, jireached a second sermon, and was again summoned before the grand jury, which, on his testimonj' followed by investigations, charged the police authorities with incompetency or crimin- ality. Believing that municipal politics could be reformed he continued to work to that end, but his positions did not always conform with those of other reformers, notably with tliose of Mayor Low, 1901-02. Dr. Parkhurst charged the reform mayor of New York city with " having sworn to enforce all the laws to the best of his ability, and reserving to himself the privilege of making an exception of the Excise Law." He received from Amherst the honorary degree of D.D. in 1880 and that of LL.D. in 1893, and was trustee of that institution. 1892-1902. He is the author of: Forms of the Latin Verb. Illustrated by the San- skrit (1870); Tlie Blind Man s Creed and Other Sermons (1883) ; Tlie Pattern in the Mount and Other Sermons (1885) ; TJiree Gates on a Side (1887); JMiat Woidd the Woi-ld be With- out Religion ? (1888) ; Tlie Sii'iss Guide (1889); Our Fight tcith Tammany (1895) ; Tlte Sunny Side of Christianity (1901); and many .sermons and magazine articles. PARKHURST, Howard Elmore, composer and ornithologist, was boi-n at Asliland, Mass., Sept. 13, 1848 ; son of Charles Ferdinand and Mary (Goodale) Parkhurst ; grandson of Ephraim Wel- lington Parkhurst, and a descendant of George Parkhurst, the first of the familj- to settle in America. He prepared for college at Clinton, Mass., and was graduated from Amherst college in 1873. He studied music under Speidel, Rhein- berger, Haupt and Kellerman and became known as an organist and composer, devoting his leisure to the study of ornithology and other sciences. He was married, Nov. 17, 1885, to Marie S., daugh- ter of George J. and Sophie (Holden) Huss of New York city. His more important composi- tions include : Nobiscum Deus, an oratorio : Fall of Jerusalem, cantata ; a symphony, and church music. His published books include : The Birds' Calendar iWn) ; Songbirds and Waterfowl{\891); How to Name the Birds fl«!98). PARKINSON, Daniel Baldwin, educator, was born near Highland. Madison county. 111., Sept. 6. 1845 ; son of Alfred Jackson and Mary Emeline (Baldwin) Parkinson; grandson of Zera and Mary (Westmore) Baldwin, and of Scotch and PARKMAN PARKS English ancestry. His father served as state senator, 1878-83. He was graduated from Mc- Kendree college, B.S., 1868; was superintendent of schools in Caruii, 111., 1869-70 ; teacher of mathematics and natural science in Jennings seminary, 1870-73, and post, graduate student in Northwestern university, 1873-74. He was pro- fessor of chemistry and physics in Southern Illi- nois State Normal university, 1874-97, secretary of the faculty, 1874-92, and in 1897 was elected president of the university. He was twice mar- ried ; first, Dec. 28, 1876. to Julia Fuller Mason, who died Aug. 6, 1879 ; and secondly, July 30, 1884, to Mary Alice Raymond. He was an active member of several educational and religious or- ganizations. He received from McKendree col- lege the degree of A.M. in 1874 and that of Ph. D. in 1897. PARKMAN, Francis, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., June 4, 1788 ; sou of Samuel and Sarah (Rogers) Parkman ; grandson of the Rev. Ebenezer Parkman, and a descendant of Thomas Parkman of Sidmouth, Devonshire, England, and of Elias Parkman, who settled in Dorchester, Mass. , 1633. Ebenezer Parkman was first minister at Westborough, Mass., 1724-82, and the author of " Reformers and Intercessors" (1752); " Conven- tion Sermon " (1761), and a short sketch of West- borough. Samuel Parkman was a wealthy Bos- ton merchant and a liberal benefactor of Harvard college. Francis Parkman was graduated from Harvard, A. B., 1807, A.M., 1810, and studied theol- ogy under the Rev. William E. Channing in Boston, and at Edinburgh university. He was ordained to the Unitarian ministry in December, 1813, and was pastor of the New North church, Boston, Mass., 1813-49. He was married to Car- oline, daughter of Nathaniel Hall of Medford. He founded the professorship of pulpit eloquence and pastoral care at Harvard in 1829 ; was vice- president of the Society for Relief of Aged and Indigent Unitarian Clergymen, 1849-52, and was president of the convention of Unitarian ministers held at Baltimore in 1852. His brother, Dr. George Parkman, Harvard professor, was mur- dered by Prof. John G. Webster. The honorary degree of A.B. was conferred on Francis Parkman by Yale in 1807 and that of D.D. by Harvard in 1834. He is the author of TJie Offering of Sympathy (1829), and of contributions to the North American Review and the Christian Ex- aminer. He died in Boston, Mass., Nov. 12, 1852. PARKMAN, Francis, historian, was born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 16, 1823: son of the Rev. Francis (q.v.) and Caroline (Hall) Parkman. He attended the school of John Angier, Medford. the Chauncy Hall school in Boston, and was graduat- ed from Harvard, A.B.. 1844, LL.B., 1846. During his freshman year he formed a plan of writing the history of the French and English rivalry in America and their relation with the Indian tribes, and made many journeys in the forests of Maine and Canada, visiting the places made famous by the French and Indian war. In 1846 he went to the Rocky mountains and resided with the west- ern Sioux and other Indian tribes. The exposure and fatigue experienced in this research caused congestion of the brain and threatened blindness, which followed him through life. He visited France in 1858, 1868, 1872, 1880-81, in connection with his historical research. He was professor of horticulture at Harvard, 1871-72 ; an overseer, 1868-71, and a fellow, 1875-88. He was married in 1850 to Catherine, daughter of Dr. Jacob Bigelow of Boston, who died in 1858, leaving two daugh- ters. He %vas vice-president of the Massachusetts Historical society, to which society he bequeathed his valuable MSS.; a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; honorary mem- ber of the Society of Antiquity, London ; a mem- ber of the Royal Historical Society of Great Britain ; of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, and a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Canada. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by McGill in 1879, by Williams in 1885 and by Harvard in 1889. He is the author of : TJie Oregon Trail ; Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life (1849); The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War of Conquest in Canada (1851); Vassall Morton, a novel (1856); Book of Roses (1866); and a series of books entitled France and England in North America, comprising : Pioneers of France in the Neiv World (1865); The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century (1867); La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (1869); Tlie Old Regime in Canada (1874); Count Fronte- nac and New France under Louis XIV. (1877); Montcalm and Wolf (1884). and A Half Centiiry of Conflict ( 1892) . His life was written by Charles Haight Farnham (1901). He died at Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass., Nov. 8, 1893. PARKS, Leighton, clergyman, was born in New York city, Feb. 10, 1852 ; son of the Rev. Dr. Martin Phillips and Georgiana Clough (Mabry) Parks, and grandson of Richard Parks of North Carolina and of Louis and (Clough) Mabry of Richmond, Va. He was graduated at the General Theological seminary, New York city, with the Seymour prize for extemporaneous preaching, 1876, receiving his bachelor degree in 1879 ; was admitted to the diaconate in 1876 ; advanced to the priesthood in 1877, and in 1878 became rector of Emmanuel church, Boston, Mass. In 1902 the membership of the church and its missions had increased sixfold. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by St. John's college, Md., in 1892 and by Harvard PAKLANGE PARRISH university in 1900. He is the author of : His Star in the East: Winning of the Soul (1893), and numerous otlier sermons and addresses. PARLANCE, Charles, jurist, was born in New Orleans, La., July 23, 1851. He studied under private tutors, and attended Centenary college, Jackson, La. He was appointed an honorary L".S. commissioner for Louisana to the Paris ex- position of 1878 ; was a delegate to the constitu- tional convention of 1879; a member of the state senate, 1880-85, and U.S. attorney for the eastern district of Louisiana, 1884-89. He was lieutenant governor of the state, 1892-93; associate justice of the supreme court of Louisiana, 1893-94, and was appointed judge of the U.S. district court for the eastern district of Louisiana, Jan. 15, 1894. PARMENTER, William, representative, was born in Boston, Mass., March 30, 1789; son of Ezra and Mary (Ellison) Parmenter; grandson of Samuel Parmenter of Sudbury, Mass., and a descendant of John Parmenter, the immigrant, who came from England about 1638; was original proprietor of Sudbury, and afterward removed to Roxbury, Mass. William Parmenter was grad- uated at the Boston Latin school, where he re- ceived a Franklin medal; served as a clerk in the mercantile house of Pratt & Andrews, Boston, and was chief clerk to AmosBinney, navy agent, during the war of 1812 and for several years thereafter. He resided at E;ist Cambridge, Mass. , 1824-66, and was manager of a glass manufactory, 1824-.36. He was a member of the state senate in 1836, and was a Democratic and Anti-Mason representative from the fourth Massachusetts district in the 2.5th, 26th, 27th and 28th congresses, 1837—45, being chairman of thecommitee on naval affairs during part of his term. He was president of the Middlesex bank, 1832-36; naval officer of the port of Boston, Mass., by appointment from President Polk, 1845-49, and from that year until his death lived in retirement, occasionally super- intending some of the county institutions. He was married in 1815 to Mary, daughter of Thomas Parker of Boston, Mass. Their son, William El- lison (Harvard, 1836), was a.ssociate justice of the municipal court of Boston, 1871-83, and chief justice, 1883-1902; and William Ellison's son, James Parker (Harvard. 1881), was appointed as- sociate justice of the same court in 1902. Ezra, another son of William, was mayor of Cambridge, 1867. William Parmenter died in East Cam- bridge. ^Lass.. Fob. 25. 1866. PARRIS, Albion Keith, governor of Maine, was born in Hebron. Maine. Jan. 19, 1798; son of Samuel and Sarah (Pratt) Parris; grandson of Benjamin and Millicent (Keith) Parris, and a descendant of Thomas Panis. the immigrant, who came from London, England, to Long Island, X.Y., in 1683. removed to Boston, Mass., and then to Pembroke, Mass. Samuel Parris served as an officer both on land and sea during the Revolu- tion, and was afterward judge of the court of common pleas for Oxford county, a representa- tive in the general assembly and a presidential elector on the Clinton ticket in 181-2. Albion Keith Parris was gra!- uated at Dartmouth col]^■L;^^ A.B., 1806. A.M., 1809, stu.li law under Chief-Justice Whit- man in New Gloucester and Portland, and was admitted to the 1:.: m lij'j. He was married in 1810 to Sarah, daughter of the Rev. Levi Whitman of Wellfleet. ]\Iass. He set- tled in practice in Paris, was prosecuting attorney for Oxford county in 1811, represented Paris in the general court in 1813, and was a state senator in 1814. He was a Democratic representative from Massachusetts in the 14th and loth con- gresses, 1815-18 ; judge of the district court of the United States for Maine, 1818-20: a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1819; judge of probate for Cumberland county. Me., 1820-21 ; governor of Maine, 1822-26 ; U.S. sena- tor from Maine, 1827-28, resigning in June, 1828, and associate justice of the supreme court of Maine, 1828-36. He was appointed second comp- troller of the U.S. treasury by President Van Buren in 1836 and held the office until 1850, when he resumed practice in Portland. He was elected mayor of Portland in 1852, declined a second nomination in 1853 and was the defeated candi- date for governor in 1854, Anson P. Morrill being elected the first Republican governor of Maine. He died in Portland, Maine, Feb. 11, 1857. PARRISH, Celestia Susannah, educator, was born in Pittsylvania county, Va., Sept. 12, 1853; daughter of Perkins and Jane (Walker) Parrish ; granddaughter of Abram and Susannah (Giles) Parrish and of Joseph and Susannah (Muse) Walker, and a descendant of William Walker, who settled in Virginia about 1678. She was graduated from Roanoke Female college, 1879 ; from the Virginia State Normal school, 1885 ; from Cornell universitj^ Ph.B., 1896, and pur- sued a post-graduate course at the Universitj' of Chicago in the .summer terms of 1897-99. She was a teacher in the public schools of Pittsylva- nia county, Va., 1871-75; in the city schools of Danville, Pa., and in Roanoke Female college, 1875-84 ; teacher of mathematics in the State Normal school of Virginia, 1884-93, with a year's leave of absence to study in the University of Michigan : professor of mathematics and peda- gogy in Randolph-Macon Woman's college, 1893- 99 ; professor of philosophy in the same college, 1899-1902, and on Feb. 4, 1902, became princii.al of the department of psychology in the State PARRISH PARRISH Normal school, Athens, Ga. She was instructor in the summer Normals of Virginia, 1885-89 ; in the Virginia Summer School of Methods, 1889- 1901 ; and in the Summer School of the South, June-July, 1902. She organized the Virginia branch of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, the first branch organized in the Southern states, and was its president, 1899-1902, and was made one of the vice-presidents of the General Association of Collegiate Alumnae in October 1901. She published two original investigations in psychol- ogy in the Ainerican Journal of Psychology, and contributed to educational periodicals. PARRISH, Edward, educator, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., May 31, 1822 ; son of Dr. Joseph Parrish (1779-1840), an eminent physician of Philadelphia, and Susanna (Cox) Parrish. He attended a Friends school and entered the drug stoi'e of liis brother Dillwyn. He was graduated from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1842, conducted a drug store adjoining the University of Pennsylyania, 1843-50, and in 1849 established a school of practical pharmacy. He took a course of instruction in analytical chem- istry under Professor Booth and a course in materia medica at the University of Pennsylva- nia. He was professor of materia medica at the College of Pharmacy, 1864-67, and professor of practical pliarmacy, 1867-73. He was one of the founders of Swai'thmore col- lege, its secretary, 1864-68, and president, 1868-72. He was a member of the American Pharmaceutical society, 1852- 72, and its president, 1868-72 ; a member of the Great Britain and Berlin societies, and was a delegate to tlie International pharmaceutical congress which met in London in 1858. In 1872 he was sent by the U.S. government as one of the peace commissioners to settle the Indian difficul- ties in the west, where he was stricken with malarial fever from which he died. He is the author of : An Introduction to Practical Pharvia- macy (1856); The Phantom Bouquet, a Popular Treatise on the Art of Skeletonizing Leaves and Seed Vessels, and Adapting them to Embellish the Home of Taste(18Q3), and An Essay on Education (1866), besides many contributions to the Journal of Pharmacy. He died at Fort Sill, Indian Ter- ritory, Sept. 9, 1872. PARRISH, Joseph, physician, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 2, 1779; son of Isaac and Sarah (Mitchell) Parrish ; grandson of John and Elizabeth (Roberts) Parrish, and of Abraham and Sarah (Robins) Mitchell, and fifth in descent from Capt. Edward Parrish (1600-1679) of Yorkshire, England, who immigrated to Maryland about 1640, and was surveyor-general of the province VIII. — 14 under Lord Baltimore, whose colonists he is said to have brought to Maryland in the sliip he com- manded. He was converted to the Quaker faith by George Fox in 1672. Joseph Parrish received a classical education ; began the study of medicine with Dr. Caspar Wistar in 1800, and was gradu- ated from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., in 1805. He was prominently connected with the principal hospitals and dispensaries in Philadel- phia as physician, surgeon or manager throughout his active life. During the winter of 1807-08 he delivered a course of popular lectures on chemis- try, which were subsequently twice repeated. In 1808 he was married to Susanna, daughter of John and Ann (Dillwyn) Cox. During the epi- demic of typhus fever of 1812-13 he rejected the practice of his predecessors and totally abandoned bleeding in his treatment. He was president of the board of managers of the Wills hospital for the relief of the indigent blind and lame, 1832-40 ; a member of the Medical society and College of Physicians of Philadelphia ; long a member and ultimately president of the Pennsylvania Abolition society, and a prominent member of the Society of Friends. He is the author of many serial books and pamphlets on medical subjects and of contributions to the North American Medical and Surgical Journal. He died in Pliiladelphia, Pa., March 18, 1840. PARRISH, Joseph, phj'sician, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 11, 1818 : son of Dr. Joseph (q.v.) and Susanna (Cox) Parrish. He attended a Friends school, and was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1844. He practised in Burlington, N.J. ; founded the New Jersey Medical Reporter, which he removed to Philadelphia, Pa. ; was physician to Burling- ton college and St. Mary's hall, and professor of obstetrics in the Philadelphia Medical college, 1856-67. Failing health caused his resignation in 1857, and he traveled in England, France, Ger- many, Switzerland and Italy. Wliile at Rome his attention was called to the mismanagement of the insane hospital, and by intercession with the pope he caused the abuses to be abated. He was superintendent of the state training school for idiots and feeble-minded children at Media, Pa., 1857-63. He entered the service of the U.S. Sanitary commission in 1863, and visited tlie camps and army hospitals with orders for hospital sup- plies. He established the Pennsylvania Inebriate asylum in 1865, and conducted the institution, 1865-72. In 1866 he started a reform movement which resulted in the establishment of the Ameri- can Association for the Study and Cure of In- ebriety, of which he was chosen president in 1872. In tlie same year, in company with Dr. Dodge of New York, he was summoned by a commission appointed by the British Parliament for the study PARRISH PARROTT of inebriet}', to give the result of his experience in regard to its cure. His testimony, showing that in cases under liis care for ten years one- third were permanently cured, one-third were subject to occasional relapse, and one third re- ceived no benefit, was followed by the founding of several hospitals in Great Britain for the treat- ment of the victims of intemperance. He was among the first, if not the first, to advocate the free use of fre.>-ii air in affections of the lungs, with interesting employment for the mind, ihus ante-dating by more than half a century tlie general practice of physicians at the present day. He was in temporary charge of the Marj- land Inebriate asylum, 1873-84, and opened a private Inebriate asylum at Burlington, N.J., in 18r6. He was a member of the Neurological Society of Philadelphia ; the Jurisprudence Society of Philadelphia ; the Obstetric Society of Philadelphia ; the American Climatological society ; a life member of the Franklin In- stitute, Philadelphia; corresponding member of the Medico-Legal Society of New York ; permanent member of the American Medical association ; an honorary member and fellow of the New Jersey Medical society ; a member of the British Medical association and vice-president of tlie colonial and international congress on inebriety of London. He was married in Februar}- 18-10, to Lydia, daughter of Caleb Gaskill of Burling- ton, N.J. He is the author of: Inebriety from a Medical Standpoint (1883). He died in Burling- ton, N.J., Jan. 15, 1891. PARRISH, Haxfield, artist, was born in Pliil- adelphia, Pa., July 25, 1870 ; son of Stephen and Elizabeth (Bancroft) Parrish. He matricu- lated at Haverford college in 1888, but left in 1891 to enter the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where he remained until 1895, when he be- came a pupil of Howard Pyle at the Drexel Insti- tute. He won almost immediate recognition as an artist, doing much work in text illustrations, posters and cover designs for Harper's, Scribner's, and the CV» fur?/ publications. He was married, June 1, 1805, to Lj-dia, daughter of Henry W. and Anne Austin of "NVoodstown, New Jersey. He was elected a member of the Society of Amer- ican Artists in 1808, and received honorary men- tion upon recommendation of tlie judges at the Universal exposition, Paris, France, in 1900. Among his noteworthy work in book illustration may be mentioned Mother Goose in Prose (1898); Kenneth Graham's Golden Age (1898), and Dream Days (1902); and twenty-five illustrations for Ray Stannard Baker's Tlie Great Sontlnrest. His more important pictures e.xhibited at tlie Phila- delphia Academy of Fine Arts ; the Society of American Artists and elsewhere, include : Bul- letin Board (1895), and Tlte Sandman (1895). PARRISH, Stephen, artist, was born in Phil- adelphia, Pa., July 9, 1S4G ; son of Dillwyn and Susanna (Maxfield) Parrish ; grandson of Dr. Joseph and Susanna (Cox) Parrish, and a de- scendant of Capt. Edward Parrish (1600-1C72) , the immigrant. He followed mercantile pursuits until 1876, when he began the study of art. In 1878-79 lie exhibited paintings at the Pennsylva- nia academy, Philadelphia, and at the National Acadeui}' of Design, New York city, took up etching, and produced his first plate in 1879. He also exhibited in London, Vienna, Paris and in Germany, and was elected a member of the New York Etching club and of the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers of London. His paintings in- clude: November (1880); Li Winter Quarters (1884); Low Tide (1885); On the Ranee, Brittany (1886); The Road to Perry's Peak. Among his etchings are: NortJtern Moorland (1882); Loic Tide, Bay of Fundy ( 1882) ; Coast of New Bruns- u-ick (1884); Winter Evening, Windsor, N. S. (1884); Bethlehem (1884); London Bridge (1886); On the Tliames (1886), and A Gloucester WJiarf (1887.) PARROTT, Enoch Greenleaf, naval officer, was born in Portsnioutli. N. H., Dec. 10, 1814. He entered the U.S. navy as midshipman in 1831 ; served on the Boxer and the Natchez of the Brazil squadron, 1832-35, and was promoted passed midshipman, June 15, 1837. He was at- tached to the Consort on surveying duty in 1840, was promoted lieutenant, Sept. 8, 1841, and served under Com. Matthew C. Perry on the west coast of Africa in 1843. He served on the Saratoga on the coast of Africa in 1843 ; on the Congress of the Pacific squadron, 1846-48, and with Fre- mont's expedition from Monterey to Los Angeles, and at the capture of Guaymas and Mazatlan, during the Mexican war. He was on the St. Louis of the Mediterranean squadron, 1852-53 ; the St. Maiy's of the Pacific squadron, 1854-55 ; at the Naval observatory, Washington, D.C., 1857-58, and was promoted commander, April 24, 1861. He was a member of the expedition that destroyed the Norfolk navy yard in April, 1861, and commanded the brig Perry, that captured the Confederate privateer Savannah, for which he received the thanks of the department. He commanded the Augusta, 1861-63, taking part in the battle of Port Royal, and engaged with the Confederate rams in Charleston harbor. Jan. 13, 1863, while under the file of their batteries. He commanded the iron-clad Canonicusof the Nortli Atlantic blockading squadron, 1864-05, and took part in the engagement with Howletfs battery and the iron-clads on James river, June 21, 1864. and in subsequent engagements witii Howlett's battery. He commanded the iron-clad Monad- nock in the attacks under Admiral Porter on Fort PARROTT PARSONS Fisher in December, 1864, and January, 1865 ; was present at the surrender of Charleston, S.C., and commanded the receiving ship Boston, 1865- 68. He was promoted captain, July 25, 1866 ; commanded the navy yard at Portsmouth, N.H., in 1869 : was promoted commodore, April 22, 1870 ; commanded the navy yard at Mare Island, Cal., 1871-72 ; the Asiatic station, 1873-73, and was promoted rear-admiral, Nov. 8, 1873. He was placed on the retired list, April 4, 1874, and died in New York city. May 10, 1879. PARROTT, John Francis, senator, was born in Greenland, N.H., in 1768. He attended the district school. He was a representative in the New Hampshire legislature in 1811 ; was de- feated as a war candidate for representative in the 13th congress in 1812 ; was a representative in the 15th congress, 1817-19 ; U.S. senator, 1819-25, and was appointed postmaster at Portsmouth, N.H., by President Adams in 1826. He was the father of Robert P. Parrott (q.v.). Senator Parrott died in Greenland, N.H., July 9, 1836. PARROTT, Robert Parker, inventor, was born in Lee, N.H., Oct. 5, 1804; son of John Francis Parrott (q.v.). He was graduated from the U. S. Military academy in 1824 and was pro- moted brevet 2d lieutenant and 2d lieutenant, 1st artillery, July 1, 1824. He served as assistant professor of natural and experimental philosopliy at the U. S. Military academy, 1824-26 ; assistant professor of mathematics, 1826-28, and as princi- pal assistant professor of natural and experi- mental philosopliy, 1828-29. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, 3d artillery, Aug. 27, 1831 ; was in garrison and on ordnance duty, 1831-35, and dur- ing tlie Creek Indian war in 1836 served on staff duty. He was promoted captain of ordnance, Jan. 13, 1836, resigning Oct. 31, 1836, to accept the position of superintendent of the West Point iron and cannon foundry at Cold Spring, N.Y. He invented a rifled cannon and projectile which bear his name. The Parrott gun was made of cast-iron, strengthened by successive hoops of wrought-iron, which were shrunk over the cast- ing. This gun was adopted by the U. S. govern- ment and was first used at the battle of Bull Run. He was judge of the court of common pleas of Putnam county, 1844-47. He severed his connection with the cannon foundry in 1867 and became associated with various manufac- turing enterprises. He died in Cold Spring, N.Y., Dec. 24, 1877. PARSONS, Albert Ross, musician, was born in Sandusky, Ohio, Nov. 16, 1847 ; son of Brev. Lieut. -Col. John Jehiel Preston and Sarah Vol- inda (Averill) Parsons ; grandson of Aaron and Emily (Stow) Parsons, and of Samuel and Chris- tabel (Kibbe) Averill. and a descendant of Joseph and Mary (Bliss) Parsons. Joseph Parsons, a native of England, immigrated to Massachusetts in 1635 ; became cornet, or 3d in command, in the Hampshire company of cavalry, in 1678 ; was partner of Pynchon in the fur trade ; a founder of Springfield, in 1636, and of Northampton, Mass., in 1645, and was for fifty years the richest man in the Connecticut valley. Albert Ross Par- sons began the study of the pianoforte in 1853, and in 1856 appeared in concert in Buffalo, N.Y. He removed to Indianapolis, Ind., with his par- ents in 1858 ; was a church organist there until 1863, and studied harmony and counterpoint under Fi'ederick Louis Ritter in New York city, 1863-67. He was graduated at tlie Leipzig Con- servatory of Music in 1870, and at the Berlin academy in 1872, and in the latter year settled in Nesv York city where he engaged in teaching, and became prominent in musical affairs, being oi'ganist of Holy Trinity and the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian churches, 1874-95. He was mar- ried, April 23, 1874, to Alice Eva, daughter of Cornelius Henry and Deborah Schuyler (Bradt) Van Ness of New York city. He was a member of the New York Historical society, the New York Genealogical and Biographical society, the Society of the Sons of the Revolution, the Mili- tary Society of the War of 1812 in New York, and an honorary member of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations ; president of the Music Teachers' National association in 1889, and a charter member, incorpoi-ator, examiner and fellow of the American College of Musicians, of which he was elected president at the World's Fair in Chicago, 1893, and annually re-elected. He was also vice-president and director of the pianoforte department of the Metropolitan Col- lege of Music, New York city ; pianoforte ex- aminer at Evelyn college, Princeton, N.J., and president of the American Society for the Promo- tion of Musical Art, M.T.N.A., in 1890. He trans- lated Wagner's philosophic study entitled Beetho- ven (1870); edited Benham's Review (1872), and is the author of: Parsifal the Finding of Christ through Art, or Riclmrd Wagner as a Tlieologian (1888) ; New Light from the Great Pyramid (1896) , which was cordially commended by Prof. Dr. George Ebers ; a Garrard-Spencer Chart (1899); Cornet Joseph Parsons, a sketch, unth Parsons Genealogies (1901). His musical compositions in- clude : Tlie Night Has a Thousand Eyes (1878); Break, Break (1880); Crossing the Bar (1901); Humoresqiie-Tarantelle and Tlie Lion and Lizard (1900), and a new national anthem My Country 'tis of Til ee (1902). PARSONS, Andrew, governor of Michigan, was born at Hoosack, N.Y., July 22, 1817 ; son of John Parsons of Nevvbviryport, Mass., and grand- son of Andrew Parsons, a Revolutionary soldier. PARSONS PARSONS He removed witli his parents to Oswego county, N.Y., where he was educated and engaged in teaching school in 1833. He removed to Michigan in 1835, tauglit scliool at Ann ^. ^ "., Arbor, and in 1836 settled in fC* z*'®!^. ^^\-, <-^i"'unna, Shiawassee county. ' llr was county clerk, 1830-38 ; ^' n /-V ^'-oi-iter of deeds, 1840-46 ; a >-^-^-^/'/ state senator from the sixth ■ ;;!;- ^ district, 1847-48, and was ■ elected prosecuting attorney of the coun!\ ill 1^18. He was elected lieutenant- governor of tlie state on the Democratic ticket with Robert McClelland for governor in 1852, and on the appointment of McClelland as secretary of the interior in President Pierce's cabinet, he be- came the second governor of Michigan, March 8, 1853, and served until Jan. 3, 1855. He represented his county in the state legislature in 1855. He was elected regent of the University of Michigan from the seventh circuit for six years, and served, 185'2-.")4. He died in Corunna, Mich., June 6, 1855. PARSONS, Charles, artist, was born in Row- lands Castle, Uampsliire, England, May 8, 1821. He came to the United States with his parents in childhood ; was educated in the public schools of New York city ; studied art in the National Academy of Design, and engaged in drawing on stone for lithographing. He was the director of Harper & Brotliers' art department, New York city, 1861-89, and during his leisure hours and after 1889 devoted himself to landscape and marine painting in oil and water color. He be- came an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1850 or 1851, and a member of the New York Water-Color society. He exhibited at the National Academy, and Iiis works include : An Old Orchard, Long Island (1884); Amagansett, Long Isldiid (1889), and many others. PARSONS, Charles Carroll, soldier, was born in Elyria, Oliio, in 1838. After his father's death in 1839, he was adopteil by his maternal uncle, and appointed to the U.S. Military academy by his cousin. Judge Philemon Bliss (q.v.). He was graduated in tlie class of 1861, and promoted 1st lieutenant, 4th artillery, June 24, 1861 ; was on duty in "Washington, D.C., and West Virginia, 1861, and commanded a company in the Army of the Oliio. in the Tennessee and Mississippi campaign, at tlie battle of Shiloh and at tlie siege of Cor- inth, 1862. He commanded tlie artillery that covered the retreat of the army from the battle of Richmond to Louisville in September, 1802; was brevetted captain for gallant and meritorious services at Perryville, Oct. 8, 1802, and marched to the relief of Nashville in October. 1862. He commanded in the Tennessee campaign from October, 1862, to January, 1863, including Stone river, where he was brevetted major for gallant and meritorious services, Dec. 31, 1862. He wa3 jirincipal assistant professor of geography, history and ethics at the U.S. Military academy, 1863-64; was stationed at Fort Columbus, N.Y., November, 1864, to January, 1865, and at Camp Barry, D.C., January to May, 1865. He was brevetted lieu- tenant-colonel, March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war, .served on the staff of General Hazen, commanding the 15th army corps. May to November, 1865, and was stationed at Fort McHenry, Md., November, 1865, to IMarch, 1866. He was promoted captain, 4th artillery, July 28, 1866 ; commanded a battery at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., until Marcli, 1867; was chief of artillery and ordnance on Gen. Winfield S. Hancock's Indian expedition, March to May, 1867, and was stationed at Forts Riley, Harker and Leavenworth, 1867-68. He was principal as- sistant professor of geography, history and ethics at the U.S. Military academy, 1868-70, and was honorably discharged from the service at his own request, Dec. 31, 1870. He was ordained to the Protestant Episcopal ministry in 1871, and was rector of churches in Memphis, Teiin., Cold Spring, N.Y., Hoboken, N.J., 1871-78. He was also associate editor of the Banner of the Church at Memphis, 1871-72. He died of yellow fever at Memphis, Tenn., Sept. 7, 1878. PARSONS, Frances Theodora, author, was born in New York city, Dec. 5, 1861 ; daughter of N. Denton and Harriet (Shelton) Smith, and granddaughter of Benjamin and Sarah (Street) Smith and of Theodore and Harriet (Emmons) Slielton. The Smiths were early settlers of Long Island, N.Y., and the Emmonses were of Con- necticut stock. Frances was educated at Miss Comstock's school in New York city, where she spent eight years. She was married first. Maj- 20, 1884, to Commander William Starr Dana, U.S.N, (q.v.), and secondly, Feb. 19, 1896, to James Russell Parsons, jr. (q.v.). During her private study of flowers, she discovered the lack of untechnical works on nature .study, and her first book, written to supply the deficiency, became immediately popular. She wrote under the name Mrs. William Starr Dana until 1896, after which slie used the name Frances Theodora Parsons. Slie is the author of : lloio to Know the Wild FJoimrs (1893); According to Season, describing flowers found in New Jersey, Connecticut, the Berkshire Hills and the Adirondacka (1895) ; Plants and Tlieir Children ; for young children (1890); How to Know the Ferns (1899). PARSONS, Frank, economist, was born at Mt. Holly, N.J., Nov. 14, 18.54; son of Edward and Alice B. (Rliees) Parsons: grandson of Richard and Elizal)eth (Huchens) Parsons and of John Loxley and Rebecca (McElwee) Rhees, and a descendant of the Rev. Morgan John and Anna PARSONS PARSONS (Loxley) Rhees and of Col. Benjamin Loxley, a Revolutionary patriot. He was graduated from Cornell, B.C.E., 1873 ; engaged in railway en- gineering, 1873 ; worked in a rolling mill, 1874 ; taught a district school, and afterward French, mathematics and drawing in the high school, Southbridge, Mass., 1874-81. He was admitted to the Massachusetts bar, 1881 ; was in New Mexico in the railroad business, 1881-84 ; was employed as chief clerk by a leading Boston law firm, and engaged as a legal text writer for Little, Brown & Co., 1885-97. In 1890 he obtained a lectureship in Boston University Law school, and w^as a member of the faculty of the Boston Y.M.C.A., lecturing on English literature. He lectured on economics and sociology, and was professor of history and political science in the Kansas Agricultural college,1897-99,and in 1899 as- sumed the same chair in Ruskin college, Trenton, Mo. In 1900 he was called to testify on railways before the U.S. senate committee on interstate commerce, and the next year the U.S. Industrial commission sent for him to testify on railways, telegraphs, telephones and municipal monopolies. In 1901-02 he spent about eight months traveling in Great Britain, France. Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, Belgium and through the United States, studying railways, cooperative industry, municipal monopolies, government and labor conditions in preparation for w^orks on trans- portation, cooperation and municipal govern- ment. In 19C2 he lectured in the leading cities of the west under the auspices of the Chicago University association. He was elected to membership in the American Academy of Poli- tical and Social Science, the American Social Science association and other organizations ; became president of the National Public Owner- ship league and of the National Referendum league ; director of the Co-Workers' fraternity, and vice-chairman of the National Non-Partisan Federation for Majority Rule. He is the author of : TJie World's Best BooJcs (1892) ; Ovr Country's Need (1894); The Drift of Our Time (1898); Rational Moneij{18dd) ; TJie New Political Economy (1899); The Power of the Ideal (1899); TJie City for the People (1900 and 1902); Direct Legislation (1900); The Bondage of Cities (1900); Great Movements of the Nineteenth Century (1901); Public Ownership (1902), and many contributions to periodicals. PARSONS, James Russell, jr., educator, was born in Hoosick Falls, N.Y., Feb. 20, 1861 ; son of James Russell and Ellen Edgerton (Hinds- dill) Parsons ; grandson of Seth and Carolina Althea (Edgerton) Parsons, and a descendant of Dr. Jonas Fay (q.v.;. He was prepared for college at Bede Hall, Cooperstown, N.Y. ; was graduated as valedictorian at Trinity college, Conn., A.B., 1881 ; A.M., 1884: was secretary to Bishop Williams of Connecticut, 1882-85 ; school commissioner in Rensselaer county, N.Y., 1885- 87 ; U.S. consul at Aix-la-Chapelle, Germany, 1888-90 ; inspector of academies, University of tlie State of New York, 1891 ; of teachers' train- ing classes. New York department of public instruction, 1892 ; director of examinations. Uni- versity of the State of New York, 1892-97 ; director of high school and college departments from 1898, and secretary of the university from 1900. He was married, Feb., 18, 1896. to Frances Theodora (Smith) Dana (q.v.). Trinity gave him the degree LL.D. in 1902. He is the author of : Prussian Schools through American Eyes (1891); Academic Syllabus ; or, Outlines of Work for New York Secondary Schools (1891); French Schools through American Eyes (1892); Revised Academic Syllabus (1895) ; Professional Educa- tion in the United States (1900). PARSONS, Lewis Eliphalet, governor of Alabama, was born in Broome county, N.Y., April 28, 1817. He was a great-grandson of Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758). He studied law under Frederick Tallmadge of New York, and G. W. Woodward of Pennsylvania, settled in practice in Talladega, Ala., in 1840, and in 1841 associated himself with Alexander White. He was a presi- dential elector on the Fillmore and Donelson ticket in 1856, and representative in the Ala- bama legislature in 1859. Hei'; was a delegate to the Demo- \ cratic national convention at Charleston, S.C., and Balti- more, Md., in 1860, and a rep- resentative in the state legislature in 1863. where he opposed the militia system of the state, as the Confederate government had full power of con- scription. He was appointed provisional governor of Alabama by President Johnson, June 21, 1865, and devoted himself to the work of reconstruc- tion until Dec. 20, 1865, when he was elected to the U.S. senate ; but not being allowed to take his seat, he resumed the practice of law. He served several terms as a representative in the state legislature, and was speaker of the house in 1872. He died in Talladega, Ala., June 8, 1895. PARSONS, Mosby Monroe, soldier, was born in Charlottesville, Va. , May 21 , 1822. He removed to Cooper county, Mo., with liis parents, in 1835, and subsequently settled in Jefferson City. He completed his education in St. Charles college, and was admitted to the Missouri bar in 1846. He practised in Jefferson City, and at the out- break of the Mexican war raised a company ; joined the regiment of General Doniphan, and served under General Kearny in New Mexico, receiving honorable mention for his conduct at PARSONS PARSONS Sacramento. He was attorney-general of Missouri, 1853-57, represented Cole county in the state legislature in 1857, and was a state senator in 1859. He joined the Confederate army at ( lie out- break of tlie civil war, and was ai)i)ointed by Gov- ernor Claiborne F. Jackson brigadier-general in tlie Missouri state guards, commanding a brigade in Sterling Prices state guards in the action at Carthage, July 5, 1861, battle of Wilson's Creek, Aug. 10, 18G1, the siege of Lexington, Sept. 18- 20, 1861, and the action at Springfield, Oct. 25, 1861. After the engagement at Helena, July 4, 1863, he was promoted major-general, and com- manded a division in the detachment engaged in the Red River campaign, and the Missouri division in General Price's army in Arkansas after April 20, 1864. He took part in Price's raid in 1864 ; sur- rendered with the trans-Mississippi army May 26, 1865, and went to Mexico intending with other Confederate officers to found a colony there, but while camping at China near the San Juan river, and on the neutral ground between the French and Liberal forces, they were attacked by Mexicans and killed, and their bodies tlirown into the river, Aug. 14, 1865. PARSONS, Samuel, landscape architect, was born in New Bedford, Mass., Feb. 7, 1844 ; son of Samuel Bowne and Susan (nowland)Parsons. He was a student in Haverford coUege.Pa., 1857-60. but did not graduate, and attended Slieffield Scientific school, Yale. 1860-62, receiving the Pli.B. degree in 1862. He wiis married, Oct. 25. 1865, to Martha E., daughter of William and Tliamsin (Butter- worth) Francis. He engaged in the nursery business with his father in Flusliing, L.I., N.Y.; became a member of tlie firm of Vaux & Co., landscape architects, and as superintendent of parks managed the construction and plant- ing of the parks of New York city, 1882-97, and in 1897 became a member of the landscape architect firm of Parsons & Pentecost, after- ward Samuel Parsons & Co., New York city. He founded the Society of American Landscape Architects, of which he became president, and designed an exten-sive system of parks for the city of Washington, D.C., under an act of con- gress, June 6, 1900. entitled : " Plans for Treatment of that portion of the District of Columbia, south of Pennsylvania avenue, and north of B Street, S.W., and for a connection between Potomac and Zoological Parks." He also designed and planted parks and gentlemen's country places in twenty-two states of tlie union. He contributed articles on landscape art to the leading magazines and newspapers, the article on " Parks " to Johnson's C\'clopedia, and is the author of : Landscape Gardening (1891): Homes in Citji and Conntnj in "Woman's Book" (1894), and How to Plant the Home Grounds (1899). PARSONS, Samuel Holden, soldier, was born in Lyme, Conn., May 14, 1737 ; son of the Rev. Jonathan and Phoebe (Griswold) Parsons ; grandson of Ebenezer and Margaret (Marslifield) Parsons ; great-grandson of Dea. Benjamin and Sarah (Vose) Parsons, the immigrants, 1630, wlio settled in Springfield, Mass., 1636, and great-- grandson of Sir Thomas Parsons of Great Tor- rington, near Essex, England. The Rev. Jona- than Parsons was minister at Lyme, 1731-45 ; resigned his charge in 1745, removed to Newbury- port, Mass., and became tlie first pastor of the First Presbyterian church, serving, 1746-76. He was in- strumental through a sermon preached in 1775 in recruiting the first company of volunteers for the army of the American Revolution. Whitefield, who induced him to adopt the Presbyterian faith, died at his home in 1770, four years before Par- sons' demise, and the two divines, with their friend, the Rev. Joseph Prince, were given sepul- ture in a crypt under the pulpit of the Presbyte- rian church, Newburyport. Samuel Holden Par- sons was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 17.56, A.M., 1759 ; studied law with his uncle, Gov. Matthew Griswold (q. v. ) ; was a practicing lawyer in Lyme ; deputy to the general assembly of Connecticut, 1762-74; king's attorney ; member of the commit- tee of correspondence, and in 1773 wrote to Samuel Adams suggesting the calling of a Continental congress. He served in the Colonial militia, was elected major of the 3d regiment in 1770, lieuten- ant-colonel in 1774, and colonel of the 6th regi- ment in 1775. He marched with this regiment to Roxbury, Mass., and on the evacuation of Boston was ordered to New York. On the way he met Benedict Arnold at Hartford, April 27, 1775, who informed him of the extent of the armament at Ticonderoga, and with Col. Samuel Wyllys and Silas Dear»e he formed a plan for taking the fort and its large number of brass cannon, so much needed by the Continental army at Cam- bridge, Mass. These men with three others pledged their personal security for the money borrowed to fit out the expedition. Col. Parsons informed Ethan Allen of the project, and Allen met the Connecticut troop at Bennington, took command and captured the fort. May 10, 1775. Parsons took part in the battle of Long Island, and for his services was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. Aug. 9, 1776. He also .served at Harlem Heights. White Plains, and in the re- treat through New Jersej'. He projected the expedition from Connecticut to Sag Harbor, aided Col. Israel Putnam in the construction of the forts in and about West Point, and com- manded the operations during Colonel Putnam's absence in Connecticut from February 14 to June, 1778. General McDougall a.ssumed chief com- mand by order of General Washington, March PARSONS PARSONS 15, 1778, General Parsons succeeding to the com- mand of the troops April 22, 1778, when McDou- gall was ordered to Valley Forge. Parsons com- manded the troops in the Higlilands of the Hudson until 'June 23, when, McDougall retreat- ing, he proceeded to Connecticut, where he en- gaged the British forces at Norwalk and forced them to abandon their project to override the state. In 1780 he returned to the Hudson, and was the ranking brigadier-general of the board of general officers that tried Major Andre at Tap- pan, N.Y., Sept. 29, 1780. On Oct. 23, 1780, he was commissioned major-general and succeeded Gen. Israel Putnam in the command of the Con- necticut line. He made a successful attack on the British forces near New York, which won for him the thanks of congress, Feb. 5, 1781. He resigned from the army, July 18, 1783, and resumed the practice of law at Middletown, Conn.* In 1785 he was appointed a commissioner to treat with the Miami Indians, and in 1788 was a member of the Connecticut convention to act upon the rati- fication of the Federal constitution, the conven- tion voting to ratify that instrument on his motion. He was appointed by President Wash- ington the first chief justice of the supreme court of the Northwest Territory in 1788. He MARIETTA-I7as settled with other New England soldiers near Marietta, Ohio, and in 1789 was sent by the state of Connecticut to treat with the Indian tribes on * In Wlnsor's " Narrative and Critical History of Amer- ica," Vol. VI., p. 460, General Parsons is branded "as acting as a spy for the British general," an error that has also found its way into cyclopedias, and is based on Sir Henry Clinton's " Record of Private Intelligence," printed in the Magazine of American History, Vols. X. & XI., where Clin- ton seems to implicate Parsons as a party to a plot con- cocted by William Herron, a professional spy, who appar- ently tried to make Clinton think Parsons purchasable. See " A Vindication of General Parsons," by George B. Loring (1888); "An Examination of the Charge of Treason against Gen. Samuel Holden Parsons " (an address by Joseph Gurley Woodward, Connecticut Historical society, Mays, 1896), and "Centennial Oration at Marietta, 1888," by George F. Hoar. Lake Erie for a transfer of the aboriginal title to the western reserve lands ceded to tlie state. On his return journey to Marietta the boat convey- ing his party was swamped in the rapids of the Big Beaver river and he was drowned. He re- ceived the honorary degree of A.M. from Yale in 1781, and he is the author of : Antiquities of the Western States, published in the second volume of Transactions of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of History of the Tally Family of Saybrook. Tlie date of his death is Nov. 7, 1789, PARSONS, Theophilus, jurist, was born in Byfield, Mass., Feb. 24, 1750; son of the Rev. Moses and Susan (Davis) Parsons ; grandson of Ebenezer and Lydia (Haskell) Parsons, and of Abraham and Ann (Robinson) Davis, and a great- grandson of Jeffrey and Sarah (Vinson) Parsons. Jeffrey Parsons immigrated to the West Indies from England about 1645 and settled at Glouces- ter, Mass. , in 1654. Theophilus Parsons was pre- pared for college at Dummer academy, and grad- uated at Harvard, A.B., 1769, A.M., 1772. He studied law with Theophilus Bradbury at Fal- mouth, was admitted to the bar in 1774, and practised there until the British destroyed Fal- mouth in 1775. He then pursued the study of law under Judge Edmund Trowbridge of Cam- bridge, Mass., 1775-77, and opened a law office in Newburyport, Mass., in 1775. In 1778 he was a delegate to the convention at Ipswich, Mass., that opposed the adoption of the state constitu- tion, and was the author of the pamphlet known as the "Essex Result," which contributed so largely to the rejection of that instrument. He was a delegate in 1779 to the convention that framed the state constitution finally adopted ; in 1788 to the convention to ratify the Federal con- stitution, and was the author of the proposition offered by John Hancock, ratifying the instru- ment and recommending certain amendments known as the "Conciliatory Resolutions." He was married, Jan. 13, 1780, to Elizabeth, daugh- ter of Judge Benjamin Greenleaf of Newbury, Mass. He devoted himself to his law practice in Newburyport, 1788-1800, and served as a repre- sentative in the state legislature several times. He removed to Boston, Mass., in 1800 ; was ap- pointed attorney-general in the cabinet of Presi- dent Adams as successor to Charles Lee in 1801. but declined to serve, and was chief-justice of the supreme court of Massacliusetts, 1806-13, suc- ceeding Francis Dana. He received the degree of LL.D. from Harvard in 1804, Dartmouth in 1807, and Brown in 1809 ; was a fellow of Har- vard, 1806-12, and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. A collection of his opinions were published under the title of "Commenta- ries on the Laws of the United States" (1836.) He died in Boston, Mass., Oct. 30, 1813. PARSONS PAKTON PARSONS, Theophilus, author, was born in Xewburyiwrt, Miiss.. May 17, 1797 ; son of Judge Tlieophilus (q.v.) and Elizabetli (Greenleaf) Par- sons. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1S15, A.M., 1818, studied law under William Prescott and was admitted to the bar in 181!). He traveled in Euroi>e. and on his return settled in practice in Taunton, Mass., and then in Boston, and sub- sequently devoted himself to literary pursuits, founding and editing the United States Free Press. He was Dane professor of law at Har- vard, 1848-70 ; a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a member of the Massa- cliusetts Historical society, and president of the Magazine club. He received the degree LL.D. from Harvard in 1849. He was an early convert to Swedenborgianism, and is the author of the following works on Swedenborgianism : Essays (1845); Dens Homo (1867); The Infinite and the Finite {1S72}, and Outlines of the Religion and Philosojjhy of Swedenborg (1875). His legal writings include : TJie Law of Conscience (2 vols., 1853. 5th ed., 3 vols., 1864): Elements of Mercantile Law (1856); Laics of Business for Bus- iness Men (1857); Maritime Laic (2 vols., 1859); Notes and Bills of Exchange (2 vols., 1862); Shijj- jnng and Admiralty (2 vols., 1869); and The Po- litical, Personal and Property Rights of a Citizen of the United States (1875). He also published Memoir of Judge Parsons, his father (1859). He died in Cambridge, Mass.. Jan. 26, 1882. PARSONS, William Barclay, civil engineer, was born in Xew York city, April 15, 1859 ; .son of William Barclay and Eliza (Living.ston) Parsons; grandson of William Burrington and Ann (Bar- clay) Parsons and of Schuyler and Eliza (Glass) Livingston, and a descendant of Henry Barclay, D.D., and of Cadwallader Golden. He was grad- uated from Columbia college, N.Y., A.B., 1879; C.E. 1882, and was married, May 20, 1884, to Anna DeWitt, daughter of Sylvanus and Caroline (Gal- lup) Reed of New York city. After service on the Erie railway he engaged in business in New Y'ork as a civil engineer and was appointed chief engineer of the Rapid Transit commission of New York and chief of engineers of the National Guard of the State of New York with the rank of brigadier-general. He was electeii tru.stee of Columbia university in 1898, a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1881 and of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Great Britain. He is the author of : Tract (1885) ; Turn- outs (1885); An American Engineer in China (1900;. PARTON, Arthur, artist, was born in Hudson, N.Y., March 26, 1842 ; son of George and Elizabeth (Woodbridge) Parton, and brother of Ernest Par- ton (q.v.). He studied art with William T. Rich- ards in Philadelphia, Pa. , 1859-61 , and at the Penn- sylvania Academy of Fine Arts ; removed to New York city in 1865 and established a studio, and studied in Paris, 1870-71. He was chosen a mem- ber of the American Water-color society and of the Artists" Fund .society ; was elected an associate of the Academy of Design in 1871, and academi- cian in 1884. In 1886 he was awarded a gold medal by the American Art association, and in 1888 the Temple medal of the Pennsylvania Ac- ademy of Fine Arts. Among his most famous pictures are: November (1867); On the Road toMt. Marcy (1873); A Mountain Brook (1874); Sycamoi-es of Old Shokam (1876); The Delaware River near Milford (1879); Nightfall (1880); Tlie Morning Ride (1884); Winter on the Hudson (1885); TJie Evening after the Rain (1886), and Evening on the Harlem River (1887). He received honorable mention at the Paris exposition (1889). PARTON, Ernest, artist, was born in Hudson, N.Y., March 17, 1845. He was educated at Hud- son academy and by private tutors and devoted himself to art at an early age. He studied art under his brother Arthur and in 1865 opened a studio in New Y^ork city and engaged in oil painting. In 1873 he visited Scotland and Wales, and later established himself in London. He visited New Y'ork in 1884-86. He was elected a member of the Royal Institute and of the Artists' Fund, New York, and exhibited his paintings in the Royal Academy, the Academy of Design, N. Y. city, the Grosvenor academy, and the Boston Ai't institute. Among his paintings are : Morning Mist (1873); Pajm's Luncheon (1875); Placid Stream (1876); Sunny September (1877); TJie Silent Pool (1878) ; An Bord de I'Eau (1878) ; The Wan- ing of the Year (1879) ; Silver and Gold (1882); Fall- ing Leaves and Fading Trees (1883) ; Wliere Mem- oi-y Dwells (1884) ; Streutley-on-Thames (1885) ; Last of October (1886). In 1902 he was residing in London, England. PARTON, James, biographer, was born in Can- terbury, England, Feb. 9, 1822. He immigrated to the United States with his parents in 1827, at- tended the public .schools of New York city, and a private school at White Plains, N.Y'., continu- ing his education in Europe. He taught school in Philadelphia and New York city, engaged in literary work, became an editorial contributor to the Home Journal New York city, and devoted himself principally to biographical writing. He was married in January, 1856, to Sara Payson (Willis) Eldredge (Fanny Fern) (q.v.), who died Oct. 10, 1872, and he married secondly in 1874, Ellen W., daughter of Charles H. and Sara Pay- son (Willis) Eldredge. Under the laws of Ma.ssa- chusetts, this marriage was shown to be illegal, and they lived apart until, on his petition, the legislature amended the law. He removed from New Y'ork city to Newburyport, Mass., in 1875; lee- PARTON PARTRIDGE tured successfully on literary and political topics, and contributed to the New York Ledger and various periodicals. It is estimated tliat the sale of his books brought him $8000 annually in royalties for many years. He is the au- thor of ; Tlie Life of Horace Greeley (1855); Humorous Poetry of the English Language from Chaucer to Saxe (1856); Tlie Life and Times of Aaron Burr (1857); Life of Andrew Jackson (3 vols., 1859) ; General Butler in New Orleans (1864) ; Life and Times of Ben- jamin Franklin (1864); Famous Americans of Recent Times (1867); Tlie People's Book of Bio- graphy (1868); Smoking and Drinking, an essay (1868) ; Tlie Danish Islands: Are We Bound to Pay for Them ? (1869) ; Tojjics of the Time (1871) ; Triumphs of Enterprise, Ligenuity and Public Spirit (1871); Tlie Words of Washington (1872); Fanny Fern, A Memorial Volume (1873); Life of Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States (1874); Taxation of Church Property (1874) ; Le Parnasse Frangais, a Book of French Poetry from A.D. 1550 to the Present Time (1877) ; Caricature and other Comic Art in All Times and Many Lands (1877) ; Lifeof 'Voltaire (1881); Noted Women of Europe and America {1883); Captains of Lidustry; or. Men of Business who did Something besides Making Money (1884); Some Noted Princes, Authors and Statesmen of Our Time (1885), and Captains of Industry, second series (1891). He died in Nevvburyport, Mass., Oct. 17, 1891. PARTON, Sara Pay son (Willis), author, was born in Portland, Maine, July 9, 1811; daughter of Nathaniel and Hannah (Parker) Willis ; grand- daughter of Nathaniel and Lucy (Douglas) Willis, and of Solomon Parker, and a descendant of George and Jane (Palfrey) Willis. George Willis emigrated from England to America, and settled in Cambridge, Mass., 1626. She was educated in the public schools of Boston, and in Catherine Beecher's Young Ladies' seminary at Hartford, Conn. She was married. May 4, 1837, to Charles H. Eldredge of Boston, Mass., who died, Oct. 6, 1846, leaving her with two children and without property. She sewed for a livelihood and tried to secure a position as a public school teacher, but was not successful. In 1851 she began to write for the Olive Branch and the True Flag, Boston periodicals, and her articles vrere copied into newspapers in all parts of the country. She received only fifty cents for her first contribu- tion. Derby and Miller, New York publisliers, brought out a collection of her stories in one volume in 1853, as Fern Leaves from Fanny's Portfolio, of which 80,000 copies were sold. She removed to New York city in 1854, continuing to use the pen-name of Fanny Fern, and began to write for the New York Ledger, and for sixteen years furnished that periodical with an article every week, and for one story from her pen Robert Bonner paid her $100 a column. She was married secondly to a Mr. Farrington, a merchant of Boston, but the union was brief, and in Jan- uary, 1856, she became the wife of James Parton, the biographer. Slie is the author of : Fern Leaves from Fanny's Portfolio (1853, 2d ser., 1854); Little Ferns for Fanny's Little Friends (1854); Ruth Hall, novel (1854); Fresh Leaves (1855); Rose Clark, novel (1857) ; A New Story-Book for Children (1864); Folly as it Flies {1SG8) ; TJie Play- DayBook (1869); Ginger Snaps (1870), and Caper Sauce ; A Volume of Chit Chat (1872). Most of her books were republished in England. See "Life and Beauties of Fanny Fern" (London, 1855). She died in Brooklyn, N.Y., Oct. 10, 1872. PARTRIDGE, Alden, educator, was born in Norwich, Vt., Jan. 12, 1785 ; son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Wright) Partridge, and grandson of Samuel and Ruth (Woodwood) Partridge. His father, a soldier in the Revolution, was present at the capture of Burgoyne at Sarato- ga. He entered Dart- mouth in August, 1802, but left before graduating to accept the appointment as cadet at the U.S. Military academy and was transferred to tlie artillery corps in July, 1806 ; promoted first lieutenant of en- gineers, Oct. 30, 1806 ; captain in the engi- neer corps, July 23, 1810, and in Novem- ber, 1806, was appointed assistant professor of mathematics, serving as full professor with the pay and emoluments of major, 1812-13, and as professor of engineering, 1813-16. He was acting superintendent of the academy, 1808-15, in the absence of Colonel Williams, and superintendent, 1815-17. On Jan. 17. 1817, he was relieved of the superintendency and on April 15, 1817, resigned his commission in the U.S. army. He Uien instructed a volunteer corps and gave lectures on fortifications and military science in New York city, and in 1819 engaged in the sur- PARTRIDGE TARTKlDdE xey of the north-eastern boundary. In the latter part of 1819 he founded in Norwich, Vt., the American Literary Scientific and Military acad- emy of which lie was superintendent and pro- fessor of mathematics, pliilosophy and niilitarj' science. The first class of one hundred students entered Sept. 4, 1820, and on Aug. 22, 1825, tlie institution was removed to Middletown, Conn., and had an attendance of two hundred and ninety- seven students. Failing to obtain a charter from Connecticut he removed the military school back to Norwich, Vt., in 1829, wliere he had conducted a flourisliing seminary, 1825-29, as a preparatory school for his niilitar\- academy. In November, 1831, lie obtained a charter from the legislature of Vermont for the Norwich university witli full power to confer degrees and to possess all other powers and immunities belonging to the colleges and universities of the United States. He was elected its first president, which office he resigned in 1843, owing to differences with the other trustees as to the management of tlie university, and Truman B. Ransom was elected president. He was married in April. 1837, to Ann Elizabeth, daughter of John Swasey of Claremont, N.H., who with their son, Capt. Heniy V. Partridge, U.S. v., survived him. Capt. Alden Partridge was surveyor general of Vermont, 1822 ; a repre- sentative from Norwich to the state legislature, 1833, 1834, 1837 and 1839; the unsuccessful Demo- cratic candidate for representative in the 22d, 24th 25tli and 26tli congresses, and tlie unsuccessful Independent candidate for representative in the 31st congress in 1848. He established a military school at Portsmouth, Va., 1839, known as the Vir- ginia Literary, Scientific and Military institute, and others at Bristol, Pa., 1842, at Pembroke, N.H., 1847, and at Harrisburg. Penn., 1850 ; was camp instructor of Pennsylvania volunteer militia at Reading in 1842, and in 1853 opened at Brandy- wine Springs, Del., what he hoped to make a National school of education in the arts of peace and war. The buildings burned in the autumn of 1853 and he planned to remove to Bristol, Penn. He returned to his family at Norwich, Vt., where he was stricken witli what proved a fatal illness. He is the author of : An Excur- sion (1822) ; Lectures on Education (1825) ; Lectures on National Defence (1827) ; Journal of a Tour of Cadets (1827). He died in Nor- wich. Vt., Jan. 17. 1854. PARTRIDGE, Frederick William, soldier and diplomatist, was born in Norwidi, Vt., Aug. 19, 1824; son of Capt. Cyrus (17sf3-l842j and Mary (Loveland) (1786-186G) Partridge; grandson of Capt. Isaac Partridge of the Revolution and of Joseph and Mercy (Bigelow) Loveland ; great- grandson of Capt. Samuel Partridge of the Colon- ial wars, and of David and Mercy (Lewis) Bige- low, and a descendant of Thomas Bigelow, the immigrant, and of Elisha and Lucy (Sparks) Lovel, who immigrated to Glastonbury, Conn. Frederick William Partridge attended the dis- trict .school ; the Norwich Literaiy, Scientific and Military academy, and Dartmouth college one year ; studied law at Albany, N.Y., and in the office of Franklin Pierce of Concord, N.H., and had charge of the Harrisburg Military col- lege. Pa., established by his cousin, Capt. Alden Partridge (q. v.), 1845-47. In January, 1847, he enlisted in the U.S. army and went to Mexico as special commissioner of President Polk to visit the seat of war and report his impressions of the conduct and progress of the campaign to the secretary of war. Having no credentials, as his mission was secret, he was captured by the Amer- ican army as a sp3', ordered to be imprisoned at San Juan de Ulua, commanded by his cousin, Lieut. Henry S. Burton. 1st artillery, and after his release returned to Washington without ac- complishing his mission. He resigned from the army in 1847 and was located on a farm in Ken- dall county. 111., 1847-55, during part of which time he was captain of a company of militia. He was married in 1852 to Mary, daughter of William Pauline of East Aurora, N.Y. He con- tinued his law studies under Isaac N. Arnold in Chicago, 1855-57. In 1857 he removed to Sand- wich, 111., and in 1861 became senior captain in the 13th Illinois volunteer regiment. He was made major of the regiment in June, 1861, lieu- tenant-colonel in December, 1862, and colonel, June 18, 1864, for gallantry at Lookout Mountain, and was brevetted brigadier-general for acts at Missionary Ridge. He was wounded at Chick- asaw Bayou, Miss., at Chattanooga, and at Ring- gold Gap. He was mustered out with his regi- ment, July 18, 1864, practised law in Sandwich and had an office in Chicago. He was postmaster of Sandwich ; clerk of the circuit court, and U.S. consul-general at Bangkok, Siam, 1869-76, when he saved the life of the son of the king and did much to promote the safety of Christian mis- sionaries in the kingdom. He returned to the United States in 1876 by way of Singapore and the Suez Canal, visiting the chief cities of Europe. He served as U.S. examiner of pensions at Rush- ville, Ind., and Tiffin, Ohio, 1882-89. He died at Sycamore, 111., Jan. 22, 1899. PARTRIDGE, George, delegate, was born in Duxbury, Mass., Feb. 8, 1740 ; son of George and Hann.-ih (Foster) Partridge : grandson of John and Hannah (Seabury) Partridge and of Dea- con Foster of Plymouth, Mass., and a great- grandson of George and Sarah (Trac}') Par- tridge. George Partridge came to America from Kent county, England, about 1636, and receiv- ed a grant of land at Powder Point, Dux- PARTRIDGE PARVIN bury, Mass., wliere he settled. George Partridge was prepared for college under the Rev. Charles Turner, was graduated at Harvard A.B.. 1762, A. M., 1765, and engaged in teaching school in Kings- ton, Mass. He fitted for the ministry, but abandoned it, and returned to teaching school in 1770 ; was a delegate to the Provincial congress, 1774-75 ; a representative in the general court, 1775-79, and sheriff of Plymouth county as suc- cessor to Gen. Joseph Warren, 1777-1813. He was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1 779- 83, and 17S3-S5 ; a I'epresentative in the Mas- sachusetts legislature in 1788, and a represent- ative in the first and second sessions of the 1st congress, 1789-90, resigning his seat, August 14, 1790. He endowed Partridge seminary at Duxbury, Mass., and left a large part of his estate to reli- gious and charitable purposes. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He died in Duxbury, Mass., July 7, 1838. PARTRIDGE, Sidney Catlin, first missionary bishop of Kyoto, Japan, and the 195th in succes- sion in the American episcopate, was born in New York city, Sept. 1, 1857 ; son of George Sidney, Jr., and Helen Derby (Catlin) Partridge ; grandson of George Sidney and Mary (Tew) Partridge, and a descendant of George Partridge of Ply- mouth, 1631. He was graduated at Yale in 1880, and at Bei'keley Divinity school in 1884. He was admitted to the diaconate by Bishop Williams, June 4, 1884, and went as missionary to Shanghai, China, where Bishop Boone assigned liim to St. Jolm's college as teacher and to St. Mary's hall as cliaplain. He was advanced to the priesthood by Bishop Boone in 1885, and in 1887 became rector of Boone school. Wu-chang, and missionary in charge of neighborhood work. At a special meet- ing of the House of Bishops in 1899, he was elected bishop of the newly created see of Kyoto, Japan, and was consecrated at the catliedral in Tokyo, Feb. 3, 1900, by Bishops McKim, Graves and Schereschewsky of the American missions, assisted by Bishops Foss, Evington, Tyson and Awdry of the Anglican church. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from Berkeley Divinity school in 1900. PARTRIDGE, William Ordway, sculptor, was born in Paris, France, April 11, 1861 ; brother of Sidney C. Partridge. He returned to the United States with his parents in 1868, and was a student at Cheshire Military academy, Adelphi academy, Brooklyn, N.Y., and Columbia college successive- ly. In 1883 he was sent to Europe, where he studied sculpture in Naples, Florence, Rome and Paris until 1885, when he returned to the United States. He appeared at Wallack's theatre. New York, as "Steerforth" in David Copperfield, devoting his leisure to modeling in clay and to the study of Greek art with Thomas Davidson, and subse- quently gave his entire attention to sculpture. He was married in 1887 to Mrs. Augusta Merriam of Milton, Mass. They went to Rome, where Mr. Partridge entered the studio of Pi.o W^elonski. Upon his return to the United States in 1889 he became professor of fine arts in Columbian univer- sity, Washington, D.C., and a lecturer before the National Social Science association, the Concord School of Philosophy and the Brooklyn institute. He had studios in Paris and in Anvers, Belgium, 1893-94, and in 1894 set- tled in Milton, Mass. He held membership in the Sous of the American Revolution, in the Au- thors, Cosmos and Press clubs and exhibited fre- qiiently at the Paris Salon and at the Royal acade- mies of London and Ber- statue of lin. He is the author of: aue:xa>np£K HAMUTOM Art for America; TJie Song Life of a Sculptor ; The Technique of Sculpture The Angel of Clay (1900) and Nathan Hale (1993.) His sculpture includes : heroic statues of Shakespeare in Lin- coln Park, Chicago, 111. (1879). and of Alexander Hamilton, Brooklyn, N.Y. (1880) ; Kauffmann memorial, Wusliington, D.C. ; bust of Edward Everett Hale, Union League club, Chicago, 111. ; bust of Whittier in Boston Public library (1896); colossal equestrian statue of Grant for Union League club, Brooklyn, N.Y. ; marble Madonna ; an heroic figure of Christ ; heroic statue of John Reese (1897) ; heroic equestrian statue of Fight- ing Joe Hooker (1897) ; and a second ideal head of Christ (1901). PARVIN, Theodore Sutton, educator, was born in Cedarville, N.J., Jan. 15, 1817; son of Josiah and Lydia (Harris) Parvin. Josiah Parvin served as an aide to General Odgen in the war of 1813, and his father was a Revolutionary soldier, Theodore Parvin removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, with his parents in 1839, was graduated at Wood- ward college in 1836, and at the Cincinnati Law school in 1837. He began practice in Burlington, Iowa, in 1838, and was private secretary to Gov. Robert Lucas and territorial librarian, purchas- ing the first books that formed the nucleus of tlie Iowa state library with an appropriation of $5,000 made by congress. He was district attorney for the middle district of Iowa, 1839-41. He removed to Muscatine in 1840 ; was secretary of the legislative council, 1840-41 ; probate judge PASCHAL PASCO 1841-47, and clerk of the U.S. district court, 1846- 56. He was county judge, 1848-50 ; register of the state land office, 1857-59 ; librarian and cur- ator of the Iowa State university, 1858-70 ; professor of natural history, 1860-70, and pro- fessor of political economy there, 1867-70. In 1844 he founded the Iowa Masonic library, and was its first librarian, the building being erected in 1884. He was secretary of the Iowa State Historical society, 1864-66 ; organizer of the Iowa State Teachers' association in 1854, and its president in 1867 ; president of the school board of Muscatine in 1855, and later of tlie school board of Iowa City. He was also a founder of tlie state library society in 1890, and its pre- sident, 1893-94, and a member of the Pioneer Law Makers' association. He was married, May 17, 1843, to Agnes, daughter of George and Nancy (Barton )McCully of Muscatine, Iowa. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from Miami university in 1861, and that of LL.D. from the Iowa State university in 1894. He edited the Historical Annals of Iowa, the Annals of lotva Masonry, the Western Freemason (1859-60) : the Evergreen (1871-72), and the Transactions of tlie Knights Templar (1871-86). He is the author of : Tlie Newspaper Press of loiva, 1836-46 ; History of lou-a (1877); History of Templary in the United States (1877); History of the Early Schools of Iowa, lS.10-59 (1889). PASCHAL, George Washington, jurist, was born in Skull Shoals, Greene county, Ga., Nov. 23, 1812, probably of Hebrew origin. He was admitted to the bar in 1832, and practised in Wilkes county, Ga., 1832-36. He was a lieutenant in the volunteer service, engaged in the removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian Territory, and served as aide-de-camp to General John E. Wool, 1834-35. He married Sarah, daughter of John Ridge, the Cherokee chief. She was a full-blooded Indian, descended from a long line of chiefs, was well educated, a famous beauty and a fine conversationalist. She was an aunt of Elias C. Boudinot (q.v.). They removed to Van Buren, Ark., in 1836-37, where he engaged in the practice of law and was joined bj' bis brother, who liad assumed the name of Brewer. They had an extensive practice as Paschal & Brewer. He was justice of the supreme court of Arkansas, 1842-44 ; was defeated for representative in congress, and in 1848 removed with his brother to Texas. It was largely through his influence that Sam Hous- ton was elected governor of Texas in 1859. In 1861 he opposed the doctrine of secession and publislied his opinions in the Southern Intelli- gencer, a paper which he had founded at Austin in 1856. He removed to Washington. D.C, in 1869 where he was prominent in founding tlie law department of Georgetown university and was professor of jurisprudence at that institution for many years. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Georgetown university in 1875. He is the author of : Annotated Digest of the Laivs of Texas (1866, new ed. 1873); Anno- tated Constitution of the United States (1868, new ed., 1876); Decisions of the Supreme Court of Texas (5 vols., 1869-71); Digest of Decisions of the Supreme Court of Texas (1871-73) ; a sketch of the last years of Sam Houston in Harper's Mag- azine in 1866, and many contributions to maga- zines. He died in Washington, D.C, Feb. 16, 1878. PASCO, Samuel, senator, was born in London, England, June 28, 1834 ; son of John and Amelia (Nash) Pasco, and grandson of Samuel Pasco of Launceston and of Edward Nash of London. His father brought him to Prince Edward Island in 1842, and thence in 1844 to Charlestown, Mass. He was graduated at the Charlestown high school in 1854 ; at Harvard college, A.B., 1858, and was principal of the Waukcenah academy, Jefferson county, Fla., 1859-61. He enlisted in the Con- federate service, Aug. 10, 1861, as a private in the 3d Florida volunteers, which regiment in 1862 formed a part of Bragg's army in the Kentucky campaign, and was later in Breckinridge's divi- sion in Tennessee, Mississippi and Georgia. At the battle of Missionarj' Ridge he was left on the field severely wounded and remained a prisoner until a few weeks before the war closed wlieu he returned to Florida. He was again principal of the Waukeenah academy, 1865-66 ; clerk of the circuit court, Monticello, 1866-68, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1868, forming a partnership with Col. William S. Dilworth, his preceptor, Avho died in 1869, leaving a large practice. He was married, Oct. 28, 1869, to Jessie, daughter of William and Elizabetli (Scott) Denliani. He was elected a mem- . ._ . -y^^^. , ,,—„-, -Y/ ber of the Dem- , ' - ■ - ) ocratio state committee in 1872, was its chairman, 187C 88, and a Demo- cratic presiden- ^ tial elector in 1880. He rep- resented his state on the Democratic national committee, 1880-1900. and in the Democratic state convention of 1884 received for a time a plurality of votes as the nominee for governor, but with- drew liis name to prevent a deadlock, and upon his motion Edward A. Perry, his leading com- petitor, obtained the nomination. He was un- animously chosen president of the state constitu- tional convention in 1885, and was a representa- tive in the state legislature, 1886-87, being speaker of the house. He was elected U.S. senator in April, f^ X'i^** ^^"^ *" iii U.S. StAIAT£ CMAMBEH- PASKO PATERSON 18S7, and took his seat, Dec. 5, 1887, his term ex- piring March .3, 1893, when he was appointed by Governor Henry L. Mitchell to fill the office ad interim. When the legislature met in April, he was renominated by acclamation and un- animously re-elected for the term expiring March 3, 1899. Being again appointed to fill the office ad interim by Governor William D. Bloxham, he served until the election of James Piper Taliaferro by the legislature, April 19, 1899. In the 53rd congress he was chairman of the committee on claims. On June 10, 1899, he was appointed a member of the Isthmian Canal commission. PASKO, Wesley Washington, typographist, was born in Waterloo, N.Y., Jan. 4, 1840 ; son of Jeremiah and Martha (Van Osdol) Probasco and a descendant of colonial families of New York. He did not adopt the surname of Pasko until after 1872. He was graduated at the public school of Waterloo, was employed in a cotton and woolen factory until 1855, when he entered a printing office in Utica, N.Y., and in 1859 went to the office of the New York Tribune, removing to Charleston, S.C, in 1860. He was arrested as an abolitionist by the vigilance committee, and on failure to prove the charge he was ordered to leave the city. He was married. Oct. 21, I860, to Elizabeth Tlieresa Jarret. He published a paper in Trumansburg, N.Y., 1860-61, and returned to tlie Tribune in 1861. He enlisted in the 16th N.Y. Heavy Artillery, and served in the army under Gen. B. F. Butler, He returned to New York at the close of the war and served on the editorial staff of newspapers both in Albany and Troy. He was an editor in the department of public instruction, assisted in codifying the N.Y. school laws in 1867, and on his return to New York city in 1868, edited the Albion and subse- quently a newspaper in Lancaster, N.H., again returning to New York to engage in the printing business. He was literary advisor for a Cin- cinnati publishing house, 1879-83, and in 1883 established the New York Typothetee, being made its secretary and librarian in 1885. He invented the Pasko Press in 1886, capable of producing 60,000 impressions of small financial and stock exchange bulletins in one hour. He is the editor of : Memvho Advertise (1868) ; Old Neio York (1870) ; author of : Biorjraplncal History of Indiana (1881) ; History of Butler County. Ohio, (1883) ; ^4. Dictionary of Printing and Book Mak- ing slthI History of Printing in Neic York from its Beginning to the Present Time. He died in New York city, Dec. 15. 1897. PATERSON, John, patriot, was born in Farm- ington. Conn., in 1774; son of Maj. John and Ruth (Bird) Paterson. His paternal grandfather, a native of Dumfriesshire, Scotland, emigrated to America during the latter part of the seventeenth century. His father, Maj. John Paterson, an officer in the British army, served in the French and Indian wars, was with Wolfe at Quebec and died at Havana, Cuba, Sept. 5, 1763. Gen. John Paterson was graduated from Yale in 1702, taught scliool, and studied and practised law. He was justice of the peace of Farraington and was married, June 2, 1766, to Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph and Hannah (Warren) Lee. In 1774 he removed to Lenox, Berkshire county, Mass., and the same year was elected clerk of the propriety of Lenox, selectman and assessor. He was a member of the Berkshire convention held at Stockbridge, Mass., in 1774 and was a repre- sentative in the 1st and 2d provincial congresses at Salem and Cambridge respectively. He or- ganized the Stockbridge Indians for military ser- vice and raised a regiment known as the 15th foot in the Continental service, of which he be- came colonel. It marched to Boston the third day after the battle of Lexington and threw up the first redoubt along the lines around Boston, which placed the city in a state of siege by blockading the highways. During the battle of Bunker Hill he held Fort No. 3, Prospect Hill, Charlestown Heights, and engaged in the de- fence of Lechmere's Point, Nov. 9, 1775, for which he was complimented by Washington. He joined Arnold in Canada and took part in the battle of the Cedars near Montreal in June, 1776, where seventy-nine of his men were taken prisoners. He was engaged in the battles of Trenton and Princeton, N.J. ; promoted brigadier- general, Feb. 21, 1777 ; sent toTiconderoga, being present at the evacuation, July 5, 1777 ; fought at the battle of Hubbardton, Juh' 7-11, and was with General Gates at Saratoga in October, 1777. He was with Washington at Valley Forge, 1777-78, and participated in the battle at Monmouth, June 28, 1778. He was a member of the board that tried Major Andre ; was in command at W^est Point, 1780-81, and was commissioned major- general, Sept. 30, 1783, being with the exception of Lafayette the youngest of that rank in the Continental army. In December, 1783, he retired from the army and resumed his law practice in Lenox. Upon the outbreak of Shays's rebellion in 1785, he was appointed major-general of tlie state militia and commanded the Berkshire militia. For his services in this rebellion he was tendered the thanks of the legislature. He was one of the organizers of the Society of the Cin- cinnati, his name standing second on the list after General Washington. He removed to Tioga county, N.Y.. in 1791 ; was a member of the state assembly, 1792, 1793, 1798 and 1801 ; was chief justice of Tioga and Broome counties, 1798-1808, and was a representative from New York in the 8th congress, 1803-05. He received his master's PATERSON PATRICK degree from Yale in 1779. His house was burned soon after his deatli, destroying all his papers, memoranda and portraits. A tablet to his memory was erected in Trinity church, Lenox, Mass., in 18S7, and a granite monument was erected in the town by liis great-graiulson, Thomas Egleston (q.v.) in 1892, and Dr. Egleston also wrote his memoir in 181)9. Gen. John Pat- erson died suddenly at "Whitney's Point, Lisle, X.Y.. July 19. 1808. PATERSON, William, associate justice, was born in the north of Ireland in 1745 ; eldest son of Ricliard Paterson, who with his wife and son came to Philadelphia in 1747 ; settled first in Trenton, in Princeton in 1750, and in 1779 in Rar- itan, where he died in 1781. "William Paterson prepared for college at the grammar school and was graduated at the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1763. A.M., 1766. He read law with Richard Stockton, afterward tlie signer, and was admitted to the bar in 1769. He was a deputy to the New Jersey Provincial congress tliat met May 11, 1775, and was secretary of tliat body. He was an officer of tlie Somerset battalion of minute men in 1776, and in June of that year was appointed, with John Witherspoon, William Livingston and John Mehelm, the committee to arrest and depose the t.'vj^ia^g;^. royal gov- ernor. He was the first attor- ney-gener- al of New r Jersey, 17- - 76 : a mem- e ber of the legislative council. 17- 76 ; a delegate to the Continental congress, 1780- 81, and to the constitutional convention of 1787. He was elected U.S. senator on the organiza- tion of the first state legislature in 1789, and drew the long term. He served in the senate as one of the tellers to count the electoral vote, was chairman of the committee on election certificates and a member of the judiciary com- mittee. He resigned his seat in the senate in 1790, having been elected by the legislature gov- ernor of New Jersej', as successor to Governor Livingston, the first governor of the state. His term of service expired. Jan. 1. 1793, and he was appointed by President "Washington associate ju-stice of the United States supreme court, tak- ing his place on the bench in 1793 and serving up to the time of his death. He presided over several of the "Whiskey Insurrection trials, and over tiie trial of Ogden and Smith for aiding Miranda in his South American expedition. He was married in 1779 to Cornelia Bell of Perth Am- - ^ -^-i. (785-1788. COVER/NA^E/MT HOUSE., AIYwYoaX. boy. N.J., who died, Nov. 15, 1785. leaving two children, "William Bell and Cornelia, and he mar- ried secondl}' in 1785, Euphemia, daughter of Col. Anthony White of New Brunswick. N.J. She died Jan. 29, 1822, cliildless. He declined the appointment of secretary of state in President Washington's cabinet, as successor to Thomas Jefferson, and also that of attorney-general. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of the State of New York in 1792, from Dartmouth and the College of New Jersey in 1805, and from Harvard in 1806. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the author of Lairs of yetc Jersey (1798-99). On his way to the springs in Saratoga county, N.Y., for the benefit of his health, he died at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Stephen Van Rensselaer, in Albany. N.Y.. Sept. 9. 1806. PATRICK, George Thomas White, educator, was born in North Boscawen, N.H.. Aug. 19, 1857 ; son of John and Harriet (White) Patrick ; grandson of William and Mary (Gerrish) Patrick, and of Thomas and Mary (May) White, and a descendant of Matthew Patrick, of Scotch-Irish stock, who settled in Western (Warren), Mass., about 1731. and of William White, who came from Norfolk county, England, to Massachusetts in 1610. He was graduated from the State Uni- versity of Iowa, A.B., 1878, and from Yale uni- versity, B.D., 1885, took a post-graduate course in philosophy and psychology at Johns Hopkins. 1885-87, and received from there the degree of Ph.D. in 1888, having been twice appointed to a fellowship in philosophy in that institution. In 1887 he became professor of philosophy in tlie State University of Iowa ; in 1902 was the editor of the university's Studies in Psychology, and be- came the head of its department of philosophy and psychology. He was married. Nov. 28. 1889, to Maud, daughter of William and Jeannette (Buck) Lyall. He was a student at Leipzig uni- versity, 1894. He is the author of : Tlie Frag- ments of the Work of Heraclitus of Ephesus (1889), and many contributions to scientific periodicals, notably the Popiilar Science Monthly. PATRICK, Marsena Rudolph, soldier, was born in Houndsfield, N.Y.. March 15, 1811. He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy in 1835, and was promoted brevet 2d lieutenant, 2d infantry, U.S.A., July 1, 1835. He was promoted 2d lieutenant, Oct. 31, 1836; took part in the Florida war, 1837^2 ; was promoted 1st lieutenant. March 1, 1839; engaged in the war with Mexico, 1846-48 ; served as chief of commis.sariat of Gen- eral Wool's column in northern Mexico, 1846-47, and was promoted captain in the 22d infantry, Aug, 22, 1847, He was stationed at Vera Cruz. Mexico, 1^47—48, and was brevetted major. May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct wliile serving in PATRICK PATTEN tlie enemy's country. He was assistant in the commissary-general's office, Washington, D.C., 1848-49, and resigned from the army, June 30, 1850. He engaged in farming at Sacket Harbor, N.Y., 1850-59 ; was president of the Sacket Har- bor and EUisburg railroad, 1853-54 ; general superintendent of the New York State Agricul- tural society, 1856-61, and president of the New York State Agricultural college, Ovid, N.Y., 1859-61. He was brigadier-general of staff and inspector-general of New York state volunteers, 1861 ; a member of the staff of General McClel- lan, 1863 ; was promoted brigadier-general of U. S. volunteers, March 17, 1862, and commanded a brigade in the defence of Washington, D.C., March-May, 1862. He was military commandant of Fredericksburg ; took part in McDowell's pur- suit of Jackson, May 7-Aug. 9, 1862 ; in the Northern Virginia campaign in command of the 3d brigade, 1st division, 3d army corps, Aug.-Sept., 1862, and was present at the second battle of Bull Run and in the 1st army corps in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. He was provost-marshal-general of the Army of the Potomac, 1863-65, and of the armies opera- ting against Richmond, 1864-65. He was bre- vetted major-general, U.S. volunteers, March 13, 1865, for " faithful and meritorious services dur- ing the rebellion," and was provost-marshal-gen- eral of the department of Vii-ginia. commanding the district of Henrico, Va., May 25-June 9, 1865. He resigned, June 12, 1865, and resided at Geneva, N.Y. He was president of the New York State Agricultural society, 1867-68 ; commissioner for New York state, 1868-69 and 1879-80 ; removed to Dayton, Ohio, and was governor of the cen- tral branch of the National Home for disabled volunteer soldiers in Ohio, 1880-88. He died in Dayton, Ohio, July 27, 1888. PATRICK, Mary Mills, educator, was born in Canterbury, N.H., March 10, 1850; daughter of John and Harriet (Wliite) Patrick ; granddaugh- ter of William and Mary fGorrish) Patrick, and John and Mary (May) White, and great-grand- daughter of John Patrick, her first ancestor in America, who came from the north of Ireland and settled in Warren, Mass. She attended Franklin and Boscawen academies. New Hamp- shire ; Lyons college, Iowa ; studied privately at Heidelberg and in the universities of Zurich, 1893-94. Leipzig, 1894, Berlin, 1895, and Berne, 1896-97. She received the honorary degree of A.M. from the University of Iowa, 1890, and the degree of Ph.D. from the University of Berne, 1897. She made special language study in ancient and modern Armenian, ancient and mod- ern Greek, French, German and Turkish, and studied in several libraries in Europe, making research on the subject of Pyrrhonism. Slie was elected president of the American College for Women, in Constantinople, Turkey, 1890, and member of the psychological congresses, Munich, 1896, Paris, 1900, and Philosophical congress, Paris, 1900. She is the author of : Armenian Trans- lation of Text Book on Physiology (1876); Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism (1899), and popu- lar articles, including : Education of Women in Turkey (Forum, June, 1896); Women's Struggle for Liberty in Germany {Popular Science Monthly, January, 1900); Ethics of the Koran {International Journal of Ethics, April, 1901.) PATTEE, Fred Lewis, educator, was born in Bristol, N.H., March 22, 1863 ; son of Lewis and Mary P. (Ingalls) Pattee ; grandson of Moses Pattee, and a descendant of Peter Pattee, who settled in Haverhill, Mass., about 1640. He was graduated at Dartmouth, A.B., 1888, A.M., 1891. He was principal of Coe's Northwood academy, New Hampshire, 1890-94, and in 1894 became professor of English language and literature at the Pennsylvania State college. He was married, March 9, 1889, to Anna L., daughter of Charles L. and. Louisa P. (Simons) Plumer of Bristol, N.H. He is the author of : Tl\e Wine of May and other Lyrics (1893); Pasquaney, a Study (1894); A His- tory of American Literature (1896); Reading Courses in American Literature (1897) ; TJie Foun- dations of English Literature (1900); Mary Gar- vin: The Story of a New Hampshire Summer (1902); Tlie Poems of Philip Freneau (2 vols., 1902). He also edited Macbeth and contributed frequently to periodicals. PATTEE, William Sullivan, jurist, was born in Jackson, Maine, Sept. 19, 1846 ; son of Daniel and Mary Ann (Bixby) Pattee ; grandson of Daniel and Ann (Putnam) Pattee and of Willard and Ab- bie (Ferguson) Bixby of Monroe, Maine. He was graduated from Bovvdoin, A.B., 1871 ; A.M. 1874 ; was married Nov. 30, 1871, to Julia E., daughter of Jacob and Hannah Tuttle of Plymouth, Maine ; taught school and studied law, 1871-78 ; was pro- fessor of natural science at Lake Forest university, 111., 1872-73 ; was admitted to the bar June 28, 1878, at Faribault, Minn., and practiced in Northfield, Minn., for ten years. He was a Republican representative in the Minnesota legislature in 1885, and became dean of the college and pro- fessor of the law of contracts and equity jurisprudence at the University of Minnesota, in 1888. Iowa college conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1891. He is the author of : Pattee's Illustrative Cases in Con- tracts, in Realty, in Equity, in Personalty, and author of the Elements of Contracts, and the Elements of Equity. PATTEN, John, delegate, was born in Kent county, Del., in 1746. He was commissioned first lieutenant in the Delaware regiment, Jan. PATTEN PATTERSON 15, 1776, and major in the Delaware line or " Blue Hen's Chickens," Dec. 14, 1779. He fought in almost every battle from Long Ishin(.l to Camden, where he was taken prisoner, Aug. IG, 1780, and was on parole until the close of the war. He was a delegate to the Continental congress from Delaware, 1785-86, and was a representative in the 3d congress, 1793-94, when liis seat was successfully contested by Henry Latimer, wlio served the remainder of the term. He was re-elected to the 4th congress, .serving 17'.r,-«.)7. and died at Dover. Dol., June 17, 1801. PATTEN, Simon Nelson, political economist, was born at Sandwich, 111., May 1, 1853; son of William and Elizabeth (Pratt) Patten ; grandson of James and Mary (Robertson) Patten and of Simon and Deborah (Nelson) Pratt, and a descendant of Williaui Pratt of Saybrook, Conn. (1G3'3), and of William Patten, New York, 1794, He was prepared for college at Jennings seminary, Aurora, 111. ; attended Northwestern university, Evanston, 111., 1874-76; and was graduated at the University of Halle, Germany, A.M. and Pii.D., 1878. He was principal of public schools in Illinois and Iowa, 1882-88, and in 1883 became professor of political economy in the W^harton School of Finance and Economy, University of Pennsylvania. He contributed to the Ajinals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, the Political Science Quarterly, the Journal of Economics, Conrad's Jahrhucher, and other periodicals, and is the author of : Tlie Stability of Prices (1888) ; Tlie Consumption of Wmlth (1889); Tlie Economic Basis of Protection (1890): Principles of Rational Taxation (1890); 77(6 Theory of Dynamic Economics (1892); Tlieory of Social Forces (1896) ; Tlie Development of English Thought (1890). PATTEN, William, clergyman, was born in Halifax, Mass.. in 17G3. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1780, studied theology, and was pastor of a Congregational church in New- port, R.I., in 1786-1833. He was an overseer of Brown university from 1790 till his death. He was the author of Christianity the True Religion, a reply to Thomas Paine (1795); a memoir of his motlu-r (1834) ; a.n(\ Reminiscences of Rev. Samuel Hojikins (1843). He died in Hartford, Conn., March 9, 1839. PATTERSON, Daniel Todd, naval officer, was born on Long Island, N.Y., Marcli 6, 1786. In August, 1800, he wasappointed midsliipman in the U.S. navy, being attached to the Pliiladhia, under Captain Bainbridge. In October. 1803, that vessel surrendered to a fleet of Tripolitan gun- boats, when he was taken prisoner, and confined till 1805. He was promoted lieutenant in 1807 ; master conunandant in 1813, and commanded the naval forces at New Orleans, La., in 1814, receiving the thanks of congress for his able co-operation with the land force under General Jackson. He commanded the expedition against the pirate Latitte, on the island of Barataria ; destroyed tlie forts and other defences, and carried to New Orleans, as prizes, the pirate ships and a rich booty. He was promoted captain in 1815 ; com- manded the frigate Constitution in the Mediter- ranean, 1826-28 ; was navy commissioner, 1828-32 ; was in command of the Mediterranean squadron, 1832-36, and was commandant of the U.S. navy yard, Washington, 1836-39. He died in Washing- ton, D.C., Aug. 15, 1839. PATTERSON, David Trotter, senator, was born in Greene county, Tenn., Feb. 28, 1819. He attended Greenville college, Tenn. ; engaged in business as a paper maker and as a miller ; was admitted to the bar in 1841, and was judge of the circuit court of Tennessee, 1854-63. He was married in 1857, to Martha, daughter of Andrew and Eliza (McCardle) Johnson. Mrs. Patterson was mistress of the White House, 1866-69, and died in Greenville, Tenn., July 10, 1901. Judge Patterson was elected U.S. senator from Tennessee under the reconstruction measure of July 24, 1866, and drew the short term expiring March 3, 1869. He afterward practised law in Tennessee, and died in Greenville, in 1891. PATTERSON, Francis Engle, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 24, 1827; son of Gen. Robert and Sarah Ann (Engle) Patterson. He was graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania, A.B., 1841, A.M., 1844, and engaged in business as a merchant. He served in McCul- lough's " Texas Rangers "in the Mexican war; was appointed 2nd lieutenant of 1st U.S. artillery in 1847 ; was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1848, and captain of 9th U.S. infantry in 1855. He resigned his commission in May, 1857, and returned to liis mercantile business until 1862, when he was given command of the 115th regiment of Peimsylvania volunteers. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, April 11, 1862, and commanded the 3rd brigade, Hooker's division, Heintzelmati's corps at Wil- liamsburg and Seven Pines. lie was killed by the accidental discharge of liis own revolver, and died at Fairfax Court House, Va., Nov. 22, 18G2. PATTERSON, George, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., July 13, 1828 ; son of George Papathakes, a Greek merchant of Boston, who wrote his name Patterson. He was admitted to the diaconate by Bishop Ives of North Carolina April 9, 1852, and advanced to the priesthood, April 27, 1856, by Bishop Atkinson, of North Carolina. He served as assistant to the Rev. G. A. Watson in Grace church parish, Ph'mouth, N.C., and in neighboring parishes and missions, including the plantation on Lake Scuppernong PATTERSON PATTERSON of the late Josiah Collins, 1852-61 ; was chaplain in the C.S. army 1861-65 ; again assistant to the Rev. G. A. Watson in St. James parish, Wil- mington, N.C. ,1865-70 ; rector of St. John's, Wil- mington, 1870 ; finance agent of the University of the South, 1881-82 ; missionary in Texas, 1881- 86, and rector of Grace Church parish, Memphis, Tenn., 1886-1901. He served as dean of the con- vocation of Memphis, was a member of the standing committee of the diocese, deputy to the general convention, and an examining chaplain for Bishop Gailor at the time of his death. He received the lionorary degree of D.D. from the University of North Carolina in 1847, and from the University of the South in 1895. He con- tributed to The Diocese of Tennessee and other periodicals. He died in Memphis, Dec. 10, 1901. PATTERSON, George Herbert, educator, was born in Buffalo, N.Y., Dec. 26, 1836 ; son of the Rev. Albert Clarke and Juliet Content (Rath- bone) Patterson ; grandson of Enoch and Mary (Adams) Patterson, of Boston, Mass., and of Samuel and Mary (Turner) Rathbone, of Buffalo, N.Y., and a descendant of James Patterson, of Lyme Regis, England, who came to America in the Jane and Sarah, in 1653. Albert Clarke Patterson (1809-1874), Harvard A.B., 1830 ; A.M., 1833 ; graduate of Harvard Divinity school, 1833 ; honorary A.M., Hobart. 1857, was rector and missionary in western New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts, 1857-74. George Herbert Patterson was graduated at Hobart, valedictorian, A.B., 1858, A.M., 1861, and from Harvard, LL.B., 1863. He taught school : was admitted to the bar in 1864 ; returned to academic work, 1866 ; headmaster, St. Martin's school, Southborough, Mass., 1866-69 ; was admitted to the diaconate in 1870, ordained to the priesthood in 1877 ; was president of the DeVeaux college, N.Y., 1869-81, and rector of St. Mary's church. South Ports- mouth, R.I., 1887-1901. He was principal of Berkeley scliool. Providence, R.I., 1883-88, and was made a corresponding member of the New En-land Historic Genealogical society in 1883. PATTERSON, James Kennedy, educator, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, March 26, 1833 ; son of Andrew and Janet (Kennedy) Patterson, and grandson of James and Ann (Laugwill) Pat- terson and of William and Helen (McFarland) Kennedy. He attended school in Alexandria, Scotland ; immigrated with his parents to the United States in 1842, and settled in Bartholo- mew coimty, Ind. He was graduated at Han- over college, Ind., A.B., 1856, A.M., 1859, and was principal of the Presbyterian academy at Greenville, Ky., 1856-59. He was married, Dec. 27, 1859, to Lucelia, daughter of Capt. Charles F. Wing of Greenville, Ky. He was professor of Latin and Greek in Stewart college, Clarksville^ VIII. — 15 Tenn., 1860-61; principal of the Transylvania high school, Lexington, Ky., 1861-65; became professor of history and metaphysics in Ken- tuck}^ university at Lexington, Ky., in 1865, and in 1869 was also elected president of the Agricul- tural and Mechanical college of the same univer- sity. When the legislature detached the Agri- cultural and Mechanical college from Kentucky university in 1878 he continued to be president of the former, which was given the name of State college. He was a delegate from Kentucky to the International Geographical congress at Paris, France, in 1875, and to the Britisli associa- tion at Bristol, 1875, and at Leeds, 1890. In 1889 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Historical society of Great Britain and a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. He was successful in his endeavor to maintain tiie constitutional act of levying a tax for the support of the State college, 1881-82, and bequeathed by will his library and all his estate to the State college to found and endow a library in memory of his son, William Andrew Patterson, who was born in 1868 and died in 1895. He received tlie degree of Ph.D. from Hanover college in 1875 and that of LL.D. from Lafayette college in 1896. He wrote editorials for the Courier- Journal of Lou- isville, Ky., 1871-74, and contributed to the Scottish- American. PATTERSON, James Willis, senator, was born in Henniker, N.H.. July 2, 1823 ; son of William and Frances M. (Shepard) Patterson ; grandson of Joseph and Susannah (Duncan) Patterson, and a descendant of Alexander Patterson, who came fi"om the north of Ireland in 1721 and settled in Londonderry, N.H. He was graduated from Dartmouth, A.B., 1848, A.M., 1851 ; taught in Woodstock academy, Conn. ; read the elements of law, and on the advice of Beecher began to study theology at New Haven. He was a tutor at Dartmouth, 1852-54 ; professor of mathematics, 1854-59 ; professor of astronomy and meteorol- ogy, 1859-65, and Willard professor of oratory, 1893. He was school commissioner for Grafton county, N.H., and secretary of the state board of education, 1858-61 ; was a representative in the New Hampshire legislature, 1862 ; in the 38th and 39th congresses, 1863-67, and was U. S. sen- ator, 1867-73. With Garfield and Boutwellhe se- cured the passage through the house of the bill es- tablishing the department (afterward the bureau) of education. He was also the autlior of the bill authorizing consular clerkships and the bill for the establisiiment of colored schools in the Dis- trict of Columbia, and was chairman of the com- mittees on retrenchment and reform and the Dis- trict of Columbia. He was accused of complic- ity in the Credit Mobilier, and a resolution to expel him from the senate was considered Feb. PATTERSON PATTERSON 27, 1873, but the resolution was not adopted, and after his term expired an investigation showed hiui to be blameless. He was regent of the Smithsonian Institution, 18G3-66; a delegate to tlie Pliiladelphia Loyalists' convention, 18G6 ; was again a representative in the state legislature in 1877-78, and state superintendent of public in- struction, 1880-93. He delivered the oration at tiie unveiling of the soldiers' monument at Mari- etta, Ohio, in 1880. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Iowa college in 1868. He died in Hanover, N.H., May 4, 1893. PATTERSON, John James, senator, was born in Waterloo. Pa., Aug. 8, 1830; son of William Hart and Mary Ann Moore (Wilson) Patterson; grandson of John and Isabella (Lyon) Patterson, and of George and Isabella (White) Wilson ; and a descendant of John Patterson, who came from the north of Ireland in 1701 and settled at Trappe, Pa., and of Samuel Wilson who settled in Cliester county. Pa., about 1680. He was graduated from Jeflferson college. Pa., in 1848. He was a Whig in politics and an editor by profession ; edited the Jiuiiata Sentinel at Mifflintown, Pa., during the presidential campaign of 1852 ; the Harrishurg Tele(jraph, 1853-63, and became a banker and rail- road president. He was a Republican representa- tive in the Pennsj'lvania legislature, 1859-61, and served in the Federal army on the staff of Gen. E. C. Williams. In 1869 he removed to South Carolina. He was a Republican U.S. senator from South Carolina, 1873-79, and was not a candidate for re-election. He subsequently removed to Mifflintown, Pa., where he engaged in rail- roading. He was married first. Jan. 30, 1855, to Leucretia Eliza Moore, who died Jan. 8, 1884 ; secondly, Nov. 21, 1887, to Mildred May Franks of Wisconsin, who died Nov. 19, 1889. and thirdly, Feb. 15, 1893, to Flora Marcella Warford of PhiV adelpliia. Pa. PATTERSON, Josiah, representative, was born in Morgan county, Ala., April 14, 1837 ; son of Malcolm and Mary (Deloach) Patterson, and grandson of Alexander Patterson, a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and of John Deloach. He attended the academy at Somerville, Ala., taught school, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. He was mirried in 1859 to Josephine, daughter of Judge Green P. and Ann Eliza (Turner) Rice of Alabama. He practised in Morgan county, 1859- 61, and in 1861 entered the Confederate army as 1st lieutenant in the 1st Alabama cavalry. He commanded a company at the battle of Shiloh ; was promoted captain in May and colonel of the 5th Alabama regiment in December. 1862 ; ope- rated in middle Tennessee and northern Alabama in 1863 : commanded the di.strict of North Ala- bama in 1864 and the post at Corinth in Decem- ber, 1864. He addressed the people of northern Alabama after the retreat of the army from Ten- nessee, and induced thousands to rejoin the Con- federate army. He was captured at the battle of Selma, but escaping, reorganized his regiment and served until forced to surrender, April 19, 1865. He resumed the practice of law in Morgan county in 1865, removed to Florence, Ala., in 1867, and to Memphis, Tenn., in 1872. He was a representative in the state legislature in 1882 ; a presidential elector from the state at large on the Democratic ticket in 1888, and was defeated as candidate for governor in 1890. He was a Demo- cratic representative from the tenth Tennessee district in the 52d, 53d and 54th congresses, 1891-97. PATTERSON, Malcolm Rice, representative, was born in Somerville, Ala., June 7, 1861 ; son of Josiah (q.v.) and Josephine (Rice) Patterson. He was graduated from the Christian Brothers college, Memphis, Tenn., A.M., and took a special library course at Vanderbilt university, Nash- ville. He was admitted to the bar in 1883 ; prac- ticed in Memphis, and was elected district attor- ney for Shelby county in 1894, for a term of eight years. He resigned, Sept. 10, 1900, on being, nominated for congress, and was a Democratic representative from the tenth Tennessee district in the 57th and 58th congresses, 1901-05. PATTERSON, Robert, educator, was born in county Down, Ireland, May 30, 1743. He immi- grated to the United States in 1768 and settled in Pennsylvania, where he was employed as a teacher. He was principal of the academy at Wilmington, Del., in 1774, and upon the out- break of the Revolutionary war volunteered in the patriot army. He served as military instruc- tor, adjutant, assistant surgeon, and brigade major. He was married to Anne Hunter Ewing of Philadelpliia ; was professor of mathematics in the Universit\'of Pennsylvania, 1782-1813, and served as vice-provost of the university, 1810-13. He was a member of the select council of Phila- delphia and was elected its president in 1799. He was appointed in 1805 by President Jefferson di- rector of the U. S. Mint, and served in that capacity until his death. He was elected a mem- ber of the American Philosophical society in 1783 and was its president, 1819-24. The honor- ary degree of A.]\L was conferred on him by the University of Pennsylvania in 1787 and that of LL.D. in 1819. He is the autlior of : The Nexr- tonian System (1808); A Treatise on Arithmetic (1819), besides many articles in the Ti-ansactions of the American Philosophical Society; and ed- ited James Ferguson's Lectures on Mechanics (2 vols.. 1806); Ferguson's Astronomy (1809), and John Webster's Natural Philosophy, with a me- moir of the author (1809). He died in Philadel- phia, Pa.. July 22, 1824. PATTERSON PATTERSON PATTERSON, Robert, soldier, was born in Cappagh, county Tyrone, Ireland, Jan. 12, 1792. His fatlier immigrated to the United States in 1789 to escape punishment for complicity in the Irish rebellion, and settled in Delaware county, Pa. Robert attended the public schools and was employed in a Philadelphia counting house. Upon the outbreak of the war of 1812 he was commissioned 1st lieutenant of infantry and toward the end of the war served on Gen. Joseph Bloomfield's staff. He returned to Philadelphia, was married to Sarah Ann Engle, and engaged in mercantile pursuits and in establishing cotton mills. He was a member of the convention that met at Harrisburg March 4, 1824, and was com- missioner of internal improvements in Pennsyl- vania, 1827. In 1836 he was tlie Democratic elector for the first congressional district of Pennsylvania, and in 1837 was president of the electoral college that declared Martin Van Buren the President elect. He was commissioned major- general of volunteers in 1847, and served through- out the war with Mexico. He commanded a di- vision at the battle of Cerro Gordo, April 17-18, 1847 ; led the advance brigades in the pursuit, and entered and captured Jalapa. He was honorably mentioned in Gen. Winfield Scott's reports. He was major-general of the Pennsylvania militia, and on April 15, 1861, volunteered for three months' service, was mustered in as major-gen- eral of volunteers, and was given command of tlie military department composed of the states of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and the District of Columbia. He crossed into Virginia June 15, 1861, at Williamsport, and was instructed to Avatch the troops under Gen. Joseph E, John- ston at Winchester, Va. V/hen McDowell was preparing to engage the enemy at Bull Run. Jul}' 21, 1861, Patterson, not receiving promised orders from Gen. Winfield Scott, failed to detain John- ston Vjy giving him battle, and Johnston marched to the assistance of Beauregard, Patterson tak- ing no part in the battle of Bull Run. He was honorably mustered out of service on the expira- tion of his commission, July 27, 1861, and resumed the charge of his important cotton manufactures. He was a member of the original board of trus- tees nominated in the charter of Lafayette col- lege ; was senior member of the board, 1826-35 ; again a trustee, 1874-81, and president of the board of trustees, 1876-81. He is the author of : Narrative of the Campaign in the Shenandoah (1865.) He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 7, 1881. PATTERSON, Robert Maskell, educator, was born in Philadelpliia. Pa., March 23, 1787 : son of Robert and Ame Hunter (Ewing) Patterson. He was graduated from the University of Pennsyl- vania A.B., 1804; A.M.. 1807; M.D., 1808. He studied the physical sciences in London and Paris, and was appointed acting U.S. consul- general at Paris in 1809. He was professor of natural philosophy and mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania, 1813-28 ; succeeded his father as vice provost of the university 1814-28 ; was professor of natural philosophy at the University of Virginia, 1829-35, and a trustee of the university, 1836-54. He was director of the U.S. mint, 1835-51. He was a founder of Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, and one of its vice-presidents ; a founder of the Musical Fund society of Philadelphia, and its president, 1838-53 : a member of the American Philosophical society, Philadelphia, 1809-54 ; delivered the dis- course at its centennial celebration in 1843, and was its president, 1849-54 ; and a member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1839-54. He was married to Helen Hamilton, daughter of Thomas Leiper. of Philadelphia, and their son Robert (1819-1854) became a successful banker, and the pioneer trust safe deposit and insurance organizer in Philadelphia. He is the author of : Early History of the American Philosojihical So- ciety: a Discourse at its 100th Anniversary (1843). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 5, 1854. PATTERSON, Robert Mayne, clergyman, editor and author, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 17, 1832 ; son of John and Margaret (Mayne) Patterson, who were of Scotch extraction, and born near Belfast, Ireland, coming to America early in the nineteenth century. He completed the public and high school coui'se, being gradu- ated with the first honor in 1849, and was an official reporter of the U.S. senate, 1850-55. He was graduated from Princeton Theological sem- inary in 1859, and was ordained by the pres- bytery of Philadelphia, Aug. 25, 1859. He was married in 1861 to Margaret Baxter Maclay, daughter of the Rev. James and Sarah Nourse, of Washington, Pa., and his wife died in 1863. He was married secondly, in 1867, to Rebecca Thomas, daughter of Joseph and Amy Malen, of Chester Valley, Pa. He was pastor at Great Valley, Pa., 1859-67 ; of the South church, Phila- delphia, 1867-81 ; and in 1881 returned to the Great Valley church, uniting witli his pastoral duties tlie editorship of the Presbyterian Journal wliich he conducted, 1881-94. He was a member of the committee to revise and publish the " Digest of the Acts of the Assembly " (1871) ; a member of the council that met in London in 1875 to form an international Presbyterian alli- ance ; a delegate to the pan-Presbyterian coun- cils in Philadelphia, 1880. Belfast. Ireland, 1884, Edinburgh, 1888 ; moderator of the synod of Pennsylvania 1890, and member of fourteen General Assemblies. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by the College of New Jersey in 1875, and that of LL.D. by La- PATTERSON PATTERSON fayette college in 1881. He is the author of : What is Our Duty ? (1863) ; Character of Abraham Lincoln (1864) ; Revival Councils (1871) ; Counsel to Youn'j Converts (ISli) ; Total Abstinence (1872); Presbjjterinnisui in Philadeljihia (1873) ; Ulticli is the Aj)ostolic Church? (1874); Paradise: the Place and State of Saved Souls Between Death and the Resurrect ion (ISli) ; History of -the Synod of Philadelp'iia (1876) ; Visions of Heaven for the Life on Earth (1877) ; Elijah, the Favored Man (1880) ; Proceedings of the Pun-Presbyterian Council of ISSO (1881) ; American Presbyter ianism in its D'velopment and Growth (1896) ; The Angels and their Ministrations (1900) ; Short Method with Skeptics (1900) ; aiul editor of TliC Presbyterian, PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, educator, was born near Mary ville, Blount county, Tenn., Jan. 31, 1814 ; son of Alexander and Sarah E. (Steven- son) Patterson, both natives of South Carolina and a descendant of Scotch Presbyterians, who immigrated to America to escape persecution. He removed to Illinois with his parents in 1824, was graduated at Illinois college in 1837, and attended Lane Theological seminary at Cincin- nati, Oliio, 1837-39 and 1840-41. He was ordained In' the presbytery of Ottawa, Sept. 14, 1842, was pastor of tlie second Presbyterian church, Chi- cago. 111., 1842-73, and declined the chair of didactic theology in Lane Theological seminary in 1854. He was moderator of tlie new school Presbyterian church in 1859, and a member of tlie conference union of the two schools. He was professor of Christian evidences and ethics in McCormick Theological seminary, Chicago, 111., 1873-81 ; president of Lake Forest university, 111., 1876-78. and a lecturer on apologetics and Christian evidences in Lane Tlieological semi- nary, 1881-84. He received the degree D.D. from Hamilton college in 1856, and that of LL.D. from Lake Forest university in 1884. He retired to Evanston, 111., where he died Feb. 28, 1894. PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, editor, was born in Chicago. 111., Nov. .30, 1850 ; son of the Rev. Dr. Robert Wilson (q. v.) and Julia (Quigley) Paterson. He attended the public sciiools of Chi- cago, the Chicago University preparatory school and Lake Forest academy, and was graduated from Williams college in 1871. He began the study of law wliich he abandoned for journalism, being employed during tlie great fire of 1871 as a reporter on the Chicago Times. He was on the staff of the Interior, 1872-73, and in 1873 began his connection with the Chicago Tribune, serving as night editor, Washington correspondent, editorial writer, managing editor, and in 1899 succeeding Joseph Medill (q. v.) as editor-in-chief. He was married, Jan. 17, 1878, to Elinor, daughter of Joseph and Katherine (Patrick) Medill. PATTERSON, Thomas, representative, was born in Lancaster county, Pa., Oct. 1, 1764 ; son of William and Rosanna (Scott) Patterson, and grandson of James and Mary (Montgomery) Pat- terson. James Patterson immigrated from the north of Ireland, and settled in Lancaster county, Pa., in 1728. Thomas resided at West Middle- town and was a Republican representative in the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th congresses, 1817-25. IlediedinWest Middletown, Pa., Nov. 17, 1841. PATTERSON, Thomas Harmon, naval officer, was born in New Orleans, La., May 10, 1820 ; was warranted acting midshipman in the U.S. navy April 5, 1836 ; was made midshipman in March 1837, and served on tiie Falmouth, of the Pacific squadron, 1837-40. He attended the naval school at Philadelphia in 1842 ; was promoted passed niidsliipman, July 1, 1843 ; master, Oct. 31, 1848, and lieutenant, June 23, 1849. He served on the eastern coast of Africa, 1849-54, in 1861 was given command of the Chocura, Hampton Roads, Va., and was senior officer of the naval forces on the York and Pamunky rivers, co-operating with the Army of the Potomac. He was promoted com- mander, July 16, 1862, and commanded the steamer James Adger of the South Atlantic squadron November-June, 1863, taking part in the block- ade of Wilmington and Charleston and in an attack on a flying battery near Fort Fisher, Aug. 23, 1863. He captured the Confederate blockade runners Cornubia and Robert E. Lee in Novem- ber, 1863. He was commissioned captain, July 25, 1866 ; was stationed at Washington navy yard, 1867-70; was promoted commodore, Nov. 2, 1871, and rear-admiral. March 28, 1877. He was presi- dent of the naval board of examiners in 1876-77, was in command of the Asiatic squadron, 1880- 83, and was retired May 10, 1882. He died in Washington, D.C., April 9, 1889. PATTERSON, Thomas MacDonald, senator, was born in county L'arlow, Ireland, Nov. 4, 1840 ; son of James and Margaret (Montjoy) Patterson. He immigrated to tlie United States with his par- ents in childhood and after a short residence in New York removed to Indiana, where he attended Asbury (now De Pauw) university and Wabash college. He was married in 1863 to Kate Graf ton of Watertown, Mass. He was admitted to the bar in 1868. He settled in practice at Den- ver, Col. ; was city attorney of Denver in 1874 ; a delegate to the 44th congress from Colorado Territory, 1875-77, and was elected a represen- tative to the 45th congress. The certificate of election was given his opponent, James L. Belford, who was unseated, and Mr. Patterson took his seat Dec. 13, 1877, and served until JIarch 1879. He was a delegate to the Democratic nat- ional conventions of 1876, 1880. 1888 and 1892 ; a inember of the Democratic national committee. PATTI PATTISON 1874-80, and the Democratic nominee for governor of Colorado in 1888. He purchased and edited the Rocky Mountain News at Denver, Col., 1890, and continued to practise law. As a member of the Democratic committee on resolutions in 1893 he brouglit in a minority report, being the only member to favor the free coinage of silver, which was adopted in 1896. He repudiated Cleveland's nomination in 1893 and led tlie movement which gave the electoral vote of Colorado to James B. Weaver. He was a presidential elector on the Bryan and Sewall ticket in 1896 and the Bryan and Stevenson ticket in 1900, and was elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat in 1901, for the term ending March 3, 1907. His wife died July 16, 1903, in Denver, Col. PATTI, Adelina, prima donna, was born in Madrid, Spain, Feb. 19, 1813 ; daughter of Sal- vatore and Catherine (Cheisa) Barilli Patti, both singers of repute. She came to the United States with her parents in early childhood, and studied music under her step-brother, Ettore Barilli, and her brother-in-law, Maurice Strakosch. She made her debut at a concert in New York city in 1850, then toured Great Britain with Strakosch and Ole Bull, singing the songs of Jenny Lind, re-appeared in New York city, and in 1854 accom- panied Gottschalk, the pianist, to the West Indies. She retired from the concert stage, 1855-58, and continued her musical education, besides studying the French, German, Italian and English lan- guages. She made her first appearance in Italian opera at tlie Academy of Music, New York city, Nov. 34, 1859, in " Lucia ; " in London, May 14, 1861, in " La Sonnambula " and in Paris, Nov. 16, 1863. She subsequently visited Holland, Belgium Austria, Prussia and Russia. In St. Petersburg she received tlie Order of Merit and the title of " first singer of the Court" from the Emperor in 1870, and sang "Aida" in the Apollo tlieatre, Rome, 1874, She made a concert tour of the United States, 1881-83, and appeared in opera there in the seasons of 1883-83, 1884-85 and 1886- 87. She made a tour of South America, Mexico, and the United States, 1887-88. Her voice, a so- prano of exceptional range, was especially adapted to pathos and coquetry. She married, July 39, 1868, the IMarquis de Caux, from whom she was di- vorced in 1885; secondly, in 1886, Ernesto Nicolini, an Italian tenor, who died in 1898 ; and thirdly, Jan. 35, 1899, Baron Rolf Cederstrom of Sweden, and made her home at Craig y Nos Castle, Wales. She sang in the United States in 1903. PATTISON, Granville Sharpe, educator, was born in Scotland in 1791. He was educated in Glasgow, and became a medical lecturer there. He emigrated to tl)e United States, and was pro- fessor of anatomy in Baltimore medical college. Afterward he held the same professorship in Lon- don, England. Returning to tlie United States, he was a professor in Jefferson Medical college, Philadelphia, and in 1840 transferred his services to the University of the city of New York. He trans- lated and edited medical works and wrote pam- phlets. He died in New York city, Nov. 13, 1851. PATTISON, Robert Emory, governor of Penn- sylvania, was born in Quantico, Somerset county, Md., Dec. 8, 1850 ; son of the Rev. Robert Henry and Catherine Priscilla (Woolford) Pattison ; grandson of Judge Samuel and Ann (Skinner) Pattison and of Dr. Thomas and Margaret (Le Compte) Wool- ford, of Cambridge, Dorchester county, Md., and a descend- ant of James Pattison of James Island, Md., who arrived in Amer- ica, 1640, and of Roger Woolford wlio came to Virginia prior to 1663, and in that year settled in Somerset count}', Md., where he was justice of the county for five years between 1676-94. Robert Emory Pattison was graduated at the Philadelphia High school, A.B., 1870 ; studied law with Lewis Cassidy, 1870-73, and was admitted to the bar in 1873. He was city comptroller, 1877-83, and at once began a reform movement which residted in his election as gov- ernor of Pennsylvania in 1883 by a plurality of 40,303 over his Republican opponent, Gen. James A. Beaver. At the end of his term in 1886, he re- sumed liis law practice in Philadelphia. In April, 1887, he was elected president of the Chestnut Street National bank and was a member and pres- ident of the U.S. Pacific railroad commission, 1887-90. He was re-elected governor of Pennsyl- vania in 1891 on the reform platform, his term expiring in 1895, and was again the Democratic nominee for governor in 1903. but was defeated. PATTISON, Robert Everett, educator, was born in Benson, Vt., Aug. 19, 1800 ; son of the Rev. William and Sarah (Everett) Pattison ; grandson of Capt. Robert and Elizabetli (Cochrane) Patti- son and of the Rev. Dr. Jeremiah and Elizabeth (Warren) Everett. Capt. Robert Pattison and his wife were both Scotch, but living in the north of Ireland, whence they immigrated to America, and settled in Vermont. Their son, the Rev. William Pattison, was the first male child born in Halifax, Vt. Robert Everett Pattison graduated from Amherst A.B.. 1836. A.M., 1839; was tutor at Columbian college. Washington, D.C., 1836-37; professor of mathematics and natural philosophy PATTISON PATTON at Waterville college, Maine (which institution became Colby university, Jan. 23, 1867), 1827-29 ; pastor at Salem, Mass., and Providence, R.I., 1829-36 ; president and professor of intellectual and moral philosophy, Waterville college, 1836- 39 ; piustor at St. Louis, Mo. , 1840-41, and at Provi- dence, R.I., 1841-42 ; secretary of the Bai)tist Mis- sionary Union, 1842-45; president of the Western Baptist Theological institute, Covington, Ky., 1S4.J-48 ; professor of Christian Theology at the Newton Theological institution, 1848-54 ; again president of Waterville college, 1854-57 ; proprie- tor of Oread institute, Worcester, Mass., 1859-64; professor of systematic theology and history of doctrines at Shurtleff college, 1865-69, and pro- fessor of theology at the Union Baptist Theolog- ical seminary, Chicago, 111., 1870-74. Brown uni- versity conferred on him the honorary degrees A.M., 1832, and D.D., 1838. He is the author of " Commentary on the Ejnsfle to the Ephesians" (1859) . He died at the home of his eldest son, Ever- ett Wilson Pattison, St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 21, 1874. PATTISON, Thomas, naval officer, was born in Troy. N.Y., Feb. 8, 1822. He was appointed a midshipman in the U.S. navy, March 2, 1839, and served on the St. Louis of tlie Pacific squadron, 1839-42. He attended the naval school at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1845, was promoted passed midshipman July 2, 1845, and served on tlie steamers Scorpion and Princeton, the frigates Raritnn and Columbia, the ordnance ship Electra and the gunboat Referee, of the home squadron, during the Mexican war. He served with the coast survey, 1850-51 ; was promoted lieutenant, Sept. 12, 1854, and served on the Portsmouth of the Pacific squadron, 1852-55. He was the first American naval officer to enter Tokyo, Japan. He was stationed at the Boston navy yard in 1857, and was an officer on the Mississijijn of the East India squadron, 1857-60. He was commissioned lieutenant-connnander in 1861, and served as executive officer of the sloop Perry. During a nigiit engagement off Charles- ton, S.C, June 4, 1861, he assisted in the capture of the Savannah, the first Confederate privateer takenin the war. He commanded the Philadel- phia of the Potomac flotilla in October, 1861, and engaged the Confederate batteries on the Potomac river and Aquia creek. He was transferred to tlie Sumter of the South Atlantic squadron, in 1862, and to the Sarah Dolson of tlie Missi.ssippi squadron, in 1863. He was in charge of the naval station at Mem- phis, Tenn., 1863-65; was promoted commander, March 3, 1865, and was in charge of the Muncota, of the Atlantic squadron, 1865-67. He was on duty at the Norfolk navy yard, 1867-69 ; was promoted captain in June, 1870. and commanded the Richmond in the We.st Indies, 1871-72 ; the Saranac and the receiving ship Independence, 1872-78. He was promoted commodore, Dec. 11, 1877, and commanded the naval station at Port Royal, S.C, 1878-80. He was transferred to the navy yard at Washington, D.C., in 1880, and served until July, 1883, when lie was detached. He was commissioned roar-admiral, in November, 1883, and was retired Feb. 8, 1884. He died at New Brighton, N.Y., Dec. 19, 1891. PATTON, Francis Landey, educator, was born in Warwick parish, Bermuda, Jan. 22, 1843. He attended W^arwick academy, the University of Toronto, Knox college, Toronto, and was graduated from the Princeton Theolo- gical seminary in 1865. He was mar- ried, Oct. 10, 1865, to Rosa Antoinette, daughter of the Rev. John M. Stevenson, of New York city. He was ordained by the presbytery of New York, June 1, 1865; was pastor of the Eighty-fourth Street church. New York city, 1865-67; the Presbyterian chui'ch, Nyack, N.Y., 1867-70; the South church, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1871; Cyrus H. Mc- Cormick professor at Northwest (now McCoi- mick) seminary, Chicago, 1872-81 ; pastor of Jefferson Park church, Chicago, 111,, 1874-81, and moderator of the general assembly, 1878. He was Stuart profes.sor of the relations of philosophy and science to the Christian religion (endowed for him by Robert L. Stuart) at Princeton Tiieological seminary, 1880-88. He was made professor of ethics at the College of New Jersey in 1886. and in 1888 succeeded James McCosh to the presidency of the College of New Jersey which in 1896 became Princeton university. During his presidency he doubled the number of students, of buildings, of members of the faculty, and the endowment of the university. He resigned the presidency of Princeton university in June, 1902, and on Oct. 14, 1902, was elected president of Princeton Theological seminary. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Hanover college in 1872, and by Yale in 1888, and that of LL.D. by W^ooster university in 1878, by Harvard in 1889, by the University of Toronto in 1894, by Yale in 1901, and by Johns Hopkins in 1902. He edited the Chicago Interior (1873-76), and is the author of : Inspiration of tlie Scriptures (1859); Summary of Christian Doc- trine (1874), and numerous articles and reviews. PATTON PATTON ^c(,uj. He was married, August 9, 1853, to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of David Knapp Pangborn, of Burlington, Vt., where he was principal of the high school, 1853-54. He was professor of mathematics and civil engineer- ing at the Polytechnic college, Philadelphia, Pa., 1854-59 ; principal of the higli school at Fond du Lac, Wis., 1859-62 ; superintendent of public schools at Racine, Wis., 1862-05, and teaclier of physical science in the high school at Chicago, 111., 180.5-71. During 1865-71 he conducted the first evening schools for working men in Chicago. He was professor of pliysics and civil engineering at the Massachusetts Agricultural college, 1871-74 ; returned to the Chicago high and evening schools in 1874 ; was professor of mechanical engineering at the Illinois Industrial university, 1878-80, and was president of that institution, 1880-91. During bis presidency the university was greatly enlarged and the name was changed to the University of Illinois. In 1891 he resigned to become chief of the liberal arts department at the World's Columbian exposition. He was editor and statis- tician, U.S. commission to the Paris exposition, 1899-1900. He was secretary of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 1874-88 ; president, 1892- 95; president of the national council of education, 1889-91 ; superintendentof the Division of Liberal Arts at the Buffalo exposition in 1901, and super- intendent of education and of awards at the Charleston exposition in 1902. The honorary degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by the University of Vermont in 1877, and thatof LL.D. by the University of Iowa in 1881. He was one of the editors of the International Cyclopcedia, and is the author of : Natural Histoid (3 vols. 1869); Astronomy (1871); New Practical Arithme- tic (1872); Amencan Patriotism (1880); Charts for Teaching Reading (1899); Juvenile Arithmetic (1900). He died in 1903. PEACOCK, Dred, educator, was born in Stan- tonburg, N.C., April 12, 1864 ; son of Dr. Calvin Casswell and Ava (Heath) Peacock ; grandson of Zadock and Sallie Peacock and of William and Elizabeth Heath. He was graduated from Trinity college, N.C., A.B., 1887, A.M., 1888 ; and was married, June 9, 1887, to Ella, daughter of pro- fessor Obed William and Roxana (Moriah) Carrof Trinity, N.C. He was principal at the Lexington, N.C., Female seminary, 1887-88 ; professor of natural sciences in the Greensboro Female college, 1888-94, and president of the college, 1894-1902. The honorary degree of Litt.D. was conferred upon him by Trinity college, Durham, N.C, in 1897. PEAK, John Lee, diplomatist, was bom in Scott county, Ky., in April, 1839; son of Jordan J. and Eliza A. (Bradley) Peak ; grandson of Presley and Judith Peak, and of John W. and Sallie Bradley, and a descendant of John Peak, who came from England early in tlie eighteenth century, and settled at Fairfax Court House, Virginia. He was graduated from the George- PEALE PEALE town college, Kentucky, in 1858, and from the law school at Louisville in 1860, and settled in practice at Georgetown. He was married in December, 1862, to Mattie H., daughter of James H. and Mary C. Davies of Georgetown, Ky. He removed to Jackson county, Mo., in 1868; was prosecuting attorney of the county, 1877-1881, and U.S. minister to Switzerland by appointment of President Cleveland, 1895-97. At the close of the service abroad he engaged in the practice of law in Kansas City, Mo. PEALE, Charles Willson, artist, was born in Chestertovvn, Md., April 16, 1741 ; son of Charles Peale. He attended school in Annapolis, Md., 1750-54 ; was apprenticed to a saddler, and estab- lished himself in that business. His first attempt at painting was a likeness of himself, and his suc- cess led him to study under Hesselius, a German painter. He afterward studied under John Sin- gleton Copley in Boston, 1768-69, and in 1770-74 in London under Benjamin West, who painted his portrait. On his return he painted portraits in Annapolis, 1774-75, and in Philadelphia, 1775- 1827. Upon the outbreak of the Revolution he was appointed a lieutenant in a company of mili- tia, and was later commissioned a captain. He led his company at tlie battles of Trenton and Princeton, and was one of the men selected to remove the public stores from Philadelphia when that city was in danger of capture by the British. He was a representative in the state legislature in 1779, and advocated a plan for the gradual abolition of slavery. In 1802 he opened Peale's museum, where he exhibited natural curiosities which he had collected in his travels, and por- traits which he owned or borrowed. He also gave lectures at the museum on natural history, and practised dentistry. He was one of the founders of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, to which he contributed largely. His ver- satility is shown in the titles of his books, which include: Building Wooden Bridges; Discourse Introductory to a Course of Lectures on Natural History ; Epistles on the Means of Preserving Health, and Domestic Happiness. His fame as a portrait painter was national, Washington giving him sittings for fourteen portraits, one of which was painted for the College of New Jersey in 1780. Ainong his other portraits are those of Hancock, Morris, Steuben, Franklin, Greene, Gates, Jefferson, Hamilton, Monroe, Jackson, Calhoun and Clay. He also painted "Christ Healing the Sick," in 1829, and a full length portrait of himself in 1824, when eighty-three years of age. He left a collection of 269 portraits and historical scenes. His sons. Rembrandt (q.v.) and Raphaelle (1774-1825), were painters of portraits and of still life, and another son, Titian Ramsey (1800-1885), painted animal life, was a learned ornithologist and accompanied Wilkes on his explorations, 1839-42. Charles W. Peale died in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 22, 1827. PEALE, James, artist, was born in Annapolis, Md., in 1749 ; son of Charles Peale. He served in the Continental army as an officer during the Revolution, and later engaged in portrait paint- ing. He painted many miniatures, portraits in oil and figure compositions. His most noted works are, a full length portrait of Washington, which was hung in the New York Historical society and which has been engraved, and an- other portrait of Washington in 1795, which was hung in Independence Hall, Philadelphia. He also painted : Rencontre between Col. Allen McLane and Two British Horsemen (1811); View of the Battle of Princeton, and a Vieio of Belfleld Farm, near Germantown (1818). His son James (1779-1876) was a banker, but devoted his leisure to painting, producing several marine views. His daughter, Anna Clay Poole (1791-1878), was a still life and miniature painter, and married, first, the Rev. Dr. William Staughton, and secondly, Gen. William Duncan ; another daughter, Sarah M. (1800-85), painted portraits of Bainbridge, Lafayette, Caleb Cushing and Henry A. Wise, and still life subjects, James Peale died in Phil- adelphia, Pa., May 24, 1831. PEALE, Rembrandt, artist, was born in Bucks county. Pa., Feb. 22, 1778 ; son of Charles Willson Peale (q.v.). He early developed artistic talent ; removed to Charleston, S.C., in 1796, and in 1801 studied painting in London under Benjamin West. He returned in 1803 on account of ill health, and immediately gained popularity in Philadelphia as a portrait painter. He visited Paris in 1807 and 1809 to study art in the Louvre, painting several portraits of distinguished French- men for his father's museum, and in 1810 again established himself in Philadelphia. He painted in New York, Boston and Baltimore, 1810-29 ; visited France and Italy, 1829-30, England in 1832, and in 1833 opened a studio in London and exhibited in the Royal academy. He was presi- dent of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; one of the founders of the Pennsyl- vania Academy of Fine Arts in 1805 ; an original member of the National Academy of Design. New York city, and upon his removal to Philadelphia was elected an honorary member in 1827. He was a skilful lithographer, being one of the first to draw on stone, and was awarded a silver medal by the Franklin Institute for a lithographic portrait of Washington in 1827. His most noted portrait was tliat of Washington, begun in 1795, completed in 1823. exhibited in Rome, Florence and London and finally purchased bj' the U.S. senate. Among his other portraits are : Baron Cuvier, Bernardin de Saint Pierre, Jean Antoine Houdon, Thomas PEARCE PEARCE Jefferson, Mrs. James Madison. Thomas Sully, Oliver H. Perry, Runmolmii Roy. G. W. Bethune, William Bainbridge, Joseph Priestly, General Armstrong and Stephen Decatur. His figure compositions include : Napoleon on Horseback ; Babes in the ]Vood; Ernna ; Song of the Shirt; Jupiter and lo ; Wine and Cake ; Lyseppa on the Rock; Roman Daughter ; An Italian Peasant ; Ascent of Elijah, and Court of Death. He lectured on " Wasliingtou and His Portraits" in several of the larger cities of the Union, and edited the Portfolio of an Artist (1839). He is the author of : AnAccountof the Skeleton of the Mammoth (IS02) ; Historical Disquisition on the Mammoth (1803); Notes on Italy (1831); Graphics (1841); Reminis- cences of Art and Artists (lSi5). and translations contributed to the Cnj^o?t anil other publications. He died in Philadelphia. Pa., Oct. 3, 1860. PEARCE, Charles Edward, representative, was born in Whitesboro, N.Y., May 20, 1843; son of "William Greene and Rebecca Ann (Paine) Pearce ; grandson of Nathaniel and Anna (D'Auby) Pearce, and of Philip and Plio^be (Stevens) Paine, and a descendant of John Pearce of North Kingstown, R.I., and of Nicholas Stilhvell of Manhattan Is- land. N.Y. He attended Fairfield seminarj- ; was graduated from Union college, N.Y., in 1863, and enlisted in the Federal army immediately upon his graduation, as captain of a company of heavy artillery. He was promoted major in June, 1864, and served in the armies of the James and tlie Potomac. After the fall of Fort Fisher, he was appointed on the staff of Maj.-Gen. A. H. Terry, and was detailed as provost marshal-general of the eastern district of North Carolina during the occupation of Wilmington, Del. He resigned from the army in 1865 ; removed to St. Louis, Mo. , in 18G6 ; was admitted to the bar in 1867, and established himself in the practice of law and in manufacturing. He was chosen commander of the national guard of the state of Missouri in 1875 ; organized the first regiment in 1877, and served as its colonel, 1877-78. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention of 1888 ; chair- man of the Sioux Indian commission in 1891, and in 1894 was sent to India and Japan to inves- tigate their industries. He was a Republican representative in the 55th and 56th congresses, 1897-1001. lie died in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 30, 1902. PEARCE, Charles Sprague, artist, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 13, 1851 ; son of Shadrach Houghton and Mary Anna (Sprague) Pearce. He traveled in Egypt and Algiers, 1873-74, and stud- ied painting under Leon Bonnat in Paris, 1873-75. He exhibited frequently in the Paris Salon and also in New York, Boston and Pliiladelpliia. He was made a chevalier of tlie Legion of Honor, France, 1894 ; chevalier of the order of Leopold, Belgium, 1895 ; chevalier of the order of the Red Eagle, Prussia, 1897 ; chevalier of the Order of Danebrog, Denmaik, 1898 ; a member of the Society of American Ai'tists in 1886 ; first vice- president of the Paris Society of American Painters; member of the National Society of Mural Painters of New York ; the National Insti- tute of Art and Letters, and the Salmagundi club, and received prize medals in Boston, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Atlanta, Paris, Ghent, Munich, Berlin and Vienna. He was a member of the jury of awards at the Paris exposition of 1889 ; at the Antwerp exposition of 1804, and chairman of the Paris advisory committee and jury of recep- tion for the World's Columbian exposition of 1803. He was married to Louise C, daughter of Louis Bonjeau of Paris. Among his more im- portant works are: Death of the First Bom in Eiiypt (1877); Le Sacrifice d' Abraham {\SS\); De- capitation of John the Baptist (1881); Prelude (1883); Water Carrier (1883); Bebe et sa Sceur (1883); Pra?/er (1884); A Toiler of the ;S'ea(1884); Peines de Coetir (1884) ; Une bergere (1886); St. Genevieve (1887), and mural decorations for the congressional library, Washington. PEARCE, Dutee Jerauld, representative, was born on Providence Island, R.I., April 3, 1789. He was graduated from Brown university, A.B., 1808, A.M., 1811, studied law and established himself in practice at Newport, R.I. He was active in state politics ; served as a representa- tive in the state legislature for several years ; was attorney-general of Rhode Island, 1819-25 ; Monroe and Tompkins presidential elector in 1821, and U.S. district attorney for Rliode Island, 1824-25. He was a Democratic, National Republi- can, People's and Administration representative in the 19th-24th congresses, 1825-37, having been first elected at a special election Nov. 25, 1825, not receiving a majority at the election of Au- gust, 1825, and was re-elected successively until August, 1837, when he was defeated as the Ad- ministration candidate by Robert B. Cranston, Whig, by 960 votes, as declared by the canvassing board, Sept. 2, 1837. He died in Newport, R.I. , May 9, 1849. PEARCE, James Alfred, senator, was born at Alexandria, Va.,Dec. 8, 1804 ; son of Gideon and Julia (Dick) Pearce, and grandson of Dr. EHsha CuUen Dick, the medical attendant of General Washington. His first ancestor in America, James Pearce, emigrated from Kent, England, in 1680 and settled in Cecil county, Md. James Alfred Pearce attended a private academy at Alexandria, Va., and was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1822. He studied law in Baltimore, Md.; was admitted to tlie bar in 1824, and established himself in practice in Cambridge, Md. He engaged in .sugar planting in Louisiana, 1823-31, and resumed his law practice in Chester- PEARRE PEARSON town, Kent county, Md., in 1831. He was a representative in tlie Maryland legislature in 1831, and a Democi'atic representative in the 24th, 25th and 27th congresses, 1835-1839 and 1841-43. In 1843 he was elected to the U.S. senate and was re-elected in 1849, 1855 and 1861. He was married in 1831 to Martha J., daugh- ter of the Rev. Wil- liam Laird of Cam- bridge, Md., and sec- ondly, to Matilda Cox Ringold of George- town, D.C. He de- clined a seat on the bench of the U.S. district court of Maryland and the nomination as secretary of the interior, both of which offices were tendered him by President Fillmore. He was a regent of the Smithsonian In- stitution, D.C, and professor of law, visitor and governor of Washington college, Maryland. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the College of New Jersey in 1859 and by St. John's college, Md., in 1856. He died in Ches- tertown. Md., Dec. 20. 1862. PEARRE, George Alexander, representative, was born in Cumberland, Md., July 16, 1860 ; son of the Hon. George A. and Mary (Worthington) Pearre. He was graduated at the West Virginia university, A.B., 1880, A.M., 1883 ; studied law with his father, 1880-81 ; attended the Maryland University Law school, Baltimore, 1881-82 ; was admitted to the Baltimore bar, 1882, and after traveling for his health, 1882-87, began the prac- tice of law in Cumberland. He became a member of the state militia in 1887 ; was adjutant of the 2d battalion of infantry in 1889 ; was commis- sioned lieutenant-colonel, and resigned his com- mission in 1892. He was a state senator, 1890-92 ; prosecuting attorney, 1895-99, and a Republican representative in the 56th, 57th and 58th con- gresses, 1899-1905. PEARSON, Alfred L., soldier, was born in Pittsburg. Pa., Dec. 28, 1838; son of Joseph and Mary Pearson, and grandson of Joseph and Hannah Pearson. He attended Jefferson college, Ganonsburg, and Allegheny college, Meadville, Pa., and in 1861 was admitted to the bar. He enlisted in the Union army in 1861, and in August, 1862, was commissioned captain in the 155th Penn- sylvania volunteers. He served throughout the war ; was promoted successively major, lieuten- ant-colonel and colonel ; was brevetted brigadier- general, Sept. 30, 1864, for gallant services at Peebles Farm, and major-general, March 29, 1865, for a gallant charge at Quaker Road, for which he was also complimented by General Meade. He received the congressional medal of honor for gallant conduct during the war and returned to the practice of his profession in 1865. He was district attorney in 1870, 1872 and 1873, and served as major-general of the national guard of Pennsylvania for seven years. He com- manded the state troops during the Pittsburg riots of 1877 and in the Luzerne countj', where he ordered the troops to fire on the rioters, for which he was arrested on the charge of murder, but was not indicted. He was twice elected com- mander of the Union Veteran Legion, in 1869 and 1888 ; became a member of the board of managers of the National Home for Disabled Soldiers in 1891 ; was a member of the select council, and of the Pittsburg board of health. He edited the Sunday Critic, 1886-87, and wrote three plays. He died in Pittsburg, Pa., Jan. 6, 1903. PEARSON, Eliphalet, educator, was born at By field, Mass., June 11, 1725 ; son of David and Sarah (Danforth) Pearson, and a descendant of John Pearson, who emigrated from Yorkshire, England, in 1643, and settled at Rowley, Mass., where he built the first clothing mill in New England. Eliphalet attended Dummer academy, Byfield, Mass., and was graduated from Harvard college, A.B., 1773, A. M., 1776. He taught school at Andover, Mass. ; engaged with Samuel Phillips in the manufacture of gunpowder for the American army in 1775, and upon the opening of the Phillips school in April, 1778, became its first preceptor, which office he held until 1786. He was Hancock professor of Hebrew at Harvard college, 1786-1806. Upon the death of Lieutenant- Governor Phillips in 1802, Pearson succeeded him as president of the board of trustees of Phillips academy and continued in office until 1820. He was acting president of Harvard college, 1804-06 ; was connected with Col. John Phillips in the establishment of the Andover Theological semin- ary, and succeeded in combining the Hopkinson and Andover seminaries in 1808. He was or- dained to the ministry, Sept. 22, 1808, and served as associate professor of sacred literatui-e at the Andover Theological seminary, 1808-09. He was secretary of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a member of the Society for Promoting the Gospel among the Indians and Others in North America; a founder of the American Edu- cation society ; president of the Society for Pro- moting Cliristian Knowledge ; a member of the Massachusetts Historical society, and fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was married, first, to Priscilla, daughter of President Edward Holyoke of Harvard college, and secondly, in' 1785, to Sarah, daughter of PEARSON PEARSONS Henry Bromfield of Harvard, Mass. The hono- rary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him b}" Yale and by the College of New Jersey in 1802. He edited Bishop Wilson's " Sacra Privata ; " and is the autlior of a Hebrew grauiuiar. and lectures. He .li.^l at Greenland, N.H.. Sept. 12. 1836. PEARSON, George Frederick, naval officer, was born in New Hanipsliire, Feb. 6, 1796. He was appointed to the U.S. navj- as a midshipman, March 11, 1S15 ; was promoted lieutenant, Jan. 13. 18'25 ; commanded the schooner Shai'k at Norfolk. Va., in 1839, and was stationed at the U. S. navy yard, Portsmouth, N.H., 1839-41. He was promoted commander, Sept. 8, 1841, com- manded the Falinoiitli at Norfolk, Va., 1853-53, and was promoted captain, Sept. 14, 1855. He commanded the steamer Powhatan in the East Indies, 1858-60, was placed on the retired list, Dec. 21, 1861, but served as commandant of the U.S. navy yard at Portsmouth, N.H., 1861-67. He was promoted commodore on the retired list, July 16. 1862. and rear-admiral, July 25, 1866. He "died in Portsmouth. N.H., June 30, 1867. PEARSON, Jonathan, educator, was born in Ciiichester. N.H., Feb. 23, 1813; son of Caleb Pearson, a fifer in the Revolutionary army, and a descendant of John Pearson, a carpenter, who emigrated from England in 1643, and settled at Rowley. Mass. He was graduated at Union col- lege, N.Y.. A.B., 1835, A.M., 1838; was a tutor there. 1836-39 ; adjunct professor of chemistry and natural history, 1839-50 ; full professor, 1850-57 ; professor of natural history, 1857-73, and of agriculture and botany, being also lib- rarian, 1873-87. He was treasurer of the col- lege, 1854-83. He devoted his leisure to historical and genealogical research, translated the records of Albany and Sclienectady from Mohawk Dutch into English, and is the author of : Early Records of the Countij of AUxiny ( 1869) ; Genealogy of the First Settlers of Albany (1872) ; Genealogies of the First Settlers of Schenectady (1S7S); History of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of Schenectady (1^80) ; History of the Schenectady Patent (1883). H.- died in Schenectady. N.Y., June 20, 1887. PEARSON, Joseph, representative, was born in Rowan county, N.C., about 1776 ; son of Rich- mond Pearson, who removed from Dinwiddie county. Va., to Rowan county, N.C., where JoS'^ph was educated for the law. He practised in Salisbury, N.C. ; was a member of the house of commons of North Carolina, 1804-05, and a Federalist representative in the 11th, 12th, and 13th congresses, 1809-15. He fought a duel while a member of the 11th congress with Representa- tive John George Jackson (q.v.) of Virginia, and was severely wounded on the second fire. He was married three times: first, to a Miss Linn, secondly, to Ellen, daughter of R. Y. Brent of Washington, D.C., and thirdly, to Elizabeth Worthington of Georgetown, N.C. He died at Salisbury, N.C, Oct. 27, 1834. PEARSON, Richmond, representative, was born at Richmon.l Hill, N.C, Jan. 26, 1852 ; son of Judge Richmond Mumford (q.v.) and Margaret (Williams) Pearson. He was graduated at the Col- lege of New Jersey, A.B. , 1872, A.M. , 1875. and was admitted to the bar of North Carolina in 1874. He served as U.S. consul at Belgium, 1874-77 ; was a representative in the North Carolina legislature in 1885 and in 1887, and an originator of the coalition which in 1894 overwhelmed the Democratic party in his state. He was married in 1882 to Gabrielle daughter of James Thomas of Richmond, Va. He was a Pro- tectionist and Republican representative from the ninth congressional district in the 54th, 55th and 56th congresses, 1895-1901, where he served as a member of the committee on foreign affairs and of the sub-committee, which drafted the house declaration of war against Spain, 1898. On Dec. 10, 1901, he was appointed U.S. consul at Geneva, Italy. PEARSON, Richmond Mumford, jurist, was born in Rowan county, N.C, June 28, 1805 ; son of Richmond (a student at the University of North Carolina, 1799) and Eliza (Mumford) Pearson, and grandson of Richmond Pearson, a native of Dinwiddie county, Va., who settled in Rowan count}' in early life, served in the Revolu- tionary war, and was afterward a merchant and planter. Richmond Mumford Pearson was pre- pared for college at Statesville, N.C, by John Mushat, and was graduated at the University of North Carolina, A.B., 1823, A.M., 1826. After studying law under Judge Archibald Henderson he was admitted to the bar in 1826. He was married in 1832 to Margaret, daughter of Col. John Williams (q.v.) of Knoxville, Tenn. He was a representative in the general assembly, 1829-32 ; an unsuccessful candidate for represen- tative in the 24th congress in 1834 ; judge of the superior court of North Carolina, 1826-48 ; of the supreme court, 1848-58, and chief-justice, as successor to Chief-Justice Frederick Nash, 1858- 78. For several years he conducted a large law school at Richmond Hill, N.C. He died at Winston. N.C, Jan. 6. 1878. PEARSONS, Daniel Kimball, philanthropist, was born in Bradford, Vt., April 14, 1820 ; son of John and Hannah (Putnam) Pearsons; grand- son of John Putnam, and a descendant of Gen. Israel Putnam. He was a pupil at the public school, 1826-36 ; a teacher, 1836-41 ; was graduated from the medical college at Woodstock, Vt., M.D., in 1842, and practised in Chicopee, Mass., 1849-53. He was married in August, 1847. to Marietta, daughter of Giles S. Chapiu of Chico- PEARY PEARY K^-i m pee, Mass. He engaged in farming in Ogle county, 111., 1857-60, and in the real estate busi- ness in Chicago, 111., 1860-87. He was alderman of the city of Chicago, 1873-76, and during the financial crisis wlien certificates of indebtedness were issued for the payment of city debts, he was largely instrumental in the restoration of the credit of the city. He retired from active business in 1887, but retained the directorship in the Cliicago City Railway Co., and in other corporations. He gave sums of money aggregat- ing $3,500,000 to various educational and other institutions, including McCormick Tlieological seminary ; Chicago Theological seminary ; Lake Forest college : Beloit college ; Yukon college, S.D. ; Mount Holyoke college ; Drury college ; Colorado college, and Knox college. PEARY, Robert Edwin, explorer, was born in Cresson, Pa., May 6, 1856; son of Charles and Mary (Willey) Peary. His ancestors were Maine lumbermen. His father died in 1858, and he removed with his mother to Portland, Maine, where he prepared for college. He was graduated from Bow- doin in 1877, second in a class of fifty-one ; was a land surveyor in Fryeburg, Maine, 1877-79, and was em- ployed in the U.S. coast and geodetic survey, Washington, D.C., 1879-81. In 1881 he passed the navy department ex- mination for the ad- mission of civil en- gineers, and in the same year planned and built a new pier at Key West, Fla., at nearly $30,000 less than the previous estimate, though the contractors had given it up as impossible at the estimated cost. He was in Nicaragua as sub-chief of the Inter-Oceanic canal survey, 1884-85, and after his return conceived the idea of making an arctic exploring expedition. In May, 1886, having obtained a six months' leave of absence from the navy depart, ment, he started for Greenland, penetrating farther into the interior than any white man had ever gone before. After his return he was engineer-in-chief of the surveys of the Nicaragua canal, 1886-88, and in 1888 was sent to superin- tend the building of the new dry dock at the League Island navy yard, Philadelphia. In the same year he was married to Josephine Diebitsch. Meanwhile he was devoting all his leisure to plans for future explorations, and in June, 1891, having obtained eighteen months' leave of absence /%. X Wf'f^ -^Jl^-'-''^''^ from the navy he started to discover the northern limits of Greenland and perhaps to reach the pole. He was accompanied by Mrs. Peary and a small party. In the spring of 1893 he started north with a single companion. In forty days they covered 600 miles, and on July 4 reached the rocky northern shore of Greenland which no man had ever seen before. Peary named the hill on which the American flag was set up, " Navy Cliff" ; the bay he called " Independence Bay " in honor of the day, and the land visible across the bay "Melville and Heilprin " lands. Returning, he reached McCormick Bay in August and thence the party sailed to New York. He was received with enthusiasm, was awarded several medals from learned societies, and the name Peary- land was suggested by Pettermann's Mitteilungen and adopted for North Greenland. He at once planned another expedition, and securing a three years' leave of absence, started on a lecturing tour to secure funds. He spoke 168 times in 96 days, and thus earned $18,000, meanwhile dictating matter for his book. He also obtained contributions from scientific societies, |2000 from a New York news- paper for letters, and a considerable sum from a book written by Mrs. Peary. After the Falcon had been chartered and the equipment provided, the funds were exhausted, and the deficiency was supplied by exhibiting the ship at various large cities. The expedition sailed in June, 1893, Mrs. Peary accompanying her husband. A daughter, Marie, was born in Greeland in tliis year, and Mrs. Peary returned on the first relief ship, together with all the party, save Lieutenant Peary and two men. In April, 1895, they started to cross the ice-cap and after fearful hardsliips reached a latitude of 81° 47', ten miles farther north than Peary had gone before, when they were forced to turn back for lack of provisions. In 1896 and 1897 he made two voyages, discovering and bringing back the Cape York meteorites, the largest in the world, one of which weighed forty tons. In 1898 he lectured before the London Geographical society, and was the recipient of numerous honors. A four years' leave of absence from the navy was secured in 1897 ; the Peary Arctic club was .formed, and in 1899 he started well equipped on his fifth expedition, which he stated would be his last. He arrived at Brigus, Newfoundland, Sept. 10, 1899, and spent the winter among the Eskimos at Etah, Greenland, During the first winter out, while on the march to Fort Conger, both his feet were frost-bitten, necessitating tlie amputation of seven toes. In 1900 he rounded the northern limit of the Greenland archipelago, the most northerl}'^ known land in the world ; attained the higliest latitude reached in the western hemis- phere, 80°' 50 N., and determined the origin of PEASE PEASE the so-called paleocrystic ice (floe-berg). He made an unsuccessful attemj)t to reach the pole in the spring of 1901 ; encamped at Cape Sabine in the winter of 1901-02, living among the Eskimos, whose customs he had tlioroughly mastered, and having established ample caches of provisions along the route, was preparing to start for tlie pole in March, 1902, by way of Smith Sound and Kennedy and Robeson channels to Cape Hecla. planning to make his " dash " from that point, about 500 miles south of the pole. After continuing his travels 150 miles he found insuperable natural obstacles preventing further progress and the attempt was abandoned when he was within 350 miles of tlie nortli pole. He found Greeley's outfit and reached 84° 17' north latitude, the highest yet attained by any American. In the fall of 1902 he met the Wind- ward at Cape Sabine and arrived in Portland, Me.. Sept. 23,1902. Lieutenant Peary attributed his failure to reach the pole to the fact that his ship was unequal to the requirements, and to his lack of sufficient money and time. In May, 1902, the Geographical Society of Philadelphia awarded the Kane gold medal to Lieutenant Peary. PEASE, Calvin, educator, was born in Canaan, Conn., Aug. 12, 1813. He removed with his parents to Charlotte, Vt., in 1826, attended Hines- burgh academy, and was graduated from the University of Vermont, A.B., 1838. A.M., 1841. He was principal of the academy at Montpelier, Vt., 1838-42; professor of Latin and Greek at the University of Vermont, 1842-55, and librarian of the university, 1847-53. He was licensed to preach in 1851, and in December, 1853, was elected president of the University of Vermont, to succeed the Rev. Worthington Smith. He presided during the monetary crisis of 1857-58, and resigned on account of failing health in 1861. He was pastor of the First Presbyterian church, Rochester, N.Y., 1861-63. He was a member of the Vermont board of education ; president of the Vermont Teachers' association, and a member of the American Philosophical society. The honorary degree of D.D. was con- ferred on him by Middlebury college in 1856. He is the author of : A Discourse on the Import and Value of the Popular Lecturing of the Day( 1840); Address Before the Medical Department of the University (1856); Baccalaureate Sermons (1856- 60), and many contributions to the " Bibliotheca Sacra." He died in Burlington, Vt., Sept. 17,1863. PEASE, Elisha Marshall, governor of Texas, was born at Enfield, Conn., Jan. 3, 1812 ; son of Lorain Thompson and Sarah (Marsliall) Pease, and grandson of John Pease, a soldier in the Con- tinental army during the Revolutionary war. His first ancestors in America, Robert and Mar- garet Pease, emigrated from Great Baddow, England, and settled in Boston in 1634. Elisha attended the district schools of Enfield and an academy at Westfield, Mass., and in 1826 obtained employment as a clerk in a country store. He removed to Miua, Col., in 1834 ; studied law with Col. D. C. Barrett ; entered the Texan insurgent army in 1835, and engaged in the battle of Gon- zales. He was secretary of the provisional coun- cil of Texas, 1835-36 ; chief clerk of the navy and treasury departments, and for a short time act- ed as secretary of the treasury. He was a mem- ber of the committee that framed the state con- stitution, and in November, 1836, was appointed clerk of the judiciary committee of the state leg- islature. He was admitted to the bar in April. 1837, and practised in Brazoria, Texas. He was district attorney of Brazoria, and upon the an- nexation of Texas in 1845, a representative in the state legislature for two terms, and state senator in 1849. He was married in 1850 to L. C. Niles of Windsor, Conn. He was governor of Texas, 1853-57, and during the civil war lived in retirement, be- ing opposed to secession. In 1866 he was a delegate to the convention of southern loyalists and chosen vice- president of the same. He was candidate for governor on the Union ticket being defeated by J. W. Throckmorton in 1866, but .served as provisional governor by appointment of General Sheridan, 1867-69. He retired from law practice in 1877 and was appointed collector of the port of Gal- veston, Texas, in 1879. He died at Lampasas Springs, Tex., Aug. 26, 1883. PEASE, Henry Roberts, senator, was born in Connecticut, Feb. 19, 1835. He received a normal school training and engaged in teaching in 1848- 59. He was admitted to the bar in 1859, and practised until 1861, when he entered the Union army as a private. He attained the rank of cap- tain and served principally on staff duty, and in 1865 was appointed superintendent of education in Louisiana while the state was under military rule. He was appointed superintendent of edu- cation by the Freedmen's bureau in Mississippi in 1867; was active in the reconstruction of that state ; was elected state superintendent of educa- tion in 1869, and was elected to tlie U. S. senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Adelbert Ames, and served from Feb. 12, 1874, to March 3, 1875. He was appointed postmaster of Vicksburg, Miss., in 1875, but was soon removed for political reasons. He established and edited T7ie Mississippi Educational Journal, tlie pioneer of popular education in the south, and subse- quently removed to Dakota. PEASLEE PECK PEASLEE, Charles Hazen, representative, was born at Gilmanton, N.H., Feb. 6, 1804; son of William and Hannah (Folsom) Peaslee ; grand- son of Robert and Ann (Hazen) Peaslee, and a descendant of Joseph and Mary (Johnson) Peas- lee, who emigrated from Wales to New Eng- land about 1635, settled in Newbury, Mass., pre- vious to 1(542, and in Haverhill, Mass., about 1646. He was graduated at Dartmouth college, A.B., 1824, A.M., 1827, studied law under Stephen Moody, and was admitted to the bar. He settled in practice in Concord, N.H., in 1828; was a rep- resentative in the state legislature, 1833-37, adju- tant and inspector-general of New Hampshire, 1839-47, and Democratic representative from New Hampshire in the 30th, 31st and 32d con- gresses, 1847-53. He was appointed collector of the port of Boston, Mass., by President Pierce, April 1, 1853, and served until March 4, 1857, when he retired to Portsmouth, N.H. He was a trustee of the New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane and a director of the Concord railroad. He was married, Dec. 9, 1846, to Mrs. Mary A. L. Dana, daughter of Robert Harris of Portsmouth, N.H. He died in St. Paul, Minn., Sept. 20, 1866. PEASLEE, John Bradley, educator and author, was born at Plaistow, N.H., Sept. 3, 1842 ; son of Reuben and Harriet (Willetts) Peaslee ; grandson of Joab and Elizabeth (Eaton) Peas- lee, and of John and Lavina (Smith) Willetts, and a descendant of Joseph Peaslee, the " come- outer, " who emigrated from England ; settled in Newbury, Essex county, Mass., in 1635 ; with Thomas Whittier, an ancestor of the poet, laid out and surveyed Haverhill, Mass, in 1642, and removed to East Parish, Haverhill, in 1645. John B. Peaslee was educated at Atkinson and Gil- manton academies ; was graduated from Dart- mouth, A. B., 1863, A.M., 1866, and from Cin- cinnati college, LL.B., in 1866. He was principal of the North grammar school, Columbus, Ohio, 1863-64 ; first assitant of district and principal of district and intermediate schools, Cincinnati, 1864-74, and superintendent of Cincinnati public schools, 1874-86. In 1879 he was awarded a di- ploma of life membersliip in the University of Turin for the exhibit of the Cincinnati schools at the Paris exposition of 1878. He inaugurated the celebration of "author day" and "arbor day," and in 1882 the school children planted and dedi- cated to American authors a grove of six acres, now known as " Authors' Grove." On Oct. 18, 1889, the American Forestry congress planted an oak tree near Agricultural hall, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, dedicating it to Dr. Peaslee in "recognition of his distinguished services in pro- moting the cavise of popular forestry, and espe- cially in introducing the celebration of Arbor Day by the public schools of Cincinnati and thereafter of the country." He was a trustee of Miami university, 1871-79 ; clerk of the Hamilton county courts, 1888-95 ; president of the Ohio State Teachers' association, 1886 ; president of the Ohio Forestry bureau, 1889-95 ; candidate for lieutenant-governor of Ohio, 1895 ; a life member of the National Council of Education and of the National Educational association ; director of the University of Cincinnati ; president of the Ohio state board of examiners for teachers, and a director of the Ohio Humane society. His pub- lished works include : Reports of the Cincinnati Public Schools (1874-86); Graded Selections for Memorizing (1882) ; Trees and Tree-planting, with Exercises and Directions for the Celebration of Arbor Day (1884) ; Moral and Literary Train- ing in Public Schools, an address (1881); German Instruction in Public Schools, an address (1889); Thoughts and Experiences In and Out of School (1900), and many articles in educational journals. PEATTIE, Elia Wilkinson, journalist and author, was born in Kalamazoo, Mich., Jan. 15, 1862 ; daughter of Frederick and Amanda ((^^ahill) Wilkinson. She removed with her parents to Chicago, where she received a good education. She was married in 1883 to Robert Burns Peattie, a Chicago journalist, and was engaged in news- paper work with him, 1883-95, being a reporter on Chicago dailies, 1883-88, and an editorial writer for the Omaha World Herald, 1888-96. She returned to Chicago in 1896, and engaged in literature. She is the author of : With Scrip and Staff (1891) ; A Mountain Woman (1896) ; Pip- pins and Cheese (1897); Love of Caliban (1897) ; Tlie Shape of Fear (1898) ; 'Ickery Ann (1899) ; Tlie Beleaguered Forest (1901) ; How Jaques came into the Forest of Arden (1901), and many con- tributions to periodicals. PECK, Asahel, governor of Vermont, was born in Royalston, Mass., in September, 1803; son of Squire and Elizabeth (Goddard) Peck ; grandson of John and Mary (Drown) Peck, and a descen- dant of Joseph and Rebecca (Clark) Peck. Joseph Peck, a native of Suffolk county, England, emigrated from Hingham, Norfolk county, to New England in the ship Diligent in 1638, settled in Hingham, Mass., and at Seekonk or Rehoboth, Mass., in 1645. Asahel Peck was taken to Moutpelier, Vt., by his parents in 1803, attended the public schools irregularly, 1808- 24, and the University of Vermont, 1824-26, but was not graduated. He studied French in the family of the president of a French college in Canada, and law under his brother, Nathan Peck, at Hiuesbmgh, and subsequently in the office of Bailey & Marsh, Burlington, Vt. He was ad- PECK PECK milted to the bar in 1832, settled in practice in Montpelier and was at one time associated with Archibald Hyde and later with D. A. Smalley, He was originally a Democrat in politics, but in 1848 became a Free Soiler. and a memV)er of the convention at Buffalo that nominated Van Buren and Adams, and was subsequently active in or- ganizing the Republican party. He was judge of the circuit court of Vermont, 1851-57, judge of the supreme court of the state, 1860-74, and gov- ernor of Vermont, 1874-76. He retired to his farm in Jericho Vt., in 1876, where he died. May 18. 1879. PECK, Elijah Wolsey, jurist, was born in Blenheim, Schoharie count}', N. Y., Aug. 7, 1799 ; son of David and Christiana (Minturn) Peck. He was educated for the profession of law and was admitted to the bar in 1824. He prac- tised law in Ely ton, Ala., 1824-38; removed to Tuskaloosa, Ala., in 1838, and was chancellor of Alabama, 1839-40. He opposed secession in 1861 ; was chairman of the military reconstruction con- vention of 1867 ; was elected a judge of the su- preme court of Alabama, and chief-justice in 1869, resigning in 1874, before the end of his term of office. He was married in 1828 to Lucy, daughter of Samuel and Lucy (Lamb) Randall of Talladega, Ala. He died at Tuskaloosa, Ala. , Feb. 13. 18S8. PECK, Ferdinand Wythe, commissioner, was born in Chicago, 111., July 15, 1848 ; son of Philip F. W. and Mary Kent (Wythe) Peck. He was admitted to the bar in 1869. He engaged in philanthropic work in Chicago, was one of the founders of the Illinois Humane society ; presi- dent and a member of the board of governors of the Chicago Athenaeum, and president of the Chicago Auditorium association. He conceived and carried into completion the Chicago audi- torium and hotel. He was vice-president of the Chicago board of education for four years, being twice appointed by the mayor to that position. He was chairman of the finance committee, a vice- president of the World's Columbian exposition and a member of the commission of five to visit Europe in the interest of the exposition. He was a trustee of the University of Chicago, 1894-97. In 1898 he was appointed by President McKinley U. S. commissioner-general to the Paris exposition of 1900, where he secured much additional space for American exhibits and con- cluded the plans for the execution of the bronze equastnan statue of Lafayette, executed by Paul Wayland Bartlett, paid for by popular sub- scriptions largely from school children in the United States and placed in the court of the Louvre at Paris. Hr was appointed a grand offi- cer of the Legion of Honor by the president of France in 1900. PECK, George, clergyman and editor, was born in Middletield, Otsego county, N. Y., Aug. 8, 1797 ; son of Luther and Annis (CoUer) Peck ; grandson of Jesse and Ruth (Hoyt) Peck, and a descendant of Henry Peck, who emigrated from England to America in the ship Hector in 1637 and settled in New Haven, Conn., in 1638. George Peck attended the district school, and when nineteen years old became active as a Methodist preacher. He was pastor and presid- ing elder in the Oneida conference, 1816-35 ; was principal of the Oneida conference seminary at Cazenovia, N. Y., 1835-39 : editor of the Method- ist Quarterly Review, 1840-48, and of the Christian Advocate, 1848-52. He returned to the Wyom- ing, Pa., conference in 1852, and was pastor of the church at Scranton and presiding elder of the Wj-oming district, 1852-73. He was a member of thirteen general conferences, 1824-72. and a delegate to the first evangelical alliance in Lon- don in 1846. He received the honorary degree A.M. from Wesleyan university in 1835, andD.D. from Augusta college, Kentucky, in 1840. He was married, June 10, 1819, to Mary, daughter of Philip Myers of Kingston, Pa. Their sons, George Myers and Luther Wesley (q.v.), were clergymen. He is the author of : Universalism Examined (1826) ; History of the Apostles and Evangelists (1836) ; Scripture Doctrine of Chris- tian Perfection (1841) ; Rule of Faith (1844) ; Reply to Dr. Bascom's Defence of American Slav- ery (IS^i)) ; Manly Character (\8~i2) ; Wyoming, Its History, Romantic Adventures, etc. (1858) ; Early Methodism, within the Bounds of the Old Genesee Conference (1860); Our Country, Its Trials and Its Triumphs (1865) ; Life and Times of the Rev. George Peck, D. D. (1874), He died in Scranton. Pa., May 20, 1876. PECK, George Wesley, educator, was born in Kingston, Pa., Feb. 7, 1849 ; son of the Rev, George Wesley and Abigail (Bennett) Peck, and grand-nephew of the Rev. George (q. v.) and Mary (Myers) Peck. He was educated in the public schools ; was licensed to preach in 1872, and was graduated at Syracuse university. Ph. D., 1878. He was president of Hedding college, Abingdon, 111., 1878-82; traveled in Europe and the Orient, 1882-83, and was in New York state as pastor in Buffalo, 1882-85, Medina, 1885-86, Danville, 1886-91, Rochester, 1891-96, and Buf- falo, from 1896. He was a delegate to the iletho- dist Ecumenical conference in London in 1881. He was married, June 11, 1890, to Ina Merle Car- ter of Adams, N. Y. He received the degrees of A.B. and A.M. from Illinois W^esleyan university in 1879 and that of LL. D. from Hedding college in 1882. He is the author of : The Realization and Benefit of Ideals (1879) ; Walk in the Light (1882), and Life of Jesse T. Peck (1887). PECK PECK PECK, George Wilbur, governor of "Wiscon- sin, was born in Jefferson county, N.Y., Sept. 28, 1840 ; son of David B. and Alzina Peck. He at- tended the public schools, and in 1855 went to Wisconsin, entering the printing office of the Whitewater Register. He assisted in establish- ing the Jefferson County Republican ; was em- ployed by the State Journal, Madison ; enlisted in the Federal army as a private ; served, 1861-66, being one year in Texas after the war, and at- tained the rank of 2d lieutenant. He was mar- ried in 1860 to Francena Rowley of Delavan, Wis. He established the Ripon Representative in 1866 and soon afterward removed to New York, where he was one of the editors of Pomeroy's Democrat. He subsequently edited the La Crosse edition of the Democrat, called the La Crosse Democrat, aud in 1878 published Peck's Sun in Milwaukee, Wis., which gained a wide reputation for its hu- morous chai-acter. He was chief of police of La Crosse, 1874-75, and chief clerk of the state assem- bly in 1874. He was mayor of Milwaukee, 1890- 91, and governor of the state of Wisconsin, 1891- 95. He is the author of : Peck's Bad Boy and Itis Pa, and The Groceryman and Peck's Bad Boy : a Continuation of Peck's Bad Boy. PECK, Harry Thurston, editor and author, was born in Stamford, Conn., Nov. 24, 1856; son of Harry and Elizabeth (Thurston) Peck ; grand- son of Turney and Rebecca (Burr) Peck), and of John Gates and Harriet (Lee) Thurston, and a descendant from Daniel Thurston of Gloucester- shire, England, and later of Newbury, Mass., who died in 1693. He attended a private school in Greenwich, Conn., and was graduated from Co- lumbia college. A.B., 1881, A.M., 1882, L.H.D., 1884. He was a university fellow of Columbia, 1881-83 ; tutor in Latin, 1882-85, and studied at the University of Berlin in 1888. He was mar- ried, April 26, 1882, to Nellie MacKay, daughter of Charles and Mary E. (MacKay) Dawbarn. He was instructor in Latin and Semitic languages at Columbia, 1886-88 ; acting professor of Latin, 1886-88, and became professor of Latin in 1888. The degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by Cumber- land university in 1883. He was secretary of the University Council of Columbia in 1892, and of the Faculty of Arts from 1894. He was editor of the Bookman from 1895 ; literary editor of the New York Commercial Advertiser, 1897-1901 ; member of the general editorial staff of the same journal from 1902 ; editor of " Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities" (1896) ; "The International Cyclopaedia" (15 vols., 1890- 1902) ; "The New International Encycloptedia " from 1902 ; the " Student's Series of Latin Classics" (1892-1902) ; "American Atlas of the World " (1S92) : " Library of the World's Litera- ture'" (1800), and "Masterpieces of Literature" (1899). He translated " Trimalchio's Dinner" (1898), and is the author of : T7ie Personal Equa- tion (1897) ; The Semitic Tlieory of Creation (1886) ; Latin Pronunciation (1890) ; Tlie Adven- tures of Mabel (1896) ; What is Good English? (1899) ; Grey stone and Poriiyhry (1900.) PECK, Jesse Truesdell, M. E. bishop, was born in Middlefield, N.Y., April 4, 1811; son of Luther and Annis (Coller) Peck, and brother of the Rev. George Peck (q.v.). He was educated at the Oneida Conference seminary, Cazenovia, N.Y., and was licensed as a local preacher in 1829. He was married, Oct. 13, 1831, to Persis, daughter of Capt. David Wing of West Dennis, Mass. ; was admitted to the Oneida conference, July 12, 1832, and was pastor of the churches at Dryden, Newark "Valley, Skaneateles and Pots- dam, N.Y., 1832-37. He was principal of the Gouverneur Wesleyan seminary, 1837-41 ; of the Troy Conference academy, Poultney, "Vt., 1841- 48 ; president of Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., 1848-52 ; pastor of the Foundry church, Washington, D.C., 1852-54 ; secretary and editor of the Tract Society of the Methodist Episcopal church, 1854-56, and pastor of the Green Street church, New York city, 1856-58. He was transferred to California in 1858, and was pastor and presiding elder in San Francisco, Sac- ramento and Santa Clara, 1858-66, also president of the board of trustees of the University of the Pacific and of the State Bible society. He was pastor at Peeks- kill, Albany and Syracuse, N.Y., respectively, 1866-72 ; a founder of Syracuse university, presi- dent of its board of trustees and chairman of the building committee. He was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1872, and made a tour of Europe in 1881, holding conferences and studying educational systems. He was a mem- ber of several general conferences and a delegate to the Methodist Ecumenical conference in Lou- don in 1881. He received the degree of A.M. from Wesleyan university in 1838, D.D. from University college in 1846, and LL.D. from Will- amette university in 1875. He is the author of : The Central Idea of Christianity (1S55); The True Woman (1857); Wltat Must I Do to be Saved (1858), and History of a Great Republic, con- sidered from a Christian Standpoint {i8G8). He died in Syracuse, N.Y., May 17, 1883. /, X(^-^^ PECK PECK PECK, John Hudson, educator, was born in Hudson, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1838; son of Judge Darius aud Harriet Matilda (Hudson) Peck ; grandson John and Sarah (Ferris) Peck and of Horace and Sarah (Robinson) Hudson, and a descendant of William Peck, who emigrated to America in 1638 and was one of the original founders of the colony of New Haven. He attended the Hudson Classical institute and was graduated from Hamilton college in 1859. He was admitted to the bar at Albany, N. Y., m 1861. and practised in partnership with his preceptor, Jeremiah Romeyn, in Troy. N. Y., until 1867, and with Cornelius L. Tracy, another preceptor, until 1888. He was married, Aug. 7, 1883, to Mercy Plum, daughter of Nathaniel Mann of Milton, N. Y. He was made a trustee of Troy Female seminary in 1883, and of the diocese of Albany, and was president of the Rensselaer Polytechnic institute, 1888-1900. The honorary degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Hamilton college in 1889. PECK, John James, soldier, was born in Man- lius. N.Y., Jan. 4, 1821. He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy in 1843 and assigned to the artillery. He was promoted 2d lieutenant, April 16, 1846. and was engaged in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, Vera Cruz. Cerro Gordo, and the assault and capture of the city of Mexico, 1846-47. He was promoted first lieutenant, March 3, 1847 ; was brevetted captain, Aug. 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Cheru- busco ; major, Sept. 8, 1847, for gallant and mer- itorious conduct at the battle of Molino Del Rey, and was presented with a sword on his return to New York in 1848. He was engaged in scouting and frontier duty, 1849-53. He resigned his com- mission in the army, March 31, 1853 ; was treas- urer of a projected railroad from New York to Syracuse via Newburg, N.Y., 1853-60 ; cashier of Burnet bank, Syracuse, N.Y., 1853-61, and pres- ident of the board of education, 1859-61. He en- tered the U. S. volunteer army as brigadier-gen- eral, Aug. 9, 1861, and served in the defences of Washington. 1861-62. He commanded the 2d and 1st brigades, 1st division, 4th army corps, during the Virginia Peninsular campaign, March- July, 1862, being engaged in the siege of York- town and in the battles of Williamsburg and Fair Oaks. In the operations of the seven days' bat- tles before Richmond on the change of base to the James river, June 26-July 2. 1862. he commanded the 2d division. 4th corps. He was promoted ma- jor-general U.S. volunteers. July 4, 1862. and his division of about 9,000 men, augmented, March 31, 1863, to 15,000. and April 30 to nearly 25.000, embracing all the Federal troops in Virginia south of the James river. He was engaged in the operations about Suffolk, Va., and its defences. September, 1862, to May, 1864, Suffolk was in- vested by Longstreet, April 11, 1863, and this led to the transfer of the Army of the James to Peck's support. He was in command in North Car- olina, 1863-64, and of the department of the east, with headquarters at New York, 1864-65. He was mustered out Aug. 24, 1865, and returned to Syra- cuse, where he organized and became president of the New York State Life Insurance company in 1866. He died in Syracuse, N.Y., April 28, 1878. PECK, John Mason, pioneer clergyman, was born at South Farms, Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 31, 1789. He removed to Windham, N.Y., in 1811, and became a Baptist preacher at New Durham, N. Y. He was ordained, June 9, 1813, and preach- ed in Catskill and Amenia, N.Y., 1813-15. He studied mission work under Dr. Stoughton at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1815, and was subsequently appointed a missionary to St. Louis, Mo., preach- ing through Missouri and Illinois, 1817-26. He made a home in Rock Spring, III., in 1822, where he established in 1826 the Rock Spring seminary for training teachers and preachers, which be- came Shurtleff college in 1835, and was located at Upper Alton, 111. He travelled 6,000 miles and collected $20,000 to endow this institution. He established and published tlie Western Pioneer and Baptist, the first official organ of the Baptist church in the west, 1828 ; helped to organize the American Baptist Home Missionary society in 1831 ; established and edited the Illinois Sioiday Sdiool Banner, and was one of the originators and chief factors in establishing the tlieolo- gical institution at Covington. Ky. He was corresponding secretary and financial agent of the American Baptist Publication society, 1843- 45, and held pastorates in Missouri, Illinois and Kentucky, 1845-58. He received the honorary degrees A. M. from Brown in 1835, and D.D. from Harvard in 1852. He contributed to the his- torical societies of the northwestern states and territories, and is the author of : A Guide for Emigrants (1831); Gazetteer of Illinois (1834); New Guide for Emigrants to the West (1836); Father Clark, or the Pioneer Preacher (1855); Life of Daniel Boone in Sparks's "American Biogra- phy," and edited the second edition of" Annals of tiie West: Forty Years of Pioneer Life"; " Me- moir of John Mason Peck, edited from his Jour- nals and Correspondence" (1864) by the Rev. Rufus Babcock. He died in Rock Spring, III,, March 15. 1858. PECK, Lucius B., representative, was born in Waterbury,Vt., in October, 1802 ; son of Gen. John and Anna (Benedict) Peck ; grandson of John and Mary (Drown) Peck, and a descendant in the seventh generation of Joseph Peck, who came from Hingham. Norfolk county, England, to Hingham, Mass., in 1638. He was admitted to PECK PECKHAM the U.S. Military academy as a cadet, July 1, 1823, but left after one year's study on account of ill health and studied law with Judge Samuel Prentiss at Montpelier and with Dennison Smith at Barre, with whom he formed a partnership im- mediately after his admission to the bar in Sept- ember, 1833. He was married, May 10, 1833, to Martha, daughter of Ira Day of Barre.Vt. He rep- resented Barre in the state legislature in 1831 ; removed to Montpelier and practised law there, 1833-66, the later years of his life in partnership with B. F. Fifield. He was a Democratic repre- sentative from the second district of Vermont in the 30th and 31st congresses, 1847-51, and U.S. district attorney for Vermont, 1853-57. He was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for gov- ernor of Vermont in two elections, and president of the Vermont and Canada railroad, 1859-66. He died suddenly in Lowell, Mass., Dec. 28, 1866. PECK, Luther Wesley, clergyman, was born in Kingston, Pa., June 14,1835; son of the Rev. George (q.v.) and Mary (Myers) Peck. He attended the Wesleyan university, 1841-43, was graduated from the University of the City of New York, A.B., 1845, A.M. 1849; studied theology, and joined the New York conference on trial in 1845, He was stationed at Brooklyn, Durham, Rhine- beck, Newburg, Poughkeepsie, Kingston, Mid- dleton and smaller places, 1845-66, and in the Wyoming conference where he was presiding elder of the Honesdale district, 1875-79. He was married, Jan. 18. 1848, to Sarah Maria, daughter of Dr. Ransom H. Gibbons of Dormansville, N. Y. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the University of the City of New York in 1878. His pastorate covered a period of forty- five years and he retired in 1891. He was an ex- tensive contributor to the National Magazine, Quarterly Revieio, and Ladies' Repository ; edited "A View from Campbell's Ledge in Wyoming," by his father, and is the author of : T7ie Golden Age (1858); TJie Burial of Lincoln, a poem in Jesse T. Peck's " History of the Great Republic," and Tlie Flight of the Humming Birds, a poem (1895). He died at Scranton, Pa., March 31, 1900. PECK, Samuel Minturn, poet, was born in Tuscaloosa, Ala., Nov. 4, 1854; son of Elijah Wolsey and Lucy (Randall) Peck, and grandson of David and Christiana (Minturn) Peck, and of Samuel and Lucy (Lamb) Randall. He at- tended the public schools ; was graduated from the University of Alabama in 1876 ; studied medi- cine, and was graduated from Bellevue Hospital Medical college, N.Y., M.D., in 1879. He never practised his profession, but devoted himself to literary work, contributing his first work, a lyric entitled Tlie Orange Tree, to the New York Even- ing Post in 1878. He published long and short stories in the leading periodicals and also com- posed numerous lyrics, including: A Knot of Blue; Tlie Dimple in her Cheek ; Cupid at Court ; My Little Girl, and The Grape Vine Swing, all of which have been set to music. Among his pub- lished volumes are : Cap and Bells (1886) ; Rings and Love Knots (1893), and Rhymes and Roses (1895), all poems. PECKHAM, Mary Chase Peck, author, was born at Nantucket, Mass., July 15, 1839 ; daughter of Charles Miller and Adriana (Fisher) Peck ; granddaughter of Philip and Abigail (Chase) Peck and of Rufus and Mary (Pease) Fisher, and great-granddaughter of Capt. Jonathan Peck, a Revolutionary officer. She attended the Provi- dence high school and taught schools in that city, 1857-65. She was married, June 13, 1865, to Stephen F. Peckham (q.v.) and accompanied him to Southern California. On their return to Pro- vidence in 1866, she engaged in literary work, and in 1873, removing to Minneapolis, Minn., devoted herself to philanthropy. She was a mem- ber of the Rhode Island Woman Suffrage asso- ciation and of the Association for the Advance- ment of Women. She is the author of : Father GabrieVs Fairy (1873), and Windfalls Gathered Only for Friends (1894). She died at Ann Arbor, Mich., March 30, 1893. PECKHAM, Rufus Wheeler, jurist, was born in Rensselaerville, N.Y., Dec. 30, 1809; son of Peleg and Desire (Watson) Peckham ; and grand- son of Benjamin, Jr., and Mary (Hazard) Peck- ham. His parents removed to Cooperstown, N.Y., where he was prepared for college. He was graduated from Union in 1827 ; studied law ; was admitted to the bar, and in 1830 established himself in practice in Albany, N.Y. He was appointed district attorney of Albany county, 1838 ; was a Democratic representative in the 33d congress, 1853-55, and in June, 1855, resumed his law practice in partnership with Judge Lyman Tremain. He was a justice of the New York su- preme court, 1859-70, and a judge of the court of appeals, 1870-73. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Union college in 1870. He married in 1833, Isabella, daughter of the Rev. William B. and Hannah Lacey of Albany, N.Y. She died April 4, 1848, and in February, 1863, he married Mary E. Foote of Brooklyn, N.Y. His health failing, he sailed for France with his wife, and both perished in the wreck of the Ville du Havre, Nov. 33, 1873. PECKHAM, Rufus Wheeler, associate justice of the United States supreme court, was born in Albany, N.Y., Nov. 8, 1838; son of Judge Rufus Wheeler and Isabella (Lacey) Peckham. He attended school in Albany, N.Y., and in Phila- delphia, Pa., and studied law with his father, be- ing admitted to the bar in December, 1859. He was married, Nov. 14, 1866, toHarriette, daughter PECKHAM PECKHAM of Dan H. and Ilariiette Maria (Welles) Arnold of New York city. He was district attorney of Albany county, N.Y., 1868 ; corporation counsel of the city of Albany in 1880-81, and a justice of the supreme court of the state of New York, 1883-86, resign- ing,in 1886 to accept the office of judge of the court of appeals. He was appointed, Dec. 3, 1895, by Presi- dent Cleveland to fill the vacancy on the bench of the U.S. supreme court, caused by the death of Justice Howell E. Jackson, his appoint- "meut being duly con- firmed by the senate. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Union college in 189-4 ; by Yale university in 1896. and by Cohinibia university in 1901. PECKHAM, Samuel Wardwell, librarian, was born in Providence, R.I., July 5, 1814; son of Thomas and Sarah (Wardwell) Peckham. His father, collector of the port of Providence for many years, was a descendant of the Peck- hams, who were Quakers, and among the first settlers of Aquidneck. He was graduated from Brown university, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835 ; taught school ; studied law with Chief-Justice Richard W. Greene, and was admitted to the bar in 1836. He was librarian of the Providence Athenaeum, 1836-38 ; secretary, 1836-45 and 1856-57, and one of its constant directors, and was a member of the school committee, 1845-49 and 1855-57. He was married in 1846 to Margaret, daughter of Jacob and Mary Wanton (Lyman) Dunnell. She died of small-pox in 1849. Mr. Peckham was justice and clerk of the court of magistrates, 1846-53 ; a representative in the state assembly in 1854 ; justice of tlie police court, 1857-69 ; clerk of the municipal court during the summer of 1857, and master in chancery for over thirty years. He declined his election as president of the Athenaeum in 1888, but consented to serve in 1889 and was annually re-elected. Upon his death he bequeathed $4,000 to tlie Rhode Island hospital to establish a free bed in memory of hia wife. He was a member of tlie First Congrega- tional (Unitarian) society, 1845-95, and its presi- dent for several years. He is the author of : Re- ports of the Providence Athenceiim (1844, 1850, 1883 and 1886) ; Verses in Various Moods and on Various Occasions, and valuable contributions to library literature. He died in Providence, R.I. , June 29, 1895. PECKHAM, Stephen Farnum, chemist, was born at Fruit Hill, North Providence, R.I., March 26, 1839 ; son of Charles and Hannah Lapham (Farnum) Peckham ; grandson of Thomas Peckham of Providence, R.I., and a descendant of John Peckham of Newport, R.I., 1638, of John Howland of the Mayjlower and of Richard Scott, tlie first Quaker in Rliode Island. He attended the district schools and the Friends boarding scliool at Providence, and studied chemistry at Brown university. In 1861 he en- gaged in erecting an establishment for the manu- facture of illuminating oil from petroleum. He enlisted in the Federal army, Aug. 15, 1862, as hospital steward of the 7th R.I. regiment, and in 1864 had charge of the chemical department of tlie U. S. army laboratory at Philadelphia, being honorably discharged. May 26, 1865. He was chemist of the California Petroleum company, Santa Barbara county, Cal., 1865-66 ; a member of the California Geological survey, 1866-67, and prepared a report on the " Oil Interests of Southern California ; " was an instructor in chem- istry at Brown university, 1867-68 ; professor of chemistry at Washington college. Pa., 1868-69; professor of chemistry at the Maine State College of Agriculture, 1869-71 ; at Buchtel college, Ohio, 1871-72, and at the University of Minnesota, 1872-80. He returned to Providence in 1881. He was chemist of the Minnesota Geological survey ; special agent of the U. S. census ofliice, 1880-85 ; state assayer of Maine, Rhode Island and Minne- sota, and chemist of the Union Oil company of California, 1893-94. He investigated tlie problem of street paving with asphaltum and read a paper on the subject before the congress of chemists at the Columbian exposition. He made wide re- searches into the subject of bitumens and became a recognized expert, being for a number of years chemist to the commissioners of accounts of the city of New York. He was married, June 13, 1865, to Mary Chace, daughter of Charles Miller and Adriana (Fisher) Peck of Providence, R.I. She died in Ann Arbor, Mich., Mar. 20, 1892. He was elected a member of the New York Academy of Sciences in 1876 ; a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1870 ; a member of the Society of Chemical In- dustry in 1898 ; thelAmerican Philosopliical society in 1897, and the American Chemical society in 1898. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Brown university in 1870. He is the author of : Elementary Text Book on Chemistry (1873) ; a monograpli on Petruleina and its Pro- ducts fertile " Tenth Census of the United States" (1885) ; an article on Petroleum for the last original edition of the " Encylopa?dia Britannica " (1885), and many contributions to current scientific literature. PEEL PEET PEEL, Samuel W., representative, was born near Batesville, Independence county, Ark., Sept. 13, 1831 ; son of John W. and Elizabeth Peel; grandson of Ricliard Peel, who with his brothers, John, Thomas and James, sons of Thomas Peel, an immigrant from Ireland to Vir- ginia and thence to Kentucky with Daniel Boone, settled in Batesville in 1815. Samuel W. received a common scliool education and was clerk of the Carroll county court, 1858-61 ; was major of the 3d Arkansas militia in the state service in 1861 ; colonel of the 4th Arkansas volunteers. Confed- erate service, 1863-65, and saw service at Wilson's Creek, Prairie Grove, and in later engagements. He read law with his brother-in-law. Judge J. M. Pitman, and came to the bar in 1866. He was married, Jan. 80, 1853, to Mary E., sister of Senator J. H. Berry (q.v.), and practised law in Benton- ville. Ark., in pai-tnership with his brother-in- law, who removed to Bentonville in 1869. He was prosecuting attorney for the fourth judicial circuit, 1873-76, and Democratic representative from the fifth district of Arkansas in the 48th- 52d congresses, 1883-93, serving as chairman of the committee on Indian afifairs in the 50th and 52d congresses. PEELLE, Stanton Judkins, jurist, was born in Wayne county, Ind., Feb. 11, 1843 ; son of John Cox and Ruth ( Smith) Peelle ; grandson of William and Sally (Cox) Peelle, and of Eleazer and Ruth (Davis) Smith. He attended the public schools in Wayne and Randolph counties, Ind., and a seminary in Winchester, Ind., until the outbreak of the civil war, when he joined the 8th Indiana volunteers as corporal. He served at Pea Ridge, and for meritorious conduct in that battle was promoted 2d lieutenant, 57th Indiana volun- teers, Dec. 10, 1863, and took part in the battle at Stone's River, Tenn., serving on the left wing in General Crittenden's corps, and was slightly wounded. He was admitted to the bar, 1866 ; practised at Winchester, Ind., 1866-69, and re- moved to Indianapolis in 1869. He was twice married ; first, July 16, 1867. to Lou R. Perkins, daughter of Jonathan Perkins of South Bend, Ind., and secondly, Oct. 16, 1878, to Arabella, daughter of Judge Milton C. Canfield of Pains- ville, Ohio. He was a representative in the In- diana legislature, 1877-79 ; a representative from the seventh district in the 47th and 48th con- gresses, 1881-85 ; alternate delegate from the state at large to the Republican national conven- tion of 1888, and was chosen a delegate to that of 1893, but did not serve, having been appointed, March 28, 1893, a judge of the U. S. court of claims and took the oath of office, April 7, 1893. He also was elected a professor in the law de- partment of the Columbian university at Wash- ington, D.C., a trustee of Howard university and a member of the board of managers of the Young Men's Christian association of Washington, D.C. VIII. — 17 PEERS, Benjamin Orr, educator, was born in Loudoun county, Va., April 20,1800 ; son of Maj. Valentine Peers, a native of Ireland and soldier in the Revolutionary army, who married Elea- nor, daughter of John Alexander and Susannah (Grayson) Orr, and a descendant of the Rev. Alexander and Agnes (Dalrymple) Orr from Scotland. His parents removed to Kentucky in 1803. He was graduated at the Transylvania university in 1831, and entered Princeton Theolo- gical seminary, but left at the close of his first year. He afterward took orders in the Protes- tant Episcopal church, and settled in Lexington, Ky., where he established the Eclectic institute of which he was principal, 1834-27. He was presi- dent of Transylvania university, 1833-35 ; de- voted himself to furthering education in Ken- tucky, and established the public school system of the state. He edited the Sunday school publi- cations of the Episcopal church and the Journal of Christian Education, New York city. He is the author of National Education Suited to the United States (1838). He died in Louisville, Ky., Aug. 20, 1842. PEET, Harvey Prindle, educator, was born in Bethlehem, Conn., Nov. 19, 1794; son of Richard and Joanna (Prindle) Peet. He attended the district schools, and in 1810 engaged in teaching, thereby earning the money to prepare for college at Phillips academy, Andover, Mass. He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1822, A.M., 1825; was a teacher in the Amer- ican Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Hartford, Conn., 1822-31 ; principal of the New York Insti- tution for the Deaf and Dumb in New York city, 1831-67; president of the board of directors fourteen years, and emeritus principal of that institution, 1867-73. Under his direction the New York institution grew to be the largest and the most successful in the world. He was married, Nov. 27, 1823, to Mar- garet Maria, daughter of the Rev. Isaac Lewis, D.D. ; secondly, in 1835, to Sarah Ann, daughter of Dr. Matson Smith, and thirdly, Jan. 15, 1868, to Mrs, Louisa P. Hotchkiss. He received the degree LL.D. from the regents of the University of the State of New York in 1849, and that of Ph.D. from Gallaudet college in 1871. Of his sons, Isaac Lewis (q.v.) succeeded him as princi- pal of the institute; Edward (1826-1862.) was an instructor in the institute, 1848-62, and Dud- ley (1830-1863), was a practising physician and also Xffe^o^ PEET PEFFER assisted his father as an instructor in the in- stitute. He prepared a series of elementary books for deaf mutes, entitled Course of Instruc- tion for the Deaf and Diunb (1844-46) ; contributed articles on his specialty to the American Journal of Insanity, and to the Aiuerican Annals for tlie Deaf and Dumb, and is the author of : Scripture Lessons for the Deaf and Dumb (1846) ; Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb (1852) ; Report on Educa- tion of the Deaf and Dumb in Higher Branches (1852) ; Letters to Pupils on Leaving the New York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb {I85i); Legal Rights, etc.. of the Deaf and Dumb (1856), and History of the United States of America (1869). He died in New York city, Jan. 1, 1873. PEET, Isaac Lewis, educator, was born in Hartford. Conn.. Dec. 4, 1824; son of Harvey Prindle (q.v.) and Margaret Maria (Lewis) Peet. He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1845, A.M., 1849, and at Union Theological seminar}-, 1849, but was never ordained. He became instructor at the New York Institute for tlie Deaf and Dumb, conducted by his father, 1845 ; vice-principal in 1854 ; i>rin- cipal in 1867, when his father retired, and was retired as principal emeritus in 1892. He was married, June 27, 1854, to Mary, daughter of Alvah Toles of Forestville, N.Y. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Columbia in 1872. Dr. Peet was president of the Medico- Legal society of New York, 1886, and author of : A Monograph on Decimal Fractions ; Language Lessons for the Deaf and Dumb, and Manual of Vegetable Physiology, and revised and enlarged Dr. Dudley Peet's " Manual of Inorganic Cliemis- try." He died in New York city, Dec. 27, 1898. PEET, Stephen Denison, archagologist, was born in Euclid, Ohio, Dec. 2, 1830 ; son of Stephen and Martha (Denison) Peet ; grandson of Elijah and Betsey (Leavenworth) Peet and of Amos and Hannah (Williams) Denison, and a descendant from Capt. George Denison of the King Philip war, and from John (1597-1678) and Sarah (Os- borne) Peet. He was graduated from Beloit col- lege, A.B., 1851, A.M., 1854, Ph.D. 1896; studied theology at the Yale Divinity school. 1851-53, and was graduated from Andover Theological semin- ary in 1854. He was ordained to the Congrega- tional ministry in February, 1855, and was pastor at Genessee, "Wis., 1855-57; New London, Wis., 1857-59 ; Fox Lake, Wis., 1800-63 ; Racine, Wis., 1864-65; Elkhorn, Wis., 1865-66; New Oregon, Iowa, 1866-68 ; Chatham. Ohio, 1869-72 ; Ashta- bula. Ohio, 1873-76 ; Clinton, Wis., 1879-88, and Mendon, 111., 1&88-92. He removed to Chicago 1897. He was elected a member of the American Oriental society ; the American Antiquarian society ; the Victoria Institute of Great Britain ; the American Historical society ; the American Numismatic society of New York, and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He founded and edited the American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, 1879-1902 ; published the Oriental and Biblical Journal in 1881, and is the author of : Tlie Ashtabida Disaster (1879) ; History of Ashtabida County, O/a'o (1879); History of Early Missions in Wisconsin (1886) ; Religious Belief of the Aborigines of North America (1886) ; Myths and Sijmbols (1887) ; Emblematic Mounds and Animal Effigies (1890) ; The Moiuid Builders ; TJieir Works and Relics (1892) ; History of the E.r2)lorations in the Mis- sissippi Valley (1896) ; Cliff Dwellers and Pue- blos (1899) ; Ancient Monuments and Ruined Cities (1902). PEFFER, William Alfred, senator, was born in Cumberland county, Pa., Sept. 10. 1831 ; son of John and Elizabeth (Souder) Peffer, and a descendant of Philip Peffer, who emigrated from Holland about the middle of the 18th century and settled in central Pennsylvania. He attended the public schools of Cumberland county ; taught in a country school, 1846-49 ; went to the California gold mines, 1850-52, and was married, Dec. 28, 1852, to Sarah Jane, daughter of William Barber of Papertown, Pa. He settled in St. Joseph county, Ind., in 1853, as a farmer, removed to Morgan county, Missouri, in 1859, and engaged in farming and teach- ing. He delivered a speech there on the de- fence of the Union, July 4, 1860, and, obliged to move North on account of liis Union sen- timents, settled in Warren county, 111., in March, 1862. He enlisted as a private in the 83d Illi- nois volunteer infantry in August, 1862 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant the following March, serving in various responsible positions by detail — regimental quartermaster, adjutant, post- adjutant, judge advocate of a military commis- sion, and concluding his service as depot quarter- master in the engineering department at Nash- ville, Tenn. He was honorably discharged, June 26, 1865. He began his law practice in Clarks- ville, Tenn., in August, 1865, and attempted the organization of a conversative Union party, em- bodying the right of free schools, free speech and free pre.ss. He removed to Kansas in 1870 ; settled on a claim in Wilson county ; established a law practice, and began the publication of the Fredonia Journal. He was elected state senator V w> ^k T-t^rTU^l^'ff^^'r- PEGRAM PEGRAM in 1874, and was chairman of the joint legislative committee on the Centennial exposition in 1876. He engaged in the practice of law in the adjoin- ing county of Montgomery, 1875-78, and estab- lished the Coffeyville Journal in 1875. He was a presidential elector on the Garfield and Arthur ticket in 1880, and in 1881 became editor of the Kansas Farmer at Topeka. He was elected U.S. senator by the People's party and served, 1891-97 ; was chairman of the committee to examine the several branches of the civil service, and a mem- ber of the committees on claims, pensions, agricul- ture, census, railroads, and improvement of the Mississippi River. He was defeated as Prohibi- tion candidate for governor of Kansas in 1898, and took an active part in the campaign of 1900, favoring the re-election of McKinley. He wrote many articles on political science for the Forum and the North American Review, and is the author of : Myriorama (1869) ; The Carjjet Bag- ger in Tennessee (1869) ; Geraldine, or Wliat May Happen (1882) ; Peffer's Tariff Manual (1888) ; TJie Way Out (1890) ; TJie Farmers' Side (1891); Americanism in the Philippines (1900); Rise and Fall of Populism in the United States (1900), and in 1901 began the preparation of a subject index to the debates of congress from 1789 to date. PEQRAM, John, soldier, was born in Dinwid- dle county, Va., Nov. 16, 1773; son of Capt. Edward and Mary (Lyle) Pegram. His grand- father, Edward Pegram, came from England in the fall of 1699 with a party of engineers under Col. Daniel Baker, whose daughter, Mary Scott Baker, he married. Their second son, Capt. Edward Pegram (born about 1744, died, March 30, 1816) , was appointed " special commander " to de- fend his parish and county against the Indians, and thus became known as " King Pegram." He was also a captain in the American Revolution and a juror in the trial of Aaron Burr. John Pegram was a magistrate for more than twenty years, a member of the house of delegates for many years and of the state senate for eight years ; a rep- resentative in the 15tli congress, 1818-19, com- pleting the term of Peterson Goodwin, deceased ; major-general of state militia in the war of 1812, and U.S. marslial of the eastern district of Vir- ginia in Monroe's administi-ation. He married, first. Miss Coleman of Dinwiddle ; and secondly, Martha Ward Gregory, and was the father of fourteen children. He died in Dinwiddle county, Va., April 8, 1831. PEQRAM, John, soldier, was born in Peters- burg, Va., Jan. 24, 1832; son of James West (1803-1844) and Virginia (Johnson) Pegram, and grandson of John (q.v.) and Martha Ward (Gregory) Pegram and of William R. and Mary (Evans) Johnson. John Pegram was graduated from the U.S. Military academy in 1854 and was assigned to the dragoons. He served in Cal- ifornia, 1854-57 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant of 2d dragoons, March 3, 1855, and served in Kansas and Dakota, 1855-57. He was promoted first lieu- tenant, Feb. 28, 1857 ; was assistant instruct- or of cavalry at the U. S. Military academy, Jan. 12 to Sept. 11, 1857 ; served as adjutant of 2d dragoons in the Utah expedition, 1857-58 ; was on leave of absence in Europe, 1858-60, and served on the Navajo expedition of 1860. He was stationed in New Mexico, 1860-61, and resigned his commission May 10, 1861. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel in the provisional army of Virginia ; commanded a detachment of about 1300 men and four cannon at Ricli Moun- tain, Va., in July, 1861, and sent a force of 350 men and one cannon, with orders to guard the road at the mountain summit. The force was attacked by General Rosecrans and after a gallant defence defeated, and Colonel Pegram was forced to abandon his position, July 12, 1861. He retreated to Beverly and on account of scarcity of food, and on learning of Gen- eral Garnett's retreat, surrendered his force of 30 officers and 525 men to General McClellan, July 13, 1861. He was commissioned brigadier- general in the Confederate army, Nov. 7, 1862 ; was assigned to the command of a brigade made up of the 1st Georgia and 1st Louisiana cavalry regiments in Wheeler's cavalry corps, in the Army of Tennessee, and engaged in the battle of Stone's River, Tenn., where he was posted on the Lebanon Pike in the advance of Breckenridge's right. He was promoted major- general and took part in the battle of Chicka- mauga in command of the 2d division of Forrest's cavalry corps, and his divison was held in re- serve by General Breckinridge. He commanded a brigade in Early's division, Ewell's corps, in the Wilderness and at Cold Harbor, and when Early assumed command of the Confederate army in the Shenandoah Valley he succeeded to the command of Early's division and took a conspi- cuous part in the battles of Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. He commanded his divi- sion in Gordon's corps at Petersburg and Ricli- mond, December, 1864, to February, 1865. He was married in January, 1865, to Hetty Gary of Baltimore, Md. He was fatally wounded at Hatcher's Run near Petersburg, and died on the battlefield, Feb. 6, 1865. PEQRAM, Robert Baker, naval oflScer, was born in Dinwiddle county, Va., Dec. 10, 1811 ; son of Gen. John (q.v.) and Martha Ward (Gregory) Pegram. He was appointed midshipman in the U.S. navy, Feb. 2, 1829, and served in the Mediterranean squadron. He was promoted lieutenant, Sept. 8, 1841, and during the war with PEGRAM PEIRCE Mexico, served under Capt. David G. Farragut on the Saratoga. In 1852 he took part in the Japan expedition. He was engaged in the ex- pedition organized by the combined forces of tlie British ship Rattler and the U.S. vessel Potchatan against a piratical fleet of thirtj'-one junks, of which he captured sixteen, and also one hun- dred cannon with a loss to the pirates of GOO men. For this service he was personally thanked by Admiral Sir James Stirling, flag officer of tlie British East India squadron, and by the govern- ment of Hong Kong and Great Britain, and presented with a sword from the state of Vir- ginia. He was on duty in the Norfolk Navy yard, 1856-60 ; served in the Paraguay expedition nine months of 1858. and as a commissioner to define the limits of the Newfoundland fislieries in 1859. He resigned Ins commission in the U.S. navy, April 17. 1861, and was appointed captain in the Confederate navy. He was given com- mand of the Norfolk Navy yard after its evacua- tion by the Federal troops, April 21, 1861 ; forti- fied Pig Point on the Nansemond river, Va., and with its batteries disabled the U.S. steamer Harriet Lane, wliich was surveying and buoying the river. He commanded the steamer Xashville, October, 1861, to February, 1862. It was the in- tention of Mason and Slidell, the Confederate commissioners, to take passage on the Nashville, and for this purpose Pegram was to run the blockade from Charleston ; but they feared to take tlie chances, and wliile lie ran the blockade successfully in October. 1861, they were captured 0!i board the British mail steamer Trent. Pe- gram after capturing tlie Harvey Birch in the English channel, landed his prisoners at South- ampton and was held in port by the U.S. steamer Tuscarora until February, when he effected his escape and made harbor at Beaufort, N.C. He was detailed to superintend the armament of the iron-clad steamer Richmond, which he took to Drewry's Bluff, when he was transferred to the new iron-clad Virginia, the best vessel in the Confederate fleet. In 1864 funds were raised by Virginia to purchase and equip in England, a naval force to be called the Virginia volunteer navy, to be commanded by Captain Pegram. He went to England for the purpose, and had one vessel in readiness when Lee surrendered. He was married first to Lucy Binns Cargill of Sussex county, who was the mother of his seven chil- dren ; and secondly, to Sarah Leigh of Norfolk. His eldest son. John Cargill Pegram, was killed in battle before Petersburg. June 16, 1864, while a member of the staff of Gen. Matt. W. Ran.som of North Carolina who commanded the 4th bri- gade in Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson's division, Gen. R. H. Anderson's corps. Captain Pegram died in Norfolk, Va., Oct. 24, 1894. PEGRAM, William Johnson, soldier, was born in Richmond, Va., June, 29, 1841; son of James West (1703-1744) and Virginia (Johnson) Pegram. He was a student of law at the Uni- versity of Virginia in 1861 ; left to enlist in the Confederate artillery, and was rapidly advanced through the respective grades from private to colonel. He handled his battery. Purcell's artil- lery, A. P. Hill's division, with effectiveness at Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9, 1862, at Chancellors- ville, May 1-5, 1863, and in all the battles around Richmond and Petersburg, and was promoted to tlie rank of lieutenant-colonel. At Gettys- burg, July 1-3, 1863. he commanded a battal- ion ill Col. R. Lindsay Walker's reserve artillery and won tlie rank of colonel. He took part in the battles of the Wilderness and Cold Harbor and in the defence of Petersburg. He was promoted brigadier-general in 1865. His brother, Maj. James West Pegram, served on the staffs of Generals Armstead andEwell, surrendered with General Lee at Appomattox, was a prisoner at Johnsons Island for several months and died in 1881. Gen. W. J. Pegram was killed while directing his battalion in Mahone's division in the defence of Petersburg, April 2, 1865. PEIRCE, Benjamin, editor and librarian, was born in Salem, Mass., Sept. 30, 1778 : son of Jerah- mael (or Jerathmiel) and Sarah (Ropes) Peirce ; grandson of Jerahmael, of Charlestown. and Rebecca (Hurd) Peirce ; great-grandson of Benja- min, of Cliarlestown, and Hannah (Bowers) Peirce; greats-grandson of Robert, of Woburn, and Mary (Knight) Peirce ; and greats-grandson of John Pers, weaver, and Elizabeth Pers, who emigrated with four children in 1637, from Norwich, Eng- land, to Watertown, Mass, Benjamin Peirce was graduated from Harvard with the higliest honors of his class, A.B., 1801, A.M., 1804, and entered business with his fatlier in Salem, as a member of the firm of Peirce & Waite, having trade with China. He was a representative from Salem in the general court for several years and state senator, 1811. He was married, Dec. 11, 1803, to Lydia Ropes, daugliter of Ichabod and Lydia (Ropes) Nichols of Salem. He was librarian of Harvard college, 1826-31, and prepared A Cata- logue of the Library of Harvard Unii-ersity (4 vols. 1830-31), and .4 History of Harvard University from Its Foundation in the Year 16.36 to the Period of the American Revolution (1833). He died in Cambridge, Mass.. July 26, 1831. PEIRCE, Benjamin, mathematician and as- tronomer, was born in Salem, Ma.ss., April 4, 1809 ; son of Benjamin (q.v.) and Lj'dia Ropes (Nichols) Peirce. He was graduated from Har- vard university. A.B.. 1829. A.M., 18.33; tauglit at Round Hill school, Northampton, Mass.. 1829- 31 ; was tutor in mathematics at Harvard uni- PEIRCE PEIRCE (^; ^ versity, 1831-33 ; universit\- professor of mathe- matics and natural philosophy, 1833-42, and Per- kins professor of astronomy and mathematics, 1842-80. He was married, July 23, 1833, to Sarah Hunt, daughter of Elijah Hunt and Harriette (Blake) Mills of Northampton, Mass. While still a schoolboy he evinced decided orig- inal powers in the field of mathematics, and attracted the no- tice of his townsman, Nathaniel Bow ditch (q.v.), to whom he owed much during the period of his youth and early man- hood, for instruc- tion, counsel, friendly encouragement and backing. While still an undergraduate at Harvard college, he assisted Dr. Bowditch in reading the proof- sheets of the latter's translation of Laplace's " Mecanique Celeste," with its learned commen- tary, added by the translator. He was rather a worker and an investigator than a teacher, a large share of his study and labor being given to astro- nomy and later to cosinical physics and geodesy. For several years, about 1840, he took part in the actual night work of the old college observatory. He paid much attention to the theory of comets, and his lecture on the great comet of 1843 stimu- lated public interest in astronomy, and led to the foundation of the present Harvard observatory. His discussion in 1846 and 1847 of the discovery of Neptune and its relation to the labors of Lever- rier made him known to the scientific world. He was consulting astronomer to the American Eplie- meris and Nautical Almanac from its founda- tion in 1849 to 1867. He was with Joseph Henry and Alexander Dallas Bache, a member of the scientific council that organized the Dudley ob- servatory, under the direction of Dr. B. A. Gould, at Albany, N.Y,, in 1855. He had charge of the longitude determinations of the U.S. coast sur- vey, 1852-67, and on the death of Alexander D. Bache, succeeded him as superintendent of the survey in 1867, holding that office until 1874, at the same time retaining his professorship. He carried out Bache's plans for a great geodetic system extending from the Atlantic to the Gulf, thus laying the foundation for a general map of the United States, and he also superintended the work of measuring the arc of the parallel of 39 degrees to join the Atlantic and Pacific system of triangulation and for determining geographical positions in states where surveys were being made. He was in charge of the American expedition to Sicily to make observations on the eclipse of the sun in 1870, and organized two expeditious to ob- sei've the transit of Venus in 1874. Under his superintendency the name of the " Coast Survey " was altered to " Coast and Geodetic Survey," and its great function in unifying and helping for- ward the scientific enterprise of the country was raised to even a higher point than it had attained under Bache. He was a contributor to the pro- ceedings of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science ; to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and to the National Acad- emy of Sciences. The earlier volumes of Gould's Astronomical Journal contain several important papers from his hand. Among the subjects which he illuminated for his contemporaries, and on which, in some instances, portions of his work are in print, are : Espy's Theory of Storms ; the orbit of Neptune, and the perturbations of Ura- nus ; the general theory of perturbations ; the theory of Comets and Comets' Tails ; the Con- stitution of Saturn's Rings; the Meteoric Con- stitution of the Solar System and the Universe ; the Nebular Theory ; the Cooling of the Earth and the Sun ; the occultations of the Pleiades ; an ingenious and remarkable Criterion for the rejec- tion of Doubtful Observations ; Personal Equa- tion ; the motion of a Sling, a study in stable and unstable equilibrium ; the theory of the Billiard Ball ; the motions of two Pendulums attached to the same horizontal cord ; the forms of stable equilibrium of a fluid enclosed in an extensible sack, and floating in another fluid, — an investiga- tion in Morphology ; the so-called School-Girl Puzzle, an interesting and difiicult problem in cyclic permutation, which he generalized, and of which, in its generalized form, he put forth an able solution. His most elaborate writing was the treatise entitled Analytic Mechanics, of which the first two hundred pages appeared in 1855, and the complete volume (496 pp.) in 1857. In this work, he sought " to consolidate the latest researches of the great geometers and their most exalted forms of thought into a consistent and uniform treatise." At the time of its publication it was the most important mathematical treatise that had been produced in America. While he was still engaged upon his treatise, he became interested in Hamilton's great calculus of Quaternions, and his study of this subject led him to enter upon an enquiry into the possible systems of multiple algebra and the conditions by which they are determined. The enquiry resulted in his memoir on Linear Associative Algebra communicated to the Na- tional Academy of Sciences in 1870, issued in that year for private circulation, and first printed in 1881, under the editorship of his son, Charles S, PEIRCE PEIRCE Peirce (q.v.). Professor Peirce's mind reverted later to questions of cosmical physics, con- nected with his earlier astronomical work, and revived by the writings of Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin). He presented to the American Academj' of Arts and Sciences a series of notes on these questions during tlie years 1877-79 ; and a semi-popular account of his speculations on tlie matter is contained in his Ideality in the Physi- cal Sciences, (Lowell Institute lectures 1879). He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a member of the American Pliilosophical society ; a founder of tlie National Academy of Sciences ; an associate of the Royal Astronomical Society of London, and a foreign honorary fellow of the Royal societies of London, Edinburgh, and Gottingen. The honorary degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by the University of North Carolina in 1847, and by Harvard in 1867. He was an honorary fellow of the Univer- sity of St. Vladimir, at Kief, Russia. In associa- tion with Professor Josepli Lovering, he issued in 1843 five numbers of the Cambridge Miscellany of Mathematics and Physics ; and is the author of: An Elementary Treatise on Plane and Spherical Trigonometry (1835-3G), afterward extended to include Navigation, Surveying and Spherical As- tronomy; An Elementary Treatise on Sound (1836); All Elementary Treatise on Plane and Solid Geo?nefrt/( 1837), printed forthe blind (1840) ; An Elementary Treatise on Algebra (1837); An Elementary Treatise on Curves, Functions, and Forces {2 vols. 1841-46): Tables of the Moon (1853), for the American Ephemeris; A System of Analy- tic Mechanics (1855-57); Linear Associative Alge- bra (lithographed in 1870, printed in 1881, in the American Journal of Mathematics, and in a sepa- rate volume); Ideality in tlie Physical Sciences (1881). His name in "Class H, Scientists," re- ceived fourteen votes for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans. New York univer- sity, October, 1900. He died in Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 6, 1880. PEIRCE, Benjamin Osgood, physicist, was born in Beverly, Mass., Feb. 11, 1854; son of Benjamin Osgood and Mehetable Osgood (Sec- comb) Peirce ; grandson of Benjamin and Re- becca (Orne) Peirce, and of Ebenezer and Mary (Marston) Seccomb of Salem ; great-grandson of Benjamin of Ciiarlestown and Salem, killed at the battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775, and of Mary (Waite) Peirce ; greats-grandson of Jerah- mael Peirce of Charlestown, and a descendant of John Pers, Watertown, Mass., 1637. He was graduated from Harvard in 1876, and was an as- sistant in the physical laboratory, 1876-77. He studied in Berlin and Leipzig, Germany, 1878-79, receiving the degrees A.M. and Ph.D. from the University of Leipzig in 1879, and was a teacher in the Boston Latin school, 1880-81. He was in- structor in matliematics at Harvard, 1881-84, as- sistant professor of mathematics and physics, 1884-88, and was elected Hollis professor of math- ematics and natural i>hilosophy in 1888. He was married, July 27, 1882, to Isabella TurnbuU Landreth of Edinburgh, Scotland. He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is the author of : Tlieory of the Neiotonian Potential Function (1886); Table of Integrals (1899), and many scientific papers on physics and mathematics. PEIRCE, Bradford Kinney, author, was born in Royalston, "Windsor county, Vt., Feb. 3, 1819 ; son of the Rev. Thomas and Huppy Peirce. He was graduated from Wesleyan university. Conn., in 1841 ; joined the New England Conference of the IMethodist Episcopal church in 1843 ; was stationed at Waltham, Mass., 1843-44, and at Newburyport, Mass., 1844-45, where he was editor of the Sunday School Messenger ; at Charlestown, Mass., 1846-47, and located in Boston, Mass., as agent of the American Sunday School union, 1847-56. He was married, Aug. 5, 1841, to Har- riet W. Thompson of Middletown, Conn. He was a state senator, 1855-56 ; was appointed trustee of the Massachusetts Industrial School for Girls in 1856, and was superintendent and chap- lain of the institution, 1856-62. He was a trustee of Wesleyan university, 1871-82, and secretary of the board of trustees, 1871-74. He joined the New England conference at Watertown, Mass., in 1862 ; was chaplain of the House of Refuge, Randall's Island, N.Y., 1863-72; editor of Zion's Herald, 1872-88, and superintendent of Newton free library, 1888-89. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Wesleyan uni- versity in 1868. He is the author of : Temptation (1840); Tlie Eniinent Dead (18i6); Bible Scholars' Mamial (1847); ^'otes of the Acts (1848); Bible Questions (3 vols., 1848); Life in the TT'oorfs .• Ad- ventures of Audubon (1863); Hymns and Ritual for the House of Refuge (1864); Trials of an In- ventor: Life and Discoveries of Charles Goodyear (1866); Stories from Life which the Chajilain Told (1866); Seq^iel of Stories from Life (1867); A Half Century xoith Juvenile Offenders (1869); Chaplain with the Children (1870); The Young Shetlander and His Home {\870); Hymns of the Higher Life (1871), and a new annotated edition of the Proceedings of tlie 3Iassachusetts State Con- vention of 17SS (1856). He died at Newton, Mass., April 19, 1889. PEIRCE, Charles Sanders, scientist, was born in Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 10, 1839 ; .son of Ben- jamin and Sarah Hunt (Mills) Peirce, and grand- son of Benjamin Peirce, historian of Harvard col- lege, and of Elijah Hunt Mills, U.S. senator from Massachusetts. He was graduated from Harvard, PEIRCE PEIRCE A.B., 1859, A.M., 1862, and from the Lawrence Scientific school, S.B., 1863. Entering the ser- vice of the U.S. coast survey, and in 1872 made assistant in that capacity, he undertook impor- tant investigations on the density and ellipticity of the earth, on metrology, measurements of light waves, etc. His researches into logic, his- tory of science, sensation of color and stellar pho- tometry, are well known. He was twice married, first in 1862, to Melusina Fay (q.v.), secondly to Juliette Froissy of Nancy, France. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences, in 1877, and other scientific bodies admitted him to member- ship ; Harvard collegeand Johns Hopkins univer- sity appointed him to lectureships on logic, and in 1869 and 1892 he delivered courses of lectures before the Lowell Institute in Boston. He is the author of : Photometric Researches (1878) ; fre- quent contributions to the Nation and other jour- nals, and many memoirs and articles on logic, psychology, metaphysics, mathematics, gravita- tion, astronomy, optics, chemistry, engineering, library cataloguing and early English pronuncia- tion ; edited, with additions, " Studies in Logic by Members of the Johns Hopkins University " (1883), and " Linear Associative Algebra " by Benjamin Peirce (1882); contributed most of the philoso- phical and many other definitions in the " Cen- tury Dictionary," and wrote many articles in the '• Dictionary of Pyschology and Philosophy." PEIRCE, Ebenezer Weaver, soldier, was born in Freetown, Mass., April 5, 1822; son of Ebene- zer and Joanna (Weaver) Peirce ; grandson of Capt. Job and Elizabeth (Rounsville) Peirce, and of Col. Benjamin and Amy (Brownell) Weaver, and a descendant of Abraham and Rebecca Peirce, who came to America as early as 1623, and settled in Plymouth colony. Ebenezer W. Peirce attended the Freetown academy, and later removed to Lakeville, Mass. He was married, Dec. 13, 1849, to Irene Isabel, daughter of Capt. Sylvanvis Paj-ne, of Freetown, and until the be- ginning of the civil war held several important local offices. He was commissioned major of the Old Colony regiment in 1844 ; brigadier-general of state militia in 1855, and accompanied Gen. B. F. Butler to Fort Monroe, where he was placed in command of a brigade made up of five New York three months' militia regiments, detachments from the 4tli Massachusetts and 1st Vermont militia and four guns of the regular U.S. artillery, commanded by Lieutenant Greble. With this force of 3500 men he conducted the attack on the Confederate force under Col. J. B. Magruder at Big and Little Bethel, June 10, 1861. His com- mand under explicit orders from General Butler was to concentrate near Little Bethel, where ad- ditional troops from Newport News were to join him, and together they were to attack the enemy. The advancing columns, each mistaking the other for the enemy, opened fire, which warned the Confederates, and after a short skirmish. General Peirce was obliged to retreat. He was given command of the 29th Massachusetts volunteers, Dec. 31, 1861 ; assigned to the 2d brigade, 1st division, 2d army corps, and lost an arm in the battle of White Oak Swamp, Va., June 30, 1862. He returned to his regiment in the 2d brigade, 1st division, 9th corps. Army of the Ohio, and was present at the defence of Knoxville, Tenn., Nov- ember-December, 1863. He resigned his commis- sion in November, 1864. He was appointed collec- tor of internal revenue for the first district of Mass- achusetts, b}- President Johnson, in August, 1866, but the appointment was not confirmed by the senate. He is the author of : The Peirce Family of the Old Colony (1870); Contributions, Bio- graphical, Genealogical and Historical (1874); Indian History, Biography and Genealogy (1878); Civil, Military and Prof essional Lists of Plymouth and Rhode Island Colonies (1881). General Peirce was one of the few general officers of the volun- teer service to survive the century and in 1903 he was residing at Freetown, Mass. PEIRCE, James Mills, mathematician, was born in Cambridge, Mass., May 1, 1834; son of Benjamin (q.v. ) and Sarah Hunt (Mills) Peirce. He was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1853, A.M., 1856 ; was a tutor there, 1854-58 and 1860-61 ; as- sistant professor of mathematics, 1861-69 ; uni- versity professor of mathematics, 1869-85 ; Per- kins professor of astronomy and mathematics from 1885 ; secretary of the academic council, 1872-90 ; dean of the graduate school, 1890-95. and dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, 1895-98, His courses of instruction at first covered analytic geometry, elementary and modern ; the diffei-en- tial and integral calculus ; the theory of func- tions and mechanics ; besides elementary and subsidiary branches. Later he confined his teach- ing chiefly to quaternions ; the general theory of algebraic plane curves and of triangular and tetrahedral co-ordinates ; linear associative alge- bra; the elements of the algebra of logic. His administrative duties were as secretary and dean. He was elected a member of the American As- sociation for the Advancement of Science and of the American Mathematical society and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sci- ences, and is the author of : A Text-Book of An- alytic Geometry (1857) ; Three and Four Place Tables of Logarithmic and Trigometric Functions (1871) ; Tlie Elements of Logarithms (1873), and Mathematical Tables chiefly to Four Figures (1st series, 1879) ; and editor of his father's last work " Idealty in the Physical Sciences," which was published in 1881. PEIRCE PELOUBET PEIRCE, Melusina Fay, author and organizer, was born iu Burlington, Vt.. Feb. 24, 1836; daughter of the Rev. Ur. Charles and Emily (Hopkins) Fay; granddaughter of Judge Samuel Phillips Prescott and Harriet (Howard) Fay and of the Rt.-Rev. John Henry and Melusina (Miilh-r) Hopkins, and lineally descended from John Fay, colonist, 1656, from Mistress Anne Hutchinson (q.T.), and from the Rev. Peter Bulkeley (q.v.). She attended the Young Ladies' School of Prof. Louis Agassiz at Cambridge, Mass., and was married to Charles Sanders Peirce (q.v.) in 18G-2. Originating the theory that cooperative housekeeping by housekeepers, and cooperative farming by farmers are the only possible cure for modern poverty, she organized the Cambridge Cooperative Housekeeping Association, 1870; also the Boston Woman's Education association, 1871, and the Cambridge Woman's union, 1877. She contributed essays and reviews to the Atlantic Monthly, 1868-77, and was music critic on the Boston Post, 1877-78, and on the Chicago Evening Journal, 1882-84. She proposed and started the New York Women's World Fair committee, 1876 ; the New York women's movement for cheap summer-night concerts, 1895 ; the New York movement to save the Poe cottage, 1896, and Fraunces Tavern, 1897. Slie proposed and organiz- ed the street cleaning committee of the Ladies' Health Protective Association of New Y'ork, 1887- 88 ; the Women's Philharmonic Society of New York, 1898-99, and the Women's Auxiliary to the American Scenic and Historic Preservation society. New York, 1900-01. She is the author of : Cooperative Housekeeping : How not to do it, and How to do it (1884); Cooperative Housekeeping (1889), and edited Amy Fay's " Music-Study in Germany " (1881 ; 19th ed., 1900). PEIRCE, 'William Foster, educator, was born at Cliicopee Falls, Mass., Feb. 3, 1868; son of Levi Merriam and Mary Hobbs (Foster) Peirce ; grandson of Levi and Polly (Merriam) Peirce of West Boylston, Mass., and of William and Calista (Ward) Foster of Norway, Maine, and a descendant of John Peirce, Watertown, Mass., 1637. He was graduated at Amherst college, A.B., 1888, A.M., 1892, and was a graduate student at Cornell university in philo- .sophy and economics, 1889-90. He was a teacher in a boys' boarding school at Mount Hermon, Mass., 1890-92, and substitute professor of psycho- logy and pedagogy in Ohio university at Athens in the spring of 1892. He was elected Spt-ncer and Wolfe professor of moral and mental philo- sophy at Kenyon college, Gambler, Ohio, in Sep- tember, 1892, acting also as professor of history, l«92-96. In 1896 he was elected president of Kenyon college to succeed D. Theodore Sterling. In the same year Hobart college conferred unon him the honorary degree of L.H.D. In 1894 he was ordained to the diaconate in the Episcopal church, and was advanced to the priesthood in 1901. He was secretary and treasurer of the Ohio Society for Psychological and Pedagogical Inquiry and a member of the Knox County and Ohio State Teachers' associations, and of the Ohio College association. He was married, June 18, 1891, to Louise Stephens, daughter of Ansel Fagan of Hackettstown, N.J., a graduate of Vassar col- lege, 1888. PELLICIER, Anthony Domenec Ambrose, R. C. bishop, was born in St. Augustine, Fla., Dec. 7, 1824. He attended St. Joseph's college, Ala., and was ordained priest, Oct. 15, 1850, by- Bishop Portier of Mobile. He was j^astor of St. Peter's church, Montgomery, Ala., and founded churches in Camden and Selma, Ala. He was transferred to the cathedral at Mobile in 1865, and was appointed a member of the bishop's council and vicar-general in 1867. He served as chaplain in the Confederate army during the civil war. He was consecrated bishop of the diocese of San Antonio, Texas, Dec. 8, 1874, at the cathedral at Mobile by Archbishop Perche of New Orleans, assisted by Bishops Fitzgerald of Little Rock, and Gibbons of Richmond. During his administration he visited every parish in his diocese, on horseback, built several churches and schools, and the exposure undermined his health. He died at San Antonio, Texas, April 14, 1880. PELOUBET, Francis Nathan, clergyman and author, was born in New York city, Dec. 2, 1831 ; son of Chabrier and Harriet (Hanks) Peloubet ; grandson of Alexander Joseph and Elizabeth (Al- cott) de Chabrier de Peloubet and of Joseph and Anna(Frary)Hanks. His grandfather, Alexander Joseph de Chabrier de Peloubet, was born at the Chateau de Peloubet, an estate near Luzon, Lot- et-Garonne, France, and arrived in New York iu October, 1803. The family received their patent of nobility in 1603. Francis N. Peloubet was graduated from Williams in 1853, and from the Bangor (Maine) Theological seminary in 1857, and was ordained to the Congregational minis- try. He was married, April 28, 1859, to Mary Abby, daughter of Sidnej' and Sophronia (Chase) Thaxter of Bangor, Maine. He was pastor of the Lanesville (Gloucester) Congregational church, 1857-60 ; pastor at Oakham, 1861-66 ; Attleboro, 1867-71 ; Natick, 1872-83, all of Massachusetts. In 1884 he gave up the active ministry for author- siiip, and after 1889 made his home at Auburndale, Mass. He became widelj' known as the author of lesson books, etc., for Sundaj'-schools, his Select Notes on the International Sunday-School Lessons (28 vols., 187.5-1902), reaching a sale of more than a million copies. The Universitv of Tennessee conferred upon him the honorarj- PEMBERTON PENDER degree of D.D. in 1884. Besides the Select Notes already mentioned, lie is the author of : Sunday - Sdtool Quarterlies for the Scholars (3d and 4th grades, 1880-1902) ; Suggestive Illustrations on Matthew, on John, and on Acts (3 vols., 1898- 99) ; The Loom of Life (1900) ; The Teachers' Com- mentary on the New Testament, Matthew (1901), and ^cis (1902). He also edited : " Smith's Bible Dictionary" (rev. ed., 1884); "Select Songs for the Sunday-School" (Nos. 1 and 2,1884,1893), and revised and unified "Helps for the Oxford Teacher's Bibles" (1903). PEMBERTON, John Clifford, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 10, 1814; son of John and Rebecca (ClilTord) Pemberton ; grand- son of Joseph and Mary (Galloway) Pemberton, and greats-grandson of Israel Pemberton, merchant (1665-1754). He matriculated at the University of Pennsylvania in the class of 1834, but left in Ills junior year. He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy in 1837 and promoted in the army 2d lieutenant, 4th artillery, July 1, 1837. He served in tlie Florida war against the Seminole Indians, 1837-39, and on the northern frontier during the Canada border disturbances, 1840-41. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, March 19, 1842 ; was in garrison, 1842-45 ; in military occupation of Texas, 1845-46. and took part in nearly all the battles in the war with Mexico. He received the brevet of captain, Sept. 23, 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the several conflicts at Monterey, and major, Sept. 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Molino del Rey. He was married in 1848 to 3Iartha, daughter of William Henry Thompson of Norfolk, Va. He served as aide-de-camp to General Worth, 1846-49 ; in Florida against the Seminoles, 1849-50 and 1856-57 ; was promoted captain, 4th artillery, Sept. 16, 1850, and was detailed on frontier duty, 1857-61. He resigned his commission in the U.S. army, April 29, 1861, and was appointed lieutenant-colonel of Vii-ginia state militia intrusted with organization of the artillery and cavalry. He was commissioned colonel, May 8, 1861, and major-general, Feb. 13, 1862. He was appointed to the command of the department of South Carolina and Georgia with headquarters at Charleston, and was relieved by Gen. G. T. Beauregard, Sept. 15, 1862. On Oct. 13, 1862, he was promoted lieutenant-general C.S.A., and on the 14th superseded Gen. Eaii Van Dorn in command of the Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana, owing to the disastrous defeat of Van Dorn at Corinth. He established his headquai-ters at Jackson, Miss., where commanded the Confederate forces com- posed of 25,000 men. On March 24, 1862, when the commands of Pemberton and Bragg were placed under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, with headquarters at Chattanooga, Pemberton com- manded the army in defence of Chickasaw Bluffs, Dec. 27, •1862-Jan. 3. 1863. He opposed General Grant's army at Baker's Creek, May 16, 1863, and after four hours of hard fighting fell back across the Big Black River to Vicksburg, May 19, 1863. The siege of Vicksburg lasted till July 4, 1863, when owing to a scarcity of ammuni- tion and provisions, and having lost all hope of being re-enforced by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, Pemberton surrendered his entire army of 29,491 oflficers. soldiers and non-combatants. Ke was paroled, returned to Richmond, and resigned his commission in the Confederate States army, but was re-appointed inspector of ordnance with the rank of colonel. After the war he retired to Warrenton, Va., and in 1876 moved to Perth Amboy, N.J., and subsequently to Philadelphia, Pa. He is the author of : The Terms of Surrender in " Battles and Leaders of the Civil War," Vol. HI. He died at Penllyn, Pa., July 13, 1881. PENDER, William Dorsey, soldier, was born in Edgecombe county. N.C., Feb. 6, 1834 ; son of James and Sarah (Routh) Pender. He was grad- uated from the U. S. Military academy, and pro- moted brevet 2d lieutenant, 1st artillery, July 1, 1854. He served in Florida against the Indians, 1854-55; was promoted 2d lieutenant, 2d artilleiy, Aug. 16, 1854, and was on frontier duty, 1856-59, in New Mexico, Washington, Oregon and Cali- fornia. He was married, March 3, 1859, to Mary Frances, daughter of the Hon. Augustine H. Shepperd of North Carolina. He was adjutant of the 1st dragoons, Nov. 8, 1860, to Jan. 31, 1861, and resigned his commission in the U. S. army, March 21, 1861. He was commissioned captain of artillery in the provisional army of the Con- federate States and had charge of recruiting in Baltimore, Md., up to May, 1861, when he re- turned to North Carolina and served as drill mas- ter at Raleigh and Garrysburg. He was chosen colonel of the 3d N. C. volunteers, May 16, 1861 ; was transferred to the 6th N. C. regiment, Aug 15, 1861, and served in Whiting's brigade. Smith's divison, left wing of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army in the Peninsular campaign. In the battle of Fair Oaks, Va. , May 31~Juue 1 , 1862, by a sudden flank movement he extricated his regiment from a perilous position, thereby saving the entire division, and for this service he was promoted on the field by President Davis to the rank of brig- adier-general. He commanded the 6th brigade, composed of the 2d Arkansas battalions, 16th. 22d, 34th, and 38th North Carolina; regiments and the 22d Virginia battalion, forming part of A. P. Hill's division, in the Army of Northern Virginia in the seven days' battles before Richmond, June 25-July 1, 1862 ; in Magruder's command. Hill's division, at second Bull Run, Aug. 16-Sept. 2, PENDLETON PENDLETON 1863, and iu the Marylaiid eainpiiign in Jackson's command. At Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 18G2, he was praised for the steadiness of his brigade. He opened the battle at Cliancellors- ville. May 3, 1803, and, although wounded, com- manded the division until relieved by Gen. R. E. Colston. He was promoted major-general, May 27, 1863, and his division, composed of the brig- ades of Generals Scales, Lane, Thomas and McGowan in A. P. Hills 3d army corps, was conspicuous at Gettysburg when he drove the Federals from the woods on Seminary Ridge, July 2, 1863, and was wounded by a fragment of shell. It was found necessary to amputate his leg and he did not survive tlie operation. He died at Staunton, Va.. July 18, 1863. PENDLETON, Edmund, jurist, was born in Caroline county, Va., Sept. 9, 1731 ; son of Henry Pendleton, and grandson of Philip and Isabella (Hurt) Pendleton. Piiilip Pendleton emigrated from Norwich, England, in 1674, settled iu Vir- ginia and was buried in King and Queen countj'. Edmund Pendleton received no school training, but early in life became assistant to the clerk of Caroline county, under whom he had an oppor- tunity to read law. He was licensed to practise law in 1744, became justice of the peace in 1751, and was a member of the Virginia house of bur- gesses, 1753-74. He declared tiie stamp act un- constitutional, and that it did not bind the in- habitants of Virginia ; was a member of the committee of correspondence in 1773, a member of the colonial convention of 1774, called by reason of the Boston port-bill, and of which he was elected president. He was chosen by that body a delegate to the 1st continental congress, serving from Sept. 5. 1774, to Oct. 26, 1774, and accompanied George Washington, Peyton Ran- dolph, Richard Henry Lee, Benjamin Harrison and Patrick Henry to Philadelphia in September, 1774. As president of the Virginia convention of 1774, he was the governor of the embryo colony until the state constitution was framed and adopted in May, 1776, when he again served as president and was also appointed president of the committee of safety. He drew up the instruc- tions of tiie Virginia convention to the delegates in congress, proposing a declaration of independ- ence, in wiiich document he expressed the sen- timents of Virginia in the words used almost verbatim in the declaration itself as written by Jefferson. He belonged to the planter class, and his position as head of the committee of safety gave him the control of the militia and of the foreign correspondence of Virginia. Wlien the state government was organized under the con- stitution he was elected speaker of the house of burgesses, and with George Wythe and Thomas Jefferson revised the colonial laws. He was re- elected speaker in 1777, and upon the organiza- tion of the court of cliancery was made its presi- dent by a unanimous vote, and was transferred to the head of tiie court of appeals on its forma- tion in 1779, holding tlie office up to the time of his death. He was president of the state conven- tion that ratified the Federal constitution and was its most eloquent advocate before the conven- tion. In 1789 President Washington appointed him judge of the U.S. district court of Virginia, but he declined the office. He wrote a protest against waging war against France in 1789, claim- ing that government to be a " sister republic." He died in Richmond. Va.. Oct. 23, 1803. PENDLETON, George Hunt, senator, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, July 25, 1825 ; son of Na- thaniel Greene (q.v.) and (Hunt) Pen- dleton. He attended the University of Heidel- berg, and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati, Ohio. He was married in 1846 to Alice, daugh- ter of Francis Scott and Mary Tayloe (Lloyd) Key. He was .state senator, 1854-56, and a Demo- cratic representative in the 35th-38th congresses, 1856-65. He was one of the leading candidates for the Democratic nomination for President in 1860, and was nominated for Vice-President on the ticket with George B. McClellan for Presi- dent in 1864. He was a member of the Philadel- phia Loyalist convention in 1866, and was de- feated in the election for governor of the state of Ohio by Rutherford B. Hayes in 18G9. He was chosen president of the Kentucky railroad com- pany in 1869, and in 1879 was elected to the U.S. senate, serving until March 4, 1885. He was chairman of the committee on civil service re- form, and was instrumental in securing the pas- sage of the civil service law, June 26, 1882. He was appointed U.S. minister to Germany by Pres- ident Cleveland in 1885, serving 1885-89. He died in Brussels, Belgium, Nov. 24, 1889, PENDLETON, John Overton, representative, was born in Wellsburgh, Brooke county, Vir- ginia, July 4, 1851 ; son of Maj. Joseph H. (C.S. A.) and Margaret (Ewing) Pendleton ; grandson of Dr. Joseph Winston and Elizabeth (Goodwin) Pend- leton and of Albert G. and Jane (Campbell) Ewing, and a descendant of Philip Pendleton, New Kent, Va., 1674 ; of Maj. James Goodwin, York, Va., 1648 ; of William Ewin, Rockingham, Va., 1761, and of Alexander Campbell, Bethanj', Va., 1810. He removed with his parents to Wheeling and attended Aspen Hill academy, Louisa county, Va., 1865-69, and Bethany college, West Va. , 1869-70. He established a law practice in Wheeling in April, 1874, and became active in politics. He was the Democratic nominee for state senator in 1886, but was defeated ; was given a certificate of election as representative from the first congressional district of West Virginia in PENDLETON PENDLETON the 51st congress in 1888 and took his seat which was successfully contested by George W. Atkin- son, who succeeded him on Feb. 27, 1890. He was re-elected to the 52d and 53d congresses, serving, 1891-95. PENDLETON, John Strother, representative, was born in Culpeper county, Va., March 1, 1802 ; son of William and Ann (Strother) Pendleton ; grandson of James and Mary (Bowie) Pendleton ; great-grandson of Henry and Mary (Taylor) Pendleton, and a descendant of Philip Pendleton of Norwich, England, who immigrated to Amei'ica in 1674 and married Isabella Hurt. He was a leading lawyer of Culpeper county ; mem- ber of the Virginia legislature for several years prior to 1840 ; charge d'affaires to the republic of Chili, 1841-44 ; representative from tlie Culpeper district in the 30th and 31st congresses, 1845-49, and U. S. minister resident to the Argentine Con- federation, 1852-54. In conjunction with Gen. R. C. Schenck of Ohio, who was at the time U. S. Minister to Brazil, he negotiated a treaty with Paraguay and Uruguay. He died in Culpeper county, Va., Nov. 19, 1868. PENDLETON, Louis (Beauregard), author and journalist, was born at Tebeauville (now Waycross), Ga., April 21, 1861; son of Philip .Coleman and Catharine (Tebeau) Pendleton ; grandson of Coleman Pendleton, a Virginian, who settled in Georgia, and married Martha, daughter of Benjamin Gilbert, a captain in the Revolution, and great-grandson of Capt. Philip Pendleton also an officer of the Revolution. His father was editor (1840-45) of The Magnolia, the first maga- zine ever published south of Richmond, Va. Louis attended the Valdosta, Ga., high school. Later he was a student for two years at the College of the New Jerusalem Church, Phila- delphia, also taking a course in modern languages at the Berlitz school. In 1899 he became a mem- ber of the editorial staff of the Macon, Ga., Tele- graph. He is the author of : Bewitched (1888) ; la the Wire-Grass (1889) ; King Tom and the Riinawarjs (1890) ; The Wedding Garment (1894) ; The Sons of Ham (1895) ; In the Okefinokee (1895) ; Corona of the Nantahalas (1895) ; Carita (1898) ; A Forest Drama (1902) ; Little Tiger Tail (1902), and short stories contributed to iieriodicals. PENDLETON, Nathaniel, jurist, was born in Culpeper county, Va., in 1756. He joined the Rev- olutionary army, 1775 ; was promoted brevet- major, serving as aide-de-camp to Gen. Nathanael Greene, and received the thanks of congress for his gallantry at Eutaw Springs, S.C, Sept. 8, 1781. On the close of the war he studied law in Georgia and was subsequently appointed U. S. district judge. He was proposed to President Washing- ton as a candidate for the office of secretary of state, but was objected to by Alexander Hamil- ton, who afterward became his friend and for whom Pendleton acted as second in his duel with Aaron Burr. He was a delegate to the Federal constitutional convention in 1787, but was not present when the constitution of the United States was signed. He was a member of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati. In 1796 he settled in practice in New York city, where he married his second wife, Susan, daughter of Dr. John Bard (q.v.). He became judge of Duchess county, residing on a farm at Hyde Park, N.Y., where he died, Oct. 20, 1821. PENDLETON, Nathaniel Greene, representa- tive, was born in Savannah, Ga., in August, 1793 ; son of Nathaniel Pendleton, jurist (q.v.) He was graduated at Columbia college in 1813, and was married to a Miss Hunt. He was aide-de-camp on the staff of Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines, U.S.A., 1813-15; removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1818, where he practised law, was a member of the state senate, 1825-27, and a representative fi'om the first district in the 27th congress, 1841- 43. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, June 16, 1861. PENDLETON, William Kimbrough, educator, was born in Louisa county, Va., Sept. 3, 1817; son of Edmund and Unity Yancey (Kimbrough) Pendleton, and great-grandson of John Pendleton, who was a brother of Judge Edmund Pendleton (q.v.). He was graduated in an elective course of classical, scientific and philosophical studies, and from the law department of the University of Virginia, and was admitted to the bar in 1840. In the same year he was married to Lavinia Macgregor ; secondly, in 1847, to Clarinda, both daughters of Alexander and Margaret (Brown) Campbell, and thirdly, in 1855, to Catharine Hunt- ington, daughter of Judge Leicester King of Warren, Ohio. In 1840 he removed to Bethany, Va., to take part in the founding of Bethany college, in which institution he was professor and vice-president until 1866, when he succeeded Mr. Campbell as president. From 1846 till its discon- tinuance in 1870, he was co-editor of the Millennial Harbinger, and from then until his death was on the staff of The Christian Standard. He was senatorial representative in the West Virginia state constitutional convention of 1877, and a member of the committee on finance and educa- tion. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1873. He was state superintendent of public schools in 1873, during this term practically framing the school law, which stood without material change for twenty years, and subsequently served in the same office four years. He died at Bethany, W. Va.. Sept. 1. 1899. PENDLETON,William Nelson, clergyman and soldier, was born in Richmond, Va., Dec. 26, 1809 ; son of Edmund, Jr., of Caroline County ,Va., PENDLETON PENICK and Lucy (Nelson) Pendleton, and a descendant of Philip and Isabella (Hurt) Pendleton, who catne from Norwich. England, to Virginia in 1674, and of Thomas Nelson ("Scotch Tom") who came from Penrith. England, to Virginia in 1705. He was graduated from the LT.S. Military acad- emy and piomoted brevet 2d lieutenant and 2d lieutenant. 2d artillery, July 1, 1830. He was assistant professor of mathematics at the acad- emy, 1831-32 ; was transferred to the 4th artillery, Oct. 27, 1832: was in garrison at Fort Hamilton, N.Y., 1832-33. and resigned his commission in the army, Oct. 31, 1833, to accept the chair of mathe- , matics in Bristol col- lege. Penn. He was professor at Dela- ware college, New- ark, Del., 1837-38; was admitted to the diaconate of the P.E. churcli in 1837, and to the priesthood in 1838. In 1838 he es- tablished the Episco- pal high school at Alexandria, Va., and was its principal, 1838-44. He was in Baltimore, Md., 1844- 47 ; rector of All Saint's church, Frederick, Md., 1847-53; rector of Latimer parish, Lexington, 1853-61, and upon the outbreak of the civil war joined the Confederate army as captain of the Rockbridge artillery. He was promoted to the rank of colonel and ap- pointed chief of artillery to Gen. Joseph E. Johnston commanding the Army of the Shenan- doali.and served as such from July 21, 1^61. to the close of the war. He was commissioned brigadier- general in March, 1862, and commanded tiie re- serve artillery in the Maryland campaign and at Sliarpsburg, Sept. 15, 1862. At Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863, he was commander-in-chief of all the artillery, consisting of the horse-artillery and of 15 battalions of four batteries each, and directed the Confederate artillery in the duel witii the Federal, preceding the charge of Pickett's divi- sion. At the surrender at Appomattox he was appointed with Generals Longstreet and Gordon to carry out the terms of surrender. In 1865 he returned to his parish at Lexington, Va., where he remained as rector until his death. He was a founder of Grace Memorial church, erected to the memory of Gen. Robert E. Lee. for wliich lie raised the money by delivering lectures on the •war throughout the South. His statements in re- gard to the failure of Longstreet to commence the attack on the morning of the second day of the battle, were accepted by President Davis, but denied by General Longstreet, and led to an un- settled historical controversy. (See " Lee"s Riglit Wing at Gettysburg" by James Longstreet in " Battles and Leaders of the Civil War." Vol. Ill, pp. 339-56). The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Kenyon college. Ohio, in 1857. He is the author of : Science, a Witness for the Bible (1860). He died in Lexing- ton, Va., Jan. 15. 1883. PENFIELD, Edward, artist, was born in New York city. June 2, 1866 ; son of Josiah and Ellen (iloore) Penfield, and grandson of Henry L. Pen- field of Rye, N.Y. He studied at the Art Stud- ents' league, New York city, and in Europe, chiefly in England and Holland. In 1890 he be- came art director of Harpers' Magazine, Bazar, and Weekly, which position he resigned in Feb- ruary, 1901, to give his entire time to art. He became especially well known through his poster designs and magazine illustrations in color, and was the pioneer in America in the use of flat colors in posters. All the posters for Harpers' Magazine, 1893-99, were designed by him. PENFIELD, Frederic Courtland, diplomat and author, was born in East Haddam, Conn., April 23, 1855 ; son of Daniel and Sophia (Young) Pen- field, and grandson of Zebulon Penfield of Pen- field Hill, Portland, Conn. He was graduated at Russeirs Military school. New Haven, Conn., in 1876 and studied later in Germany. He was a member of the editorial staff of the Hartford, Conn., Courant, 1880-85, and was by appointment of President Cleveland, U.S. vice-consul-general at London, 1885-89, and U.S. diplomatic agent and consul-general to Egypt, 1893-97. He was made a fellow of the Royal Geographical society, London, 1886 ; an officer of the French academy, 1898 ; was decorated with the order of the Palms Academique by the French government, and with the grand cross of the Order of Medjidieh by the Sultan of Turkey ; was given the Grand Com- mander degree of the Order of Osmanieh by the Khedive of Egypt, 1897, and received many other foreign honors. He is the author of : Present- Day Egypt (1899), and numerous articles in the leading American and English magazines and reviews. PENICK, Charles Clifton, third missionary bishop of Cape Palmas, and 117th in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Char- lotte county, Va., Dec. 9, 1843; son of Edwin Anderson and Mary (Hanmer) Penick, and grandson of Charles Penick and of Clifton Hamner. He attended Hampden Sidney college and tlie military institute at Danville, Va., and was graduateil from the Theological seminary at Alexandria, Va.. in 1869. He served throughout the civil war as quartermaster-sergeant in the 38th Virginia regiment, Pickett's division, C.S.A. He PENINGTON PENN was ordained deacon at Alexandria, June 26, 1869, and priest at the same place by Bishop Johns. June 24, 1870. He was rector of Emman- uel church, Goodson, Va ; St. George's church, Mt. Savage, Md., 1870-73; Church of the Mes- siah, Baltimore, 1873- 77 ; was chosen mis- sionary bishop of Cape Palmas and parts adjacent. West Africa, and was con- secrated in St. Paul's church, Alexandria, Feb. 13, 1877, by Bishops Atkinson, Whittle, Pinkney, and Dudley. He was married in 1881 to Mary Hoge of Wheel- ing, W. Va. He served in Africa until 1883, when he re- signed, and was rector of St. Andrew's church, Louisville, Ky., 1883-93; general agent for com- mission of the P.E. church for colored people, 1893- 96 ; rector of St. Mark's church, Richmond, Va., 1896-99, and rector of Christ church, Fairmont, W. Va. , from 1899. The lionorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Kenyon college. Gambler, Oliio, in 1877. He is the author of : 3Ioi'e Tlian a Prophet (1880) ; Advice to the Church in Africa : Hopes, Perils and Struggles of the Negroes in America ; What Can the Church do for the Negro in the United States 9 Tiie Won- ders of Christmas ; Origin of the Church Build- ing ; Eternal Life ; The Science of Missions ; Birth, Life, Reign and Glory of Christ in the Soul ; Our Dead — Our Memories — Our Lessoris — Our Duties ; Tlie Commomvealth and the Pris- oner. PENINQTON, Edward, jurist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 4, 1726; sou of Isaac Penington, sheriff; grandson of Edward Pening- ton (1667-1711), who immigrated in 1698 to Pennsylvania with William Penn (q. v.), his half brother by marriage, was survej-or-general of the province, and the author of: "The Discov- erer Discovered " (1695), " Rabshakeh Rebuked " (1695), and "Observations upon George Keith's Earnest Expostulation " (1696). Edward Pening- ton, 2d, was educated in Friends schools, became a merchant in Philadelphia and judge of the court of common pleas. In 1762 he was made by the assembly of Pennsylvania, a trustee of the state house (Independence Hall) "for the use of the freemen of the Province and their Represen- tatives." He was attorney for Ann Penn and in 1767 offered Pennsbury Manor for sale ; was elected a member of the American Philosophical society in 1768, and treasurer of the Society for the Cultivation of Silk in 1770. He formed the committee of correspondence in May, 1774, and was a member of the Provincial convention of July, 1774. When, however, the British threat- ened Philadelphia in 1777, his loyalty to the colonists was suspected, and he was sent to Vir- ginia. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 4, 1796. PENINQTON, John, author, was born at Mul- berry Hill, Monmouth county, N. J., Aug. 1, 1799 ; grandson of Edward Penington (q. v.) He attended the College of New Jersey and studied law with John Sergeant of Philadelphia, but did not graduate or practice. He became connected with the Bank of the United States and upon the failure of this institution, established a book store in Philadelphia. He was a member of the Historical society of Pennsylvania and of the American Philosophical society in 1839. The honorary degree of A. IM. was conferred on him by the University of Pennsylvania in 1845. He is the author of : An Examination of Beauchamp Plantagenet's Descrip)tion of the Province of New Albion (1840); Scraps Osteologic and Archceologi- cal (1841), and edited a "Description of New York," by Daniel Dan ton. published in 1670, which was reprinted by the Historical Society of Penn- sylvania (1845). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 18, 1867. PENN, John, governor of Pennsylvania, was born in London, England, July 14, 1729 ; son of Richard (1706-1771) and Hannah (Larduer) Penn, and grandson of William the founder, and Han- nah (Callowhill) Penn. He immigrated to Amer- ica early in life ; was a member of the council of the colony of Pennsylvania, 1753-54, and after serving as commissioner to the congress at Al- bany in 1754, visited England, 1755-63, returning in 1763 as lieutenant-governor of the colony of Pennsylvania. The Mason and Dixon line was run during his administration in 1767-68, and in the latter year the treaty with the Indians at Fort Stanwix, N. Y., was accomplished. Upon his father's death in 1771, he returned to England, where he remained until 1773, when he was ap- pointed governor of Pennsj-lvania. He opposed the action of the British parliament in its method of taxation of the colonists, but fearing a royal government for the province might supplant the proprietors took no active part in the contention with the crown. In July, 1775, he was superseded by the committee of safety who doubted liis loyalty to the colonies, and in 1776 by the su- preme executive council. He was arrested, Aug. 12, 1777, and imprisoned, but was released. May 15, 1778, his rights as proprietor being set aside by the state legislature, June 28, 1779. His branch of the Penn family received £32,500 in compen- sation, and the Penn heirs later received from PENN PENN England £4000. He died in Bucks county, Pa. and his remains were subsequently transferred irom under Christ church. Pliihidelphia, to the home of the Penns in England. The date of his deatli is Feb. 9, 1795. PENN, John, signer, was born in Caroline county, Va., May 17, 1741 ; son of Mosesand Catli- arine (Taylor) Penn. His early education was limited, owing to the neglect of his father, and when his father died in 1759 he began the study of law with his covisin Edmund Pendleton, and in 1762 was admitted to the bar. He was married in 1763 to Susan Lyme. In 1774 he removed to Granville county. N.C.. and established himself in practice. He was a delegate to the Continen- tal congress in 1775, succeeding Richard Caswell, who resigned to assume the governorship of North Carolina, and signed the Declaration of Indepen- dence in August. 1776. He was again a delegate to tlie Continental congress, 1777-80, and by re- quest of the North Carolina legislature, took charge of the affairs of the state during its occu- pation by tlie British army. He was appointed receiver of taxes for North Carolina by Robert Morris in 1784, but resigned after one month's service, owing to the indifference of the people to support the cause of the colonies by their pro- portion of the tax levied. He died in Granville county, N. C, in September, 1788. PENN, William, founder of Pennsylvania, was burn on Tower Hill, London, England, Oct. 16, 1644; son of William (1621-1670) and Mar- garet (Jasper) Penn. His father was a lieuten- ant, captain, rear-admiral, vice-admiral and ad- miral in the English — -^ navj' ; served in the first Dutcli wars as general, 1653-55 ; was captain commander of tlie royal fleet in the fight against the Dutch fleet in 1664, and was knighted 111 1697. William at- tended school at Chig- well and a private school in London. He matriculated as a gentleman commoner at Christ church, Ox- ford university, and while there was foremost in opposing the in- troduction of a more elaborate ceremonial ser- vice into the church, became a follower of George Fox, and when a rule compelling all the students to wear college gowns was en- forced, led a rebellious band, who tore the vestments from the backs of their wearers. For this act he was expelled from the college. His ^% aO^0///t. non-conformist views greatly displeased his father, who brought him to London and intro- duced him into the gayest society, hoping to change his notions. He joined the Society of Friends in 1667, which so enraged his father that he disowned him. He began to preach and write in behalf of the Friends, and in 1068 published a pamphlet entitled Hie Sandy Foundation Shaken, for which he was arrested and committed to the Tower, His imprisonment lasted nine months, during which time he wrote No Cross, No Crotni. Upon his release he left London and resumed control of his estates in Cork, where he preached at tlie Friends meetings and wrote religious pamphlets. In 1670 he returned to London, was again arrested, in company with William 3Iead, and was tried but not convicted. Upon the death of his father in 1692, he inherited a large estate, and in 1694 was married to Gulielma Maria (Proude) Springet. His wife died in 1G94 and the same year, upon the withdrawal of the declaration of indulgence and the imprisonment of Get)rge Fox, Penn went to court in behalf of Fox, whose re- lease he obtained from the Duke of York. About this time he engaged in a controversy with Richard Baxter. In 1677 he made a missionary voyage to Holland and Germany in company with Fox, Barclay and other prominent Quakers. He entered politics in the endeavor to make them contribute to the advancement of religion ; spoke for Algernon Sidney, who was a candidate for parliament, and in 1680 entered upon the great project which he had formed in his student days, the planting of a colony in America. With the downfall of the Dutch rule in New York, the Duke of York had become owner of New Jersey. This he divided into West and East Jersey, sell- ing the latter to Lord Berkeley and the former to Sir George Carteret, wlio in turn disposed of it to Edward Byllinge, a Quaker. West Jersey later became the property of Penn, as receiver of the creditors of Byllinge. In 1679 East Jersey was for sale and Penn, with eleven others, bought it at auction. Twelve more Quarkers were added to this number and they appointed Robert Bar- clay governor of New Jersey. Penn found in 1680 that the king was in his father's debt to the amount of 16,000 pounds, for unpaid salary and loans, and he agreed to change tlie debt for land in America. The territory thus obtained was " bounded on the east by the Delaware River from twelve miles northward of New Castle to tlie 40th degree of northern latitude, and on the south by a circle drawn twelve miles distance from New Castle unto the beginning of the 40th degree of northern latitude, and then by a straight line westward to tlie limits of longitude above mentioned." The charter was signed, March 4, 1681, and on Aug. 21, 1682, tiie Duke of York PENN PENNELL released the tract of land called Pennsylvania, to William Penn. He acquired the land as " King's tenant," having the right to make laws, and to appoint judges and other officers. The laws enjoined that all persons who confessed one almighty God to be creator and ruler of the world and who lived peaceably and justly in society were not to be molested for their religious practice or ministry. All children at the age of twelve were to be taught some useful trade ; all proceedings in the courts of law were to be made as short as possible ; capital crimes to con- sist of two, murder and treason ; all prisons to be made into workhouses ; no oaths to be re- quired, and drinking healths, trading in rum, cursing, lying, fighting, gaining and the pleasures of the theatre, were prohibited. Colonists soon sought the land across the sea, a hundred acres being promised for forty shillings ; but in cleaning the ground, one acre of trees was to be left for every five acres cleared. The Indian difficulties were to be settled by a jury of six planters and six Indians. Penn sailed for the colony in 1683 on the ship Welcome with one hundred passengers, mostly Quakers. Twenty- five died of smallpox on the voyage and the re- mainder landed at Newcastle, Del., Nov. 28, and entered Pennsylvania, Nov. 29, 1682. He estab- lished his capital city at a place called by the Indians Coaquannoc and which he called Phila- delphia. He now made his famous treaty with the Indians, recognizing them as the owners of the land. Several meetings between the Quakers and Indians to transfer land took place beneath the spreading elm at Shackamaxton, June 23, 1683. The generosity shown by Penn to the Indians contributed to peace, and emigrants arrived in large numbers. The indefinite bound- ary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland caused serious complications, as Lord Baltimore claimed considerable of the territory held by Penn, including Philadelphia. Hearing that Baltimore was on his way to England to lay the question before the privy council, Penn im- mediately followed him in August, 1684. Upon the death of Charles II., in 1685, and the accession of James, the Duke of York, Penn, although op- posed to the Roman Catholic religion, kept the position of favorite and agent of the court. He obtained the freedom of all Quakers, and sup- ported the king in the abolishment of the " tests," which prevented Roman Catholics from holding office, claiming that the declaration of indulgence was the sovereign remedy of the English consti- tution. Thus during James's reign Penn became influential in affairs of state. In 1688, when James was dethroned and William of Orange suc- ceeded, Penn was arrested and upon examination said that he had done nothing but what he could answer for before God and all the princes in the world and that he loved his country and the Pro- testant religion above his life. He was thereupon released. In 1690 he was accused of receiving a letter from James asking for help ; but he replied that " he could not hinder the king from writing to him," and was again discharged. Later in the year he was arrested with others, imprisoned for several months awaiting trial, and hearing after his release that another warrant was out against his liberty, hid himself for tliree years. He was publicly proclaimed a traitor and deprived of the government of his colony. His pardon was se- cured in 1693. He was married secondly, in 1695, to Hannah, daughter of Thomas and Hannah (Hollister) Callowliill of Bristol, England. In 1699 Penn made his second visit, bringing his family with him to Philadelphia which was at this time a city of nearly seven thousand popula- tion. During his exile the colony had divided into two parties, the proprietary and the popular. The acting governor was a soldier and his warlike notions confused the Quakers. Although slaves were brought into the colony, they were well treated, Penn liberating them in 1701. When a movement to put an end to all proprietary govern- ments was instigated, Penn returned to England, Oct. 28, 1701. Upon his withdrawal, disputes again arose in the colony on tlie question of bearing arms, and an unending strife began between tlie governor's deputy and the people. Affairs became so disheartening that in 1713 he thought seri- iously of selling the governorship. His affairs in Ireland claimed his attention, since by an un- molested system of fradulent bookkeeping Penn found himself in debt to the estate of Pliilip Ford, his late manager, for more than ten thous- and pounds and Ford's widow sued Penn for three thousand pounds' rent, which was due from the property held by Penn as tenant. He was ar- rested while at a religious meeting ; was inipris- soned for debt in the Fleet jail, buc released by the subscription of his friends, and a com- promise was made with the Fords. The colony also was improving under the administration of a new governor and the province soon yielded Penn a substantial income. He suffered a paralytic stroke in 1712 which impaired his memory. He died at Ruscombe, Berkshire, England, July 30, 1718. PENNELL, Joseph, artist and autlior, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 4, 1860. He at- tended the Philadelphia public schools, the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and the Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art. He was married to Elizabeth Robins. For his art work he was awarded honorable mention and medals at various exhibitions in Paris. Philadelphia and Chicago, and a gold medal at the World's PENNEY PENNINGTON Fair, Paris, 1900. He made his home in Lomlon where he became a leading member of tlie So- ciety of Ilhistrators. His published works in- clude: -4 Canterbury Pilgrimage (ISS.')) ; An Italian Pilgrimage (1886) ; Two Pilgrims' Progress (1887) ; Our Sentimental Journey through France and Ttaly (188S) ; Pen Drawing and Pen Draughts- men (1889) ; Our Journey to the Hebrides (1889) ; Charing Cross to St. PauVs, icith notes by Justin M'Carthy (1890) ; The Stream of Pleasure (1891) ; The Jew at Home (1892) ; Play in Provence (1892) ; To Gypsyland (1893) : Modern Itlustra- ^/o»(1895) ; The Illustration of Books il89Q) ; The Alhambra (1896) ; Tlie Work of Charles Keene (1897); Lithography and Lithographers (with his wife, 1899). PENNEY, Joseph, educator, was born in Ar- dahy, county Down, Ireland, Aug. 12, 1793. He was a student at Trinity college, Dublin ; was graduated at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, in 1813 ; attended the Theological seminary at Ballinabusch, Ireland, 1815-19, and was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Down, March 2, .1819. He immigrated to the United States in May, 1819 ; was engaged as an instructor at Eras- mus Hall, Flatbush, Long Island, X.Y., 1819-21 ; was ordained b\' the presbytery of Newburgh in 1822, and was pastor of the First Presbyterian church at Rochester, N.Y., 1822-32. He visited Europe during his pastorate and organized the first temperance society on the continent. He was pastor of the First Presbyterian church at Northampton, Mass., 1833-35 ; president and cura- tor of Hamilton college, Clinton, N.Y., 1835-39, pastor in New York city, 1839-43, and at Nyack, N.Y., 1813—47. He was active in promoting the causes of temperance and education. He resided at Grand Rapids, Midi., 1847-56, and in 1856 returned to Rochester, N.Y. He was married, May 2, 1822, to Margaret, daughter of William Sterling, a merchant of New York city. He re- ceived the degree D.D. from Union college in 1S31. H.' died in Rochester. N.Y., March 22, 1800. PENNINGTON, Alexander Cummings Mc= Whorter, representative, was born in Newark, N.J., July 2, 1810 ; son of Samuel (1705-1835) and Sarah (Hayes) Pennington; grandson of Samuel and Mary (Sandford) Pennington, and of Major Samuel and Sarah (Bruen) Hayes, and a descend- ant of Ephraim Pennington, New Haven, Conn., 1643, and an original settler of Newark, N.J., and of Obediah Bruen of Newark, N.J., and New London, Conn., 1639. Alexander Pennington was appointed a cadet, U.S. Military academy, 1826 ; resigned in 1828 ; was educated for the law, and practised in Newark. He was married, Feb. 1, 1836. to Ann Johnston, dangliter of Robert and Ann Johnston (Pennington) Kennedy. He was a member of the New Jersey legislature for two years ; a representative from the Essex dis- trict in the 83d and 34th congresses, 1853-57, and brigadier-general of New Jersey militia for several years. He removed to New York city in 1857, where he continued his practice. He died in New York city, Jan. 25, 1867. PENNINGTON, Alexander Cummings Mc- Whorter, soldier, was born in Newark, N.J., Jan. 8. 1838 ; son of Alexander Cummings ■Mc- Whorter, representative, and Ann Jolinston (Ken- nedy) Pennington. He was graduated from tlie U.S. Military acad- emy in 1860. and wtis promoted in the army brevet 2d lieutenant of artillery, July 1. 1860. He served in garrison at Fort Mon- roe, Va., 1860-61, and was promoted 2d lieu- tenant, 2d artillery, Feb. 1, 1861. He served during the civil war in garrison at Washington, D.C., in 1861 ; in the de- fence of Fort Pick- ens, Fla., 1861-62; was promoted 1st lieutenant May, 14. 1861 ; was engaged in the Virginia Peninsular campaign, March to August, 1862, in Horse Battery A, 2d artillery, and in the Maryland Rappalian- nock and Pennsylvania campaigns, September, 1862, to July, 1863, commanding Horse Battery M, 2d artillery. He was brevetted captain, June 9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Bevei'iy Ford. Va., and bre vetted major, July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services in the Gettysburg camjjaign. He was engaged in the Rapidan and Richmond cam- paigns, 1868-64; was promoted captain, March 30, 1864 ; served in General Sheridan's Shenan- doah campaign, August to October, 1864 ; was promoted colonel of the 3d New Jersey cavalry volunteers, Oct. 1, 1864, and commanded the 1st brigade, 3d cavalry division, October, 1864. to May, 1865. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, Oct. 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Cedar Creek, Va., and partici- pated in Sheridan's raid, Feb. 12 to March 26, 1865. He commanded the 1st brigade. 3d cavalry division, in the Richmond campaign, March to April, 1865, was brevetted colonel, U.S.A.. IMarch 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services dur- ing the war and brigadier-general. U.S.V., July 15, 1865, for faitliful and meritorious services, and was mustered out of the volunteer service. Aug. 1.1865. He commanded a battery at San Francisco, Cal., 1865-67; was on various posts, 1867-85; was pro- PENNINGTON PENNOCK moted major in the 4th artillery Nov. 8, 1882 ; was a dii-ector of instruction in the U. S. artillery school at Fort Monroe, 1885-92. and artillery in- spector of the Department of the East, 1892-96. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel of 4th artil- lery, Nov. 28, 1892 ; colonel of 2d artillery Oct. 29, 1896, and was stationed at Fort Adams, R.I., 1896-98. Upon the outbreak of the war with Spain he was commissioned brigadier-general of U.S. volunteers, commanding at Camp Black, L.I., May to July, 1898, and was in command of the Department of the Gulf. July 4, 1898, to March 22, 1899. He was promoted brigadier-general, U.S.A., Oct. 16, 1899. and was retired at his own request, Oct. 17, 1899. He was married, Feb. 5, 1863, to Clara Miller, daughter of the Rev. John French, chaplain and professor of ethics, U.S. Military academy, West Point, N.Y. He was elected a member of the Military Order of Foreign "Wars, the Military Order of American Wars, and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Tlie degree of M. A. was conferred upon him by the College of New Jersey in 1864. PENNINGTON, William, governor of New Jer- sey, was born in Newark, N.J., May 4, 1796 ; son of Gov. William Sandford and Phoebe (Wheeler) Pennington. He was graduated from the Col- lege of New Jersey, A.B. 1813, A.M., 1816. He was clerk of the U.S. district court, 1815-26; studied law with Theodore Frelinghuysen ; was admitted to the bar in 1820, and practised in Newark. He married Caroline, daughter of Dr. William Burnet. He was a representative in the state assembly ; was elected governor of the state in 1837, to succeed Philemon Dickerson, and serv- ed by successive re-elections until 1843. He also served ex officio as chancellor and judge of the prerogative court. During his gubernatorial administration the " broad seal war "' occurred, •caused by the congressional election of 1838. Six representatives were to be elected from New Jersey on a general ticket ; the validity of the election of five of these was questioned, and Gov- ernor Pennington was obliged to commission those who should properly represent the state. He therefore commissioned the five Whig can- didates who, according to the statistics, had the majority of votes. When it was found that the five votes from New Jersey must decide the speakership of the house, an excited debate took place, Jolm Quincy Adams presiding as temporary chairman. Tlie result was the election of Robert M. S. Hunter as speaker and the five Democratic members from New Jersey were admitted to seats. Considerable feeling was aroused by the fact that seats were refused to the candidates commissioned under the •' broad seal "' of one of the states of the United States, Governor YIII — 18 Pennington was a Republican representative in the 35th congress, 1859-61, and was chosen speak- er after a contest extending over two months. He was a trustee of the College of New Jersey, 1848-62. His death was caused by a dose of mor- phine administered through the blunder of a druggist. He died in Newark, N.J., Feb. 16, 1862. PENNINGTON, William Sandford, governor of New Jersey, was born in Newark, N.J., in 1757 ; son of Samuel and Mary (Sandford) Pennington ; grandson of Judah Pennington, and a descendant of E^jhraim Pennington, New Haven, 1643. He at- tended the district schools and was apprenticed to his maternal uncle, a Royalist, who cancelled his indentures when William joined the patriot army. He served in the 2d regiment. New Jersey artil- lery, under General Knox, and in 1780 was commis- sioned a lieutenant. He was wounded at the siege of Yorktown, and attained the rank of captain in the U.S. army. He engaged in various employments after his resignation; was a representative in the state assembly in 1797, and in 1801 a member of the council. He studied law with Elias Boudinot, was admitted to the bar in 1802 and practised in Newark. He married Phoebe, daughter of Capt. James Wheeler, a Revolutionary soldier. He was elected an associate justice of the supreme court of New Jersey, Feb. 28, 1804 ; was chosen gov- ernor of the state and chancellor ex officio to suc- ceed Aaron Ogden in 1813, and served until he succeeded Robert Morris, deceased, as judge of tlie U.S. district court of New Jersey, serving as such, 1815-26. He is the author of Supreme Court Reports (1803-16). He died in Newark, N.J., Sept. 17, 1826. PENNOCK, Alexander Mosely, naval officer, was born in Norfolk, Va., Nov. 1, 1813. He was appointed a midshipman in the U.S. navy in April, 1828 ; served in the Pacific and Brazilian squadrons, 1828-34 ; was promoted passed mid- shipman in 1834, and was attached to the Medi- terranean and East Indian squadrons, 1834-39. He was commissioned lieutenant in March, 1839. and commander in December, 1855. He was a mem- ber of the Paraguay expedition, 1859-60, in com- mand of the steamer Southern Star. He was promoted captain, Jan. 2, 1863, was fleet captain of the Mississippi squadron, 1862-64 ; was on duty at the Brookljm navy yard, 1866-67 ; and was given command of the flag-ship Frankliu of the Euro- pean squadron in 1868 ; was promoted commodore, May 6, 1868, and in 1869 commanded tlie entire European squadron. He was promoted rear- admiral in 1872 and retired in 1875. He died at Portsmouth, N.H.,Sept. 20, 1876. PENNOYER PEXXYPACKER PENNOYER, Sylvester, governor of Oregon, was born in Groton, N.Y.. July 6, 1831 ; son of Justus Powers and Elizabeth (Howland) Pen- noyer, and a descendant of Robert Pennoyer, who came to Massachusetts in 1G70 and left real estate yielding £40 annually, to Harvard college. He was graduated at Homer academy, at Harvard law school in 1854, and in 1855 moved to Oregon, where he was married to Mary A. Allen of Port- land. He engaged in teaching school, 1855-60, and subsequently in lumbering. He was editor of the Oregon Herald, 1868-71 : was elected gov- ernor of Oregon in 18S6 and 1890, serving 1887-95, and was mayor of Portland. 1896. He died in Portland. OrJgon, May 30, 1902. PENNYBACKER, Isaac Samuels, senator, was born in Slieiiandoah county, Va., Sept. 3, 1805; son of Benjamin and Sarah (Samuels) Penny- backer ; grandson of Capt. Dirck, a Revolutionary war officer, and Hannah (De Haven) Penny- backer, and a descendant of Hendrick and Eve (Umstat) Pannebecker. the founders of the family in America. Isaac S. Pennybacker matriculated at Washington college, Va., but did not graduate ; studied in the Winchester law school ; was ad- mitted to the bar, and settled in practice in Har- risonburg, Va. He was married in May, 1832, to Sarah A., daughter of Col. Zebulon Dyer. He was a Democratic representative from the fourteenth Virginia district in the 25th congress, 1837-39, and was judge of the U.S. district court of West- ern Virginia, 1839-45. He declined the office of U.S. attorney-genei'al, that of justice of the supreme court of Virginia, and the nomination of the Democratic party for governor of the state. He was elected to the U.S. senate in 1845, succeeding W. C. Rives, his term to expire March 3, 1851. He was appointed a regent of the Smithsonian Institution by President Polk. He died in Wash- ington, D.C., Jan. 12, 1847. PENNY PACKER, Galusha, soldier, was born at Valley Forge, Pa., June 1, 1844; son of Joseph, junior, and Tamson Amelia (Workizer) Penny- packer, and grandson of Joseph and Elizabeth (Funk^ Pennypacker, and of John and Sarah (Rooks) Workizor. His father was a volunteer aide on the staff of General Worth during the Mexican war, and his great-grandfather, Mat- thias Pennypacker, was a bij^hop of the Menno- nite church and grandson of Hendrick Panne- becker, the immigrant, a native of Holland, a surveyor for the Penns, and a large landholder in Pennsylvania. Galusha Pennypacker attended the Phoenixville Classical institute and left school in April, 1861. to enter the army as a non-com- missioned staff officer in the 9tli Pennsylvania three months' volunteers. At the close of his enlistment he entered the volunteer army for the war, Aug. 22, 1861, as captain in the 97th Pennsylvania volunteers ; was promoted major, Oct. 7, 1861, and served in tlie 10th army corps, department of the south, 1862-65, commanding his regiment in the 1st brigade, in Gen. A. H. Terry's seige operations on Morris Island, S. C, August-September, 1863. He commanded a most successful expedition against Woodstock Mills, Fla., in Feb- ruary, 1864, and in April, 1864, was placed in command of the post at Fer- nandina, having been promoted lieutenant- colonel, April 3, 1864. He was transferred to the Army of the James under Gen. B. F. Butler, and was promoted colonel, June 23, 1864. He was in action at . Swift's Creek, May 9 ; Drewrys Bluff, May 16, and Chester Station, May 18, 1864. He com- manded his regiment in the charge upon Pickett's division at Green Plains, May 20 ; lost 176 of 295 men ; was carried off the field after receiving three wounds, and was in the hospital at Fort Monroe for three months. He was assigned to the command of the 2d brigade, 2d division, 10th corps in September, 1864, and took part in the engagements at Deep Bottom, Strawberry Plain and Malvern Hill ; in the trenches before Peters- burg, and in the capture of New Market Heights. He was wounded and his horse shot under him in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Fort Gilmer ; was in command of the 2d brigade, 2d division, 24th corps before Petersburg in December, 1864, and took part in Gen. B. F. Butler's unsuccessful effort to capture Fort Fisher, N.C.. Dec. 25, 1864, and in the capture of the fort bj' General Terry, Jan. 15, 1865. He was the first brigade com- mander to gain the third traverse of the fort, where he planted the flag of his old regiment, the 97th Pennsylvania, and desperately wounded, fell inside of the fort, followed and rescued by his men. He was in the hospital at Fort Monroe for ten months. General Terry declared that but for his bravery the assault would probably have failed, and designated him the real " hero of Fort Fisher." He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, Jan. 15, 1865 ; was promoted to that rank Feb. 18, 1865, and brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865. The medal of honor was conferred on him by congress for dis- tinguished bravery in the battle, arid he was ap- pointed colonel of the 34th U.S. infantry, July 28, 1866 ; soon transferred to the 16th U.S. infantry ; PENNYPACKER PENROSE brevetted brigadier-general and major-general U.S.A., March 2, 1867, and placed on the retired list of the regular army on account of disability from wounds received in action, July 3, 1885. Prior to his retirement he saw considerable ser- vice in the regular army, in command at various posts in the south and west. He was wounded seven times within eight months : was the young- est officer to hold the full rank of general in the volunteer army, and the youngest officer in the regular army to hold the rank of colonel and brevet major-general. PENNYPACKER, Samuel Whitaker, jurist, was born in Phoenixville, Pa., April 9, 1843 ; son of Dr. Isaac and Anna Maria (Whitaker) Penny- packer ; grandson of Bishop Matthias and Sarah (Anderson) Penny packer, and of Joseph and Grace Whitaker, and a descendant of Hendrick and Eve (Umstat) Pann ebecker. Hendrick Panne- becker emigrated from Homborn, on the upper Rhine, to Pennsylvania, about 1699, and settled on Skippack Creek, where he became a large landholder and surveyor of public lands for the Penns. Samuel Whitaker Pennypacker was edu- cated in the West Philadelphia institute ; served as a private in the 26th emergency regiment in 1863, and was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, LL.B., in 1866. He was married, Oct. 20, 1870, to Virginia Earl, daughter of Nathan B. Broomall, of Phoenixville, Pa. He was made president of the Law Academy of Philadelphia in 1868 ; served on the board of public education of Philadelphia and was controller of public schools for the 29th ward, 1886-89, and was ad- mitted to practice in the U.S. supreme court in 1887. He was judge of the court of common pleas of Pliiladelphia, by appointment under Governor Beaver to fill a vacancy, 1889-90, and by election, 1890-1900, and served as president judge of the court. In 1902 he was elected gov- ernor of Pennsylvania by the Republican party. He was elected a member of numerous scientific, historical and patriotic societies ; was a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania from 1886 ; state commissioner of the Valley Forge reserva- tion ; founder and manager of the Pennsylvania society, Sons of the Revolution ; a vice-provost of the Philadelphia Law academy, and a member of the supervisory committee on the restoration of Independence Hall. He received the honor- ary degree of LL.B. from Franklin and Marshall college. In his library he collected about 7000 printed books on early Pennsylvania, of which 260 were from the press of Benjamin Franklin, and his collection relating to the German coloni- zation of Pennsylvania was the largest ever made. He compiled, together with E. G. Piatt and Samuel S. Hollingswortli, a Digest of the Eng- lish Common Lata Reports (1879); Pennypacker' s Supreme Court Cases (4 vols.); Pennsylvania Colonial Cases, and aided in the preparation of Weekly Notes of Cases (40 vols.) . He is the author of the Annals of Phoenixville and Its Vicinity (1878); Tiie Penyiypacher Reunion {\Q1S); Histor- ical and Biographical Sketches, many of which have been translated in Dutch and German ( 1883) , and Tlie Settlement of Gerviantown. PENROSE, Boies, senator, was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., Nov. 1, 1860 ; son of Dr. Richard Alexander and Sarah Hannah (Boies) Penrose ; grandson of the Hon. Charles Bingham and Val- eria Fullerton (Biddle) Penrose, and great-grand- son of Clement Biddle Penrose, one of the com- missioners appointed by Jefferson for the Louisi- ana territory. He was graduated at Harvard in 1881, and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1883. He was a representative in the Pennsyl- vania legislature in 1885 ; a member of the state senate, 1887-97, and president pi'o tempore of the senate in 1889 and 1891. He was a Republican U.S. senator from Pennsylvania, 1897-1909, serv- ing as chairman of the committee on immigra- tion, and as a member of many important com- mittees. He contributed several chapters on municipal law to the American and Etiglish En- cyclopcedia of Laiv, and with Edward P. Allinson wrote : Philadelphia ; a History of Municipal De- velopment (1887). PENROSE, Stephen Beasley Linnard, edu- cator, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 20, 1864; son of the Hon. Clement Biddle and Mary (Linnard) Penrose ; grandson of the Hon. Charles Bingham and Valeria Fullerton (Biddle) Penrose, and of Stephen Beasley and Emily (L.) Linnard. He was graduated from Williams college in 1885, and from Yale, B.D., 1890. He taught school at Pottstovvn, Pa., 1885-86; was instructor of Greek and elocution at Williams college, 1886-87, and in 1890 was sent as home missionary by the Congre- gational Home Missionary society to Dayton, Washington. He was pastor of the Congrega- tional church at Dayton, 1890-94, and in 1894 was elected president of and Cushing Eells professor of mental and moral science at Whitman college, Walla Walla, Wash. He was married in 1896, to Mary Demiug. daughter of Judge Nathaniel Ship- man, of Hartford, Conn. He was made a corpo- rate member of A.B.C.F.M. and honorary member of several religious and educational societies. PENROSE, William Henry, soldier, was born at Madison Barracks, Sacket Harbor, N.Y., March 10, 1832 ; son of Capt. James Wilkinson, 1808-1849 (U.S.A.) and Mary Ann (Hoffman) Penrose ; grandson of Clement Biddle (1771-1820) and Ann Howard (Bingham) Penrose ; great grandson of James (1737-1778) and Sarah (Biddle) Penrose; greats-grandson of Thomas (1709-1757) and Sarah (Coats) Penrose and greats-grandson PENTECOST PEPPER of Bartholome^\- (the emigrant from Cornwall. England, about 1700, ship-builder in Philadelphia) and Hester (Leech) Penrose. He attended Dick- inson college, Pa., in 1849. and engaged in busi- ness as a civil and mechanical engineer in Michigan. He was commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 3d U.S. infantry, April 13, 1861, and was promoted 1st lieutenant. May 14, 1861. He was appointed colonel of the loth New Jersey volun- teers, April 18. 1863. and commanded the 1st brigade. 1st division. 6th corps from the afternoon of the first day's fight at Chancellorsville (2d Fredericksburg) until three days before the fight at Gettysburg, when Gen. A. T. A. Torbert, absent by reason of wounds received at Crampton's Gap Sept. 14, 1862, returned. He commanded the reg- iment at Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863 ; in Grant's campaign against Richmond early in 1864, and again commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division, 6th armj- corps at Cold Harbor, June 1, 1864; and through the overland campaign, having been placed in command without regard to rank, being the junior of four colonels, while engaged on the battlefield in front of Spottsylvania Court House; continuing in command through the Shenandoah valley under Sheridan, and being wounded at Cedar Creek, Oct. 19, 1864. He was bre vetted captain. May 3, 1863. for Marye's Heights, Va., and major, July 2, 1863, for Gettysburg ; promoted captain, Sept. 11, 1863; brevetted lieutenant- colonel. May 5, 1864, for the Wilderness, Va., colonel. Oct. 19, 1864. for Cedar Creek, Va., brig- adier-general of volunteers, Oct. 19, 1864, for Middletown. Va., and brigadier-general U.S.A., April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, June 27, 1865, and was honorably mustered out of the volunteer ser- vice Jan. 15, 1866. He was promoted major of the 12th infantry. May 31, 1883 ; lieutenant-colonel of the 16th infantry, Aug. 21, 1888, and colonel of the 20th infantry. Nov. 28, 1893. He was trans- ferred to tlie 16th infantry, Sept. 15. 1894, and was retired. March 10, 1896, by operation of law. He invente one or rk, . iutS of Te is the- fon Mt ■ o lie erecTBU iv ii;,-i ii'.era- >vport, R.I. He died in ,. ,. 1, 1858. PERRY, Matthew Caibraitb, naval officer, was born in 1831 ; son of Matthew and Jane (Slidell) Perry. He entered the U.S. navy as midshipman, June 1, 1835, and was ordered to the itp Potomac. He served as acting njaster of lig Somers, under Commander Alexander ' 1^ iizie, and was one of tlie oflicers to I the immediate execution of three : ,i ;jiutinous crew. H^ '^"'■^"'^<' ''<' f"*^ ^f>^xi- ar on tlie frigate Cu,. m- i.ned lieutenant in the :\, ;ind served on the coast sui vey. lie was iiissioned captain, and was rehired from : service, April 4, 1867. He died in New Mty, Nov. 16, 1878. RRY, Nora, author, was born in Dudley, . in 1841. She removed to Pro%idt'nce, R.I., her parents in childliood, and was educated ine and in private schools. At the age of h.< wrote her first story, " The Shipwreck," never published, and in ISSft she be- <•■ for publication, H'T HrKf. pulilished red in a n^i: "■■'^t l>oem, " Tv- ''f . . «ud inb," in , . rt^moved '«ton, Mass respondent < C ^-7^^ PERRY PERRY the Chicago Tribune and the Providence Journal ; contributed stories and poems to magazines, and for several years before her death confined her- self to writing stories for girls. She is the author of: After the Ball and Other Poems (1874); Tlie Tragedy of the Unexpected and Other Stories (1880); Bookof Love Stories {\m\); For a Woman (1885); New Songs and Ballads (1886); A Flock of Girls (1887); The Youngest Miss Lorton and Other Stories (1889); Brave Girls (1889); Lyrics and Legends (1S90); Hope Benham{l8M); Her Lover's Friends and Other Poems, and Three Lit- tle Daughters of the Revolution (posthumous, (1896). She died in Dudley, Mass., May 13, 1896. PERRY, Oliver Hazard, naval officer, was born in Newport, R.I., Aug. 21, 1785; eldest son of Christopher Raymond and Sarah (Alexander) Perry; grandson of Freeman Perry, and a descen- dant in the sixth generation of Edward Perry, who emigrated from Devonshire, England, and settled in Sand- wich, Mass., in 1653. His father was an officer in the patriot army and navy dur- ing the Revolution- ary war ; was made post captain in the U.S. navy Jan. 9, 1798 ; built and com- manded the General Greene and cruised in the West Indies ; participated in the civil war in Santo Domingo and was appointed collector of New- port, R.I., in 1801. Oliver attended private schools, and was a pupil of Count Rochambeau. He joined the U.S. navy as a midshipman, April 7, 1797, and sailed with his father to the West Indies. He was ordered to the Adams in 1802 and served in the Tripolitan war under Preble : served on board the Constellation in the Mediterranean, 1804-05 ; was pi-omoted lieutenant and given command of the Nautilus in 1805, and during the embargo that led to the war of 1812 commanded a fleet of seventeen gun boats off Newport Harbor. He was promoted master of the schooner Revenge in 1809, and served on that vessel until she was stranded on the rocks off Watch Hill, R.I., Jan. 9, 1810. He was married May 5, 1811, to Elizabeth Champlain, daughter of Dr. Benjamin Mason, Newport. Upon the outbreak of the war of 1812, he was promoted captain and resumed command of the gunboat fleet off Newport, but was transferred to Sackett's Harbor. N.Y., Feb. 17. 1813. .to assist Commodore Isaac Cliauncey in the building of a fleet to (^9^^^^-^y-y operate on the lakes. In March, 1813, he was pro- moted master-commandant of a proposed fleet to be built at Erie, Pa., and joined Captain Jesse D. Elliott in the completion of a fleet for the defence of the northwest. The fleet of nine vessels, com- prising the tugs Laicrence and Niagara and the schooners Caledonia, Scorpion, Porcupine, Ti- gress, Ariel. Somers and Trippe of 500 tons burden, of lighter build but armed with heavy long guns, was completed in less than six months, and Perry set sail from Put-in bay on tiie morning of Sept. 15, 1813, to meet the British fleet under Commo- dore Barclay. This fleet comprised the Chippeiva, Detroit, Hunter, Queen Charlotte, Lady Prevost and Little Belt. The opening shot of the engage- ment was fired from the British flag-ship Detroit, to which Captain Perry replied from the Laic- rence. This was immediately followed by a storm of iron hail from the entire British fleet that soon played havoc with the rigging, masts and bulwarks of the Americans. The battle now took tlie form of a duel, the heaviest A-essels in each fleet confronting each other. The Lawrence was reduced to a hulk by the steady fire of the Detroit, and in two hours only one gun was left mounted and the deck was crowded with dead and wounded. The Niagara floated out of range, owing to the lightness of the wind, and was unable to give assistance to the Laivrence, and the rest of the American fleet were of little use on account of their light armament. Perry, assisted by Chaplain Breeze, Hambleton, the pui'ser, and two unwounded sailors, continued to work the one remaining gun of the Laicrence until a shot killed Hambleton and dismantled the gun. A British victory seemed imminent when the undaunted Perry determined on a bold move. Ordering a boat lowered, with four sailors, and his brother Alexander, and with the flag of the Laicrence on his arm, he left the ship, and sheltered by the smoke and escaping a volley fired by the enemy, was rowed to the Niagara, where he hoisted his commodore's fiag and as- sumed command. Captain Elliott volunteered to bring up the laggard scliooners to his support, and a new line of battle was formed at close quarters. The wind freshened and tlie American fleet under full sail bore down upon the enemy. In endeavoring to wear ship, the British ships, Detroit and Queen Charlotte, fell foul, and taking advantage of the situation, the Niagara dashed through the enemy's line, discharging both broad- sides as she passed tlie gap. The Caledonia, Scorpion and Trippe broke the line at other points, and the batteries of the Niagara, assisted by the riflemen in the tops, so disabled the enemj' that after seven minutes of fighting the flag of the Detroit was lowered and four of tlie six British vessels surrendered. The two smaller boats that i^ERRY PERRY attempted to escape were pursued and captured by tlie Scorjiion and Trippe. and after securing liis prisoners and manning tiie prizes, Perry dis- patched a letter to General Harrison in these words: "We have met the enemy and they are ours : Two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop." Later a second letter to Secretary of the Navy Jones informed the country of the victory. The British luss was over one hundred and sixty men killed and wounded, while Perry lost twenty- seven killed and ninety-six wounded. He was commissioned post captain in the navy ; present- ed with the thanks of congress, a sword and a gold medal, with a set of silver by the city of Boston, and was voted thanks by other cities. He co-operated with the army of General Harrison in the invasion of Canada and took an impor- tant part, as commander of the fleet and of the naval battalion on land in tlie battle of the Thames, Oct. o. 1813, where the British troops were almost entirely annihilated and the great Indian chief, Tecumseh. was killed. He partlc- pated in the defence of Baltimore, and commanded the frigate Java in the Mediterranean squadron under Stephen Decatur during the operations against Algiers in 1815-18. He was promoted commodore and placed in command of the naval station in the "West Indies in 1819, and during tlie service fell a victim to the yellow fever. His remains were interred at Port Spain, but were later removed to Newport, in a ship of war, and buried there, Dec. 4, 1826. A granite obelisk was erected to his memory by the state of Rhode Island ; a marble statue was unveiled in Cleve- land, Oliio. in September,1860, and a bronze statue by William G. Turner, erected by the citizens of Newport, R.I., was unveiled opposite his old home, Sept. 10. 1885. The state of Ohio presented to the capitol at Washington pictures of the " Battle of Lake Erie •' and of " Perry leaving the Lawrence for the Niagara.'' His name received twenty-six votes for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, New York universit}', Octo- ber. 1900. He died on board his ship off Port of Spain. Trinidad. W.I., Aug. 23, 1819. PERRY, Thomas, naval officer, was born in Elmira. N.Y.. May 26. 18-14 ; son of Guy Maxwell and Elizabeth (Taylor) Perry; grandson of Thom- as Miflin and Elizabeth (Konkle) Perry and a descendant of John Konkle, the first settler of Elmira, N.Y. He was graduated from the U.S. Naval academy, September, 1865; was promoted ensign, Dec. 1, 1866; master. Marcli 12. 1868; lieutenant, March 26, 1869 ; lieutenant-com- mander, Nov. 6, 1881 ; commander, Jan. 10, 1802, and captain, June 11. 1899. During the Sjianish war he was in command of the Lancaster, flag- ship, at the base of supplies. Key AVest. Fia. He was naval secretary of the light-hou.se board. 1899-1901, and April 1, 1901, was placed in com- mand of the U.S. battleship loica, flagship on the Pacific station, wliich vessel became flagshi]) on tlie Sontii .\tlantic station in 1902, being trans- ferred from the Pacific station in Februar}- of that year. PERRY, Thomas Sergeant, author, was born in Newport, R.I., Jan. 23, 1845; son of Christo- pher Grant and Frances (Sergeant) Perry : grand- son of Oliver Hazard and Elizabeth Ciiami)lin (Mason) Perr}' and of Judge Thomas and Sarah (Bache) Sergeant ; and a descendant of Edward and Mary (Freeman) Perry, Plymouth, Mass., 1635, and on his mother's side, of Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Sergeant was judge of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. Tliomas Ser- geant Perry was graduated from Harvard A.B., 1866, A.M., 1869 ; studied in Paris and Berlin, 1866-68 ; was a tutor in German at Harvard. 1868- 72; instructor in English, 1877-81, and lecturer on English literature, 1881-82. He was married April 9, 1874, to Lilla, daughter of Dr. Samuel Cabot of Boston, Mass. In 1898 he became pro- fessor of English literature in the College Keio- gijuku, in Tokyo, Japan. He was editor of the North American Review, 1872-74, and of Life and Letters of Francis Lieber (1882); English Lit- erature in tlie Eighteenth Century (1873); and is the author of : From Opitz to Lessing (1884) ; The Evolution of the Snob (1888); History of Greek Literature (1888) and occasional translations from French and German. PERRY, William Flake, soldier and educator, was born in Jackson county, Ga., March 12. 1823 ; son of Hiram and Nancy (Flake) Perry, and a descendant of Edward Perry, who came from Devonshire, England, to Sandwich, Mass., in 1653. His parents removed to Alabama in 1834, and he attended Brownwood institute, Lagrange, Ga., 1841-43. He conducted a prosperous high school in Talladega, Ala., 1848-53, and in 1851 married to Ellen Douglass, daughter of George P. Brown and niece of Judge William P. Chilton (q.v). He read law under Judge Chilton and was licensed to practice in 1854. In February, 1854. he was elected superintendent of education for Alabama, which office he resigned in 1858 to become ])re- sident of the East Alabama female college, Tusk- egee. He joined the Confederate army as a . major of the 44th Alabama regiment. Col. James Kent, in 1862; reached Richmond with the regiment in June, 1862, and was assigned to W^righfs brigade. Longstreet's corjis. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel in August, 1862, and colonel in September as successor to Colonel Derby who had been killed at Sharpsburg. In October his regiment, with the 4th. 15th, 47th and 48th Alabama regiments, formed Gen. E. M. Law's brigade of Hood's division. Colonel Perry PERRY PERRY opened the second day's battle at Gettysburg by storming and capturing " The Devil's Den" and aided by Benning's Georgia brigade defended tlie position. At Chickamauga on the evening of the first day's battle he made an independent charge which secured the first decided Confed- erate advantage in that battle. On the second day he commanded Law's brigade and was con- spicuous in Longstreet's charge which broke the Federal right wing, and at Snodgi-ass Hill his brigade captured sixteen pieces of artillery. He was also conspicuous at the Wilderness, Spottsyl- vania and around Richmond and Petersburg and his brigade was on the last line of battle when the news of Lee's surrender suspended hostil- ities. He was recommended for promotion in January, 1864, but by some error the recommen- dation was not laid before the senate until Jan- uary, ISGo, and he received his commission as brigadier-general in February, 1865. His record names him as present in twenty engagements with the enemy, of which eiglit were the bloodiest battles of the war. He cammanded a regiment in nine and a brigade in ten of the engage- ments. He returned to his vocation as teacher, conducting a school at Lynnland, Ky., 1869- 82, and was professor of English language and literature, elocution and history in Ogden col- lege. Bowling Green, Ky., 1883-1900. He was commander of the camp of Confederate veterans. Bowling Green, where he died, Dec. 17, 1901. PERRY, William Hayne, representative, was born in Greenville, S.C., June 9, 1839 ; son of Gov, Benjamin Franklin (q.v.) and Elizabeth Frances (McCall) Perry. He graduated at Furman uni- versity, S.C. ; attended South Carolina college ; graduated, fifth orator, at Harvard in 1859 ; studied law with his father, 1859-61, and in 1861 en- tered the Confederate service in Brook's cavalry. He was made first lieutenant of his company, which was afterward attached to the Hampton legion, and served in Virginia and South Car- olina. After the close of the war he practised law with his father ; was a member of the state convention of 1865 ; a representative from Greenville in the state legislature, 1865-66 ; soli- citor of the eighth judicial district, 1868-73: a member of the state senate, 1880-84, and a repre- sentative from the foui'th district of South Car- olina in the 49th, 50th and 51st congresses, 1885-91. PERRY, William Stevens, second bishop of Iowa and 116th in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Providence, R.I., Jan. 22, 1832 ; a descendant of John Perrj', who settled, in 1636, in Roxbury, Mass., where he was a mem- ber of John Eliot's church. He was named for his maternal uncle, the Rt. Rev. William Bacon Stevens (q.v.). He attended the Providence high VIII. — 19 school and Brown university, 1850-51, and was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1854, A.M., 1857. He studied theology at the Virginia Theological seminary, Alexandria, Va., and under the Rev. John S. Stone of Boston ; was ordered deacon, March 29, 1857, and was ordained priest, April 7, 1858 ; was assistant minister of St. Paul's. Boston, 1857-58 ; rector of St. Luke's, Nashua, N.H., 1858- 61 ; of St. Stephen's, Portland, Maine, 1861-63 ; of St. Michael's, Litchfield, Conn., 1864-69, and of Trinity church, Geneva, N.Y., 1869-76. He was married in 1862 at Gambler, Ohio, to Sarah A. W., daughter of the Rev. Thomas Mather Smith. He was professor of history and the evi- dences of Christianity at Hobart college. Geneva, N.Y., 1871-76, and served as president of the col- lege, April 20-Sept. 1, 1876. He was deputy to the general convention from New Hampshire in 1859 and from Maine in 1862 ; was assistant secre- tary to the house of deputies, 1862-65, and secre- tary, 1865-74. He was appointed historiographer of the church in America in 1868 ; was chaplain general of the Society of the Cincinnati and president of the Iowa Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. He was elected Bishop of Iowa and consecrated, Sept. 10, 1876, by bishops Stevens, Coxe and Kerfoot, assisted by bishops Bissell and Oxenden of Montreal. He was elected professor in systematic divinity and president of Griswold college in 1876. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Bishop's col- lege, Lennoxville, Canada, in 1859 ; S.T.D. by Trinity college in 1869 ; LL.D. by William and Mary college, Virginia, in 1876 ; D.C.L. by Bishop's college in 1885 and by King's college, Windsor, N.S., in 1886; S.T.D. by Oxford uni- versity in 1888 ; D.C.L. by the University of the South in 1893 and LL.D. by Dublin university in 1894. He was assistant editor of the Boston Church Monthly in 1864, and editor of the lorca Churchman, 1877-98 ; and is the author of contri- butions to the principal church periodicals and of a large number of works on cliurch history includ- ing : Journals of the General Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States in America (1861) ; Doeumentamj History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (2 vols., 1863-64) both of which were written in conjunction with Dr. Francis L. Hawks ; Historical Collections of the American Colonial Church (1871-78), including Virginia (1871), Pennsylvania (1872), 3Iassachusetts (1873), Maryland (1878), and Deknmre (1878); The His- tory of the American Episcopal Church. 15S7-1SS3 (2 vols., 1885), and Tlie American Church and the American Constitution (1895). Among his other works are Some Summer Days Abroad (1880) and Life Lessons from the Book of Proverbs (1885). He died in Dubuque, Iowa, May 13, 1898. PERSICO PETERS PERSICO, Ignatius, R. C. bishop, was born in Naples, Italy, Jan. 30, 1823 ; son of Francisco Saverio and Guiseppino (Pennachio) Persico. He was baptized Camillo Guglielino Maria, and as- sumed the name Ignatius when he entered the Order of Minor Capuchins. He attended the Jesuit college at Naples; was ordained priest, Jan. 24, 1846 ; was graduated at tiie Propaganda, Rome, in 1847, and was apostolic missionary to Patna, 1847-52 ; apostolic visitor to the East Indies, 1852-54, and was elected coadjutor to the vicar- apostolic of Bombay, India, March 8, 1854. He was consecrated at Bombay, India. June 4, 1854, in the cathedral of " Our Lady of Hope " by the Right Rev. Anastasius Hartman. vicar-apostolic of Bombay. He was vicar-apostolic of Hindostan and Tiiibet, 1850-60. and on March 11, 1870, was trans- ferred to Savannah, Ga., as successor totheRt. Rev. Augustin Verot, transferred to St. Augus- tine. He was a member of the provincial and Vatican councils at Baltimore, Md.; resigned his see in 1872 ; was translated to the see of " Bo- leno " June 20, 1874 ; became bishop of the united dioceses of Acquino, Pontecowo and Sora, in the East Indies, in 1878. He was sent as commissary to Ireland, in June, 1887, and was created cardinal priest, Jan. 16, 1893. He died at Rome, Italy, Dec. 7, 1895. PETER, Sarah (Worthington) King, philan- thropist, was born in Chillicothe, Ohio, May 16, 1800 ; daughter of Gov. Thomas and Eleanor (Swearingen) Worthington, and granddaughter of Robert Worthington of Berkeley county, Va. She was married in 1816 to Edward, son of the Hon. Rufus King (q.v.), and made her home in Cincinnati, Oliio. Her husband died and she was married secondly, in 1844, to William Peter, British consul at Philadelphia, Pa., and during her residence in that city, she established the School of Design for Women, which was opened, Dec. 2, 1850. She returned to Cincinnati after the death of Mr. Peter in 1853, and established the Ladies' Academy of Art, which became the Art School of Cincinnati. She was converted to the Roman Catholic faith in 1856, making nine pilgrimages to Rome, on special visits to the Holy Father, and founded at least twenty sistei-hoods and convents in the archdioceses of Pliiladelphia and Cincinnati. She purchased paintings and other works of art in Europe for tiie Cincinnati art school, and statues of saints wliich she pre- sented to different Catholic churches. She be- queathed her wealth to charitable institutions and died at Cincinnati. Oliio. Feb. 6, 1877. PETERKIN, George William, first bishop of West Virginia and 120th in succession in the American episcopate, was born at Clear Spring, Md., March 21, 1841 ; son of the Rev. Dr. Joshua and Elizabeth (Hanson) Peterkin ; grandson of Lieut. William Wilkes and Elizabeth (Spencer) Peterkin, and of Thomas Hawkins and Elizabeth Howard (Beall) Hanson, and great-grandson of Col. William Dent Beall of the Maryland Line. He was educated at the Episcopal High School of Virginia, 1856-58 ; the University of Virginia, 1858-59, and enlisted as a private in the 21st Vir- ginia infantry, April 17, 1861, which was brigaded with the 42d and 48th regiments and after De- cember, 1861, was attached to Jackson's division. He was promoted througli the ranks of corporal and sergeant to that of first lieutenant in April, 1802; made adjutant in May, 1862; transferred to the staff of Gen. W. N. Pendleton (q.v.) June, 1862, and served as his aide until paroled at Ap- pomatox court-house, April 10, 1805. He was graduated at the Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary of Virginia at Alexandria in 1868 ; was admitted to the diaconate, June 24, 1868, ad- vanced to the priesthood, June 25, 1869, and was assistant to his father, rector of St. James's church, Richmond, Va., 1868-69. He was rector of St. Stephen's church, Gulpeper,Va., 1869-73, and of the Memorial church, Baltimore, Md., 1873-78. The diocese of West Virginia was organized in 1877 and he was elected its first bishop, March 1, 1878, and con.secrated in St. Matthew's church. Wheeling, W.Va., May 30, 1878, by Bishops Bedell, Kerfoot, Whittle, Dudley and Jaggar. In 1903 he had in his diocese 88 parishes and missions, about 4500 communicants and several well organized in- stitutions for mission and charitable work. He was made a member of the board of managers of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary society in 1880, and visited the church mission in Brazil, S.A., at the request of the house of bishops in 1893, reporting the condition of the church in that region to the board of managers. He also visited Porto Rico in 1901 and reported the condition of that Mission to the board. He was vice-president of the American church missionary societ}' for some years. He was married, first, Oct. 29, 1868, to Constance Gardner, daughter of Cassius Fran- cis and Anne Eliza (Cazenove) Lee of Alexandria, Va. She died Aug. 8, 1877 ; and he was married secondly, June 12, 1884, to Marion Mcintosh, daughter of John Stewart of Brook Hill,Va. He received the degree D.D. from Kenyon college and Wasiiington and Lee university in 1878, and LL.D. from Washington and Lee in 1892. He publislied sermons and addresses and contributed to churrh perirydirals. PETERS, Christian Henry Frederick, astron- nomer, was born in Coldenbiittel, Schleswig. Denmark, Sept, 19, 1813. He was graduated from the University of Berlin, Ph.D. in 1836 and studied in Copenhagen, 1830-38, He was a mem- ber of the expedition to Blount Etna, Sicily, under Baron Sartorius von Walthershausen ; was en- PETERS PETERS gaged on the geodetic survey of Naples, Italy ; joined the revolutionists under Garibaldi ; was appointed major of artillery, and after the insur- rection was brought to a close in 1848, fled to Turkey. He immigrated to the United States in 1853 and was employed by the U.S. coast survey, 1854-57. He was elected first director of the Litch- field observatory, Hamilton college, N. Y., in 1858, and was professor of astronomy at the college, 1867-90. He was the first discoverer of forty-seven asteroids and made many observa- tions on comets and solar spots. He was employed by the regents of the University of the State of New York to determine the longitude of several places in the state of New York, including the western boundary line. He had charge of an expedition to observe the solar eclipse at Des Moines, Iowa, Aug. 7, 1869, and headed the gov- ernment expedition to New Zealand to observe the transit of Venus, Dec. 9, 1874. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, 1876-90, and received the decoration of the cross of the Legion of Honor from the French govern- ment in 1887. He prepared twenty " Celestial Charts" and is the author of numerous articles in various scientific publications. He died in Clinton. N.Y., July 18, 1890. PETERS, John Abram, educator, was born in Hagerstown, Md.. Jan. 25, 1833 ; son of George and Caroline (Reynolds) Peters, and grandson of Abraham Peters, who emigrated from the vicinity of Strasburg, Germany, in 1774, and settled at Millersville, Lancaster county. Pa., and of John Reynolds. His mother was of English-Irish de- scent. He removed with his parents to Lancas- ter, Pa. , where he attended the public schools ; was a student at the academy at Mercersburg, Pa., in 1851 ; at the preparatory department of Franklin and Marshall college, Lancaster, Pa., in 1858 ; was graduated from the college A.B., 1857, A.M., 1860. and studied theology privately under Rev. George L. Staley, D.D. He was principal of Irwin academy. Pa., 1857-59; vice-principal of Mt. Washington Female college, Md. ; was licensed to preach by the classis of the Reformed church in 1863, and was in Pennsylvania as pastor at Mt. Pleasant, 1864-69, Carlisle, 1869-70, Alex- andria, 1871-78, Lancaster, 1878-84, and Danville, 1884-91. He was president of the General Synod of the Reformed chiu'ch at Dayton, Ohio, in 1899, and president of the literary department of Heidelberg university. Tiffin, Ohio, 1891-1901. He was married first in 1864 to Roberta George of Lovettsville, Va., who died leaving four sons ; and secondly in 1880 to Mary H. Harnish of Alex- andria, Pa., who, with their two sons, survived him. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Heidelberg university in 1887. He died at Tiffin, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1901. PETERS, John Andrew, jurist, was born at Ellsworth, Maine, Oct. 9, 1832 ; son of Andrew and Sally (Jordan) Peters ; grandson of Mel- atich and Elizabeth Jordan and of John and Mary Peters, and a descendant of the Rev. Robert Jordan of the Church of England, who came to America about 1643. Melatich Jordan was collector of customs, Frenchman's Bay dis- trict, 1789. John Andrew Peters was prepared for college at Gorham academy ; was graduated from Yale in 1843 ; studied law at Harvard, 1843- 44 ; was admitted to the bar in 1844, and prac- tised in Bangor. He %vas married first, Sept. 3, 1846, to Mary Ann, daughter of Judge Joshua W. Hathaway of Bangor ; and secondly, Sept. 33, 1857, to Fannie E., daughter of the Hon. Amos M. and Charlotte Roberts of Bangor. He was a member of tlie Maine senate, 1862-63 ; of the house of representatives, 1864 ; attorney-general of the state, 1864-67 ; Republican representative in the 40th, 41st and 43d congresses, 1867-73 ; associate justice of the Maine supreme court, 1873-88, and its chief justice, 1883-1900, when he retired and was succeeded b}' his nephew, Andrew P. Wiswell of Ellsworth, Maine. Judge Peters was elected a member of the Maine Historical society in 1866, and of the New England Historic Gene- alogical society in 1896, and a trustee of Bowdoin college in 1891. He received the degree LL.D. from Colby in 1884, from Bowdoin in 1885, and from Yale in 1893. PETERS, John F>unnett, clergyman and au- thor, was born in New York city, Dec. 16, 1853 ; son of Thomas McClure and Alice Clarissa (Rich- mond) Peters ; grandson of Edward Dyer and Lucretia (McClure) Peters, and a descendant of Andrew Peters, who appeared in Boston, Nov. 18, 1659. He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1873, Ph.D., 1876; was tutor at Yale, 1876-79, and studied at tlie Universities of Berlin and Leipzig, 1879-83. He was married, Aug. 13, 1881, to Ga- briella Brooke, daughter of Thomas March and Helen (Brooke) Forman of Savanah, Ga. He was ordered deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church, Dec. 34, 1876, and advanced to the priest- hood, Dec. 33, 1877. He was professor of Old Testament languages and literature at the Prot- estant Episcopal divinity school, Philadelphia, 1884-91 ; professor of Hebrew at the University of Pennsylvania, 1886-93, and was in charge of the expedition of the University- of Pennsylvania to Babylonia, conducting excavations at Nippur, 1888-91, and retaining general direction of the work until 1895. In 1893 he became rector of St. Michael's chun-h. New York citj-, of which he had been an assistant minister since 1883. He receiv- ed the honorarj' degree of D.D. from Yale and that of Sc.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1896. His published works include : Scriptures, PETERS PETERS Hebrew and Christian (Vols. I. and II.. 1886-89), publisliea in Enf::lancl untlor the title TJie Bible for Home and School (1898); contribution in "The Bible as Literature," edited by Dr. Lyman Abbott (1896); Laula Zion (1896); Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates (2 vols.. 1897); The Old Testamettt and the Neto Scholarship (1901); Archaeological History of Hither Asia in "TlieUniversal Anthology "(1902). He also translated Political History of Recent Times, with an additional section carrying it down to date (1882); edited Diai-y of David McChire (1899), and also Labor and Capital (1902). PETERS, John Samuel, governor of Connec- ticut, was born in Hebron, Conn.. Sept. 21, 1772; son of Beneslie and Ann (Sliipman) Peters; grandson of William Peters, and a descendant of William Peters, son of Lord Peters of England, who immigrated to America with his brothers Thomas and Hugh, and settled in Meriden, Mass. Beneslie Peters in company with other loyalists sailed to England in 1777, and after residing there for a time secured a large tract of land in Upper Canada, where he settled with liis family. John worked on a farm, attended the district schools, and in 1790 began to teach school in Hebron. He studied medicine under Dr. Benjamin Peters of Marbletown. N.Y., for six months and then under Dr. Abner Mosely of Glastonbury, Conn. ; in 1796 attended lectures in Pliiladelphia, Pa., and practised in Hebron, 1797-1837. He was town clerk for twenty years, judge of probute for tlie district of Hebron, and frequently a member of the state legislature. He received the votes of one branch of the state legislature in 1824, when Calvin Willey was elected ; was lieutenant-governor of Connecticut, 1827-31, and governor of the state, 1831-33. He was a fellow of the Tolland County Medical so- ciety ; treasurer, vice-president and president of the State Medical society, and received the hon- orary degree of M.D. from Yale in 1818, and LL.b. from Trinity in 1831. He died in Hebron, Conn., Marcli 30, 18r)7. PETERS, Richard, delegate to congress, was born at Blockley, Philadelphia, Pa., June 22, 1743 ; son of William and Mary(Breintnall) Peters. His father was for many years register of the admiralty, and liis uncle, tlie Rev. Richard Peters, was secre- tary of the proprietary government and afterward rector of Christ church. Richard was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. A.B., 1761, A.M.. 1765 ; was admitted to the bar in 1763, and practised in Philadelphia. He was register of the admiralty, 1771-75. and upon the outbreak of the Revohitionary war was commissioned captain in the Continental army, and commanded a company of provincial troops, 1775-76. He was elected by congress, secretary of the Continental board of war, June 13, 1776, and served till 1781, when he was appointed a commissioner of war. In 1780 he personally subscribed £5000 for the pi'ovisioning of the army, and when he I'esigned his office of secretary in 1781, congress passed a vote of thanks for his long and faithful services. He was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1782-83 ; a member and speaker of the state assembly, 1787-90, and speaker of tlie state senate in 1791. He declined the comptrollership of the treasury tendered him in 1792 by President Wash- ington, and was appointed judge of the U.S. district court for Pennsylvania, April 11, 1792. serving till his death. He was a member of the Philadelphia Agricultural society for over thirty years, and its first president ; was instrumental in constructing the first bridge over the Schuykill river, and was first president of the bridge com- pany. He was married to Sarah, daughter of Abraham Robinson. The honorary degi'ee of LL.D. was conferred on him in 1827 by the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, of which institution he was a trustee, 1789-91. He is the author of : Ad- miralty Decisions of the District Court of the United States for the Pennsylvania Districts. 17S0- 1807 (1807). He died at Belmont, Philadelphia, Pa.. Aug. 22, 1828. PETERS, Richard, law reporter and author, was born at Bl ockley, Philadelphia, Pa. , in August, 1780 ; son of Ricliard (q.v.) and Sarah (Robinson) Peters. He was admitted to the bar in 1800 and practised in Philadelphia. He was .solicitor of Philadelphia county, 1822-25 ; was one of the founders of the Pliiladelphia Saving Fund socie- ty, and was chosen reporter of the U.S. supreme court to succeed Henry Wheaton. He edited "Chitty on Bills of Exchange" (3 vols., 1810), and Bushrod Washington's " Circuit Court Re- ports" (4 vols., 1826-29), and is the author of: Reports of the U.S. Circuit Court, 1S03-1S (1819); Reports oftheU.S. Supreme Court, 1S2S-43(\1; vols., 1828-43) ; Condensed Reports of Caaes in the U.S. Supreme Court from its Organization till 1S37 (6 vols., 1835) ; Full and Arranged Digest of cases determined in tlie Supreme, Circuit and District Courts of theUnited States, from the Organization of the Govei-nment (3 vols., 1838-39 ; 2d ed.. 2 vols., 1848). He died at Belmont, Philadelphia, Pa.. May 2. 1848. PETERS, Samuel Ritter, representative, was born in Walnut Township, Pickaway county, Ohio. Aug. 16, 1842 ; son of Lewis S. and Margaret (Ritter) Peters. He matriculated at Oliio Wes- lej-an universit}- with the class of 1864 ; served in the Federal army as private, sergeant, lieutenant, adjutant and captain in the 7.3d Oliio volunteers. 1861-65 ; was graduated at the University of Mich- igan, LL.B., 1867 ; practised law in Memphis, PETERSON PETIGRU Mo., 1867-73 ; removed to Marion, Kansas, in 1873 ; was state senator, 1874-75, and resigned to accept the judgeship of the ninth district, serving two terms, 1875-83. He was representative at large fi'om Kansas in the 48th congress, 1883-85, and from the seventh district in the 49th, 50th and 51st congresses, 1885-91. He received the degree of A.B. from the Wesleyan university in 1894. He practised law in Newton, Kansas, after 1891. PETERSON, Charles Jacobs, publisher, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 20, 1819 ; son of Thomas and Elizabeth Snelling (Jacobs) Peterson ; grandson of Lawrence and Rachel Peterson, and a descendant of Laurencius Peterson, bishop of Upsal at the time of the Swedish reformation, and son-in-law of King John. His first American ancestor, Erick Peterson, came from Sweden in 1638, and settled the Delaware colony of Swedes. He matriculated at the University of Pennsyl- vania in the class of 1838 in the sophomore year, but left in 1839 to engage in the book business. He married Sarah Powell, daughter of Charles Pitt Howard. He was editor, with Ann S. Ste- phens, of Peterson's Ladies' National Magazine, and author of : History of the U.S. Navy ; History of the American Revolution ; Military Heroes of the War of 1812; Military Heroes of the War with Mexico ; a continuation of Charles von Rotteck's " History of the World " (4 vols., 1856), and several novels. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 4, 1887. PETERSON, Henry, author, was born in Phil- adelphia, Pa., Dec. 7, 1818 ; son of George and Jane (Evans) Peterson ; grandson of Lawrence and Rachel Peterson, and of John and Rachel Evans. He was clerk in a hardware store at fourteen, and in 1839 a member of the firm of Deacon & Peterson, who became publishers of the Saturday Evening Post, of which Henry Peterson was editor for twenty years. He was married to Sarah Webb of Wilmington, Del., who edited TJie Lady's Friend for ten years, and their sou, Arthur Peterson, became assistant editor of the Saturday Evening Post, editor of Pete7\^on's Journal, and paymaster with rank of lieutenant in the U.S. navy. Henry Peterson is the author of: TJie Twin Brothers (1843); Universal Suf- frage {1867); The Modern Job {186Q) ; Pemberton, or One Hundred Years Ago (1873); Faire-Mount (1874); Confessions of a Minister (1874); Ccesar, a Dramatic Study (1879); Poems (1863, new edition, 1883), and the drama Helen, or One hun- dred Years Ago, produced in Philadelphia in 1876. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 10, 1891. PETERSON, Robert Evans, publisher, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 13, 1813; son of George and Jane (Evans) Peterson. He received a commercial education and engaged in the hard- ware business until 1834, when he married Han- nah Mary, only daughter Judge John Bouvier (q.v.). He then studied law with his fatlier-in- law and assisted him in editing liis law works. He was admitted to the bar in 1843, and in order to absolve the debt of his clients, Daniels & Smith, booksellers, purchased their business, con- ducting it as R. E. Peterson & Co. On the death of his father-in-law in 1851 he established with George W. Childs the publishing house of Childs & Peterson, which became involved in 1857-58. Mr. Peterson then retired from the publishing and bookselling business and took up the study of medicine. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, M.D.,1863, but did not practise, devoting his life to study. He presented Judge Bouvier's valuable law library to the University of Pennsylvania. His wife died, Sept. 4, 1870, at the home of her son-in-law, George W. Childs, Long Branch, N.J., and he was married secondly, in 1872, to Blanche, sister of Louis M. Gottschalk (q.v.) and after her death in 1879, thirdly, to her sister Clara. He published " Bouvier's Law Dic- tionary " and " Bouvier's Institutes of American Law"; edited: "Familiar Science, a Guide to Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar" ; " Dr. Kane's Arctic Explorations " ; " Brazil and Brazil- ians", and numerous text books, and is the author of : TJie Roman Catholic Church not the Only True Religion (1891). He died in Asbury Park, N.J., Oct. 30, 1894. PETERSON, Theophilos Beasley, publisher, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 14, 1821 ; son of Thomas and Elizabeth Snelling (Jacobs) Pet- erson. He was a drygoods clerk at thirteen and afterward a clerk in a shipping-office, later learn- ed the trade of stereotyper and printer and in 1845 became bookseller and news agent. He admitted his brothers, George W. and Thomas, into partnership in 1858, the firm becoming T. B. Peterson & Brothers. He was the first publisher to issue a catalogue giving portraits of authors with brief biographical sketches, and the pioneer in issuing cheap editions of English books. He died in Pliiladelphia, Pa., Dec. 30, 1890. PETIQRU, James Lewis, statesman, was born in Abbeville district. S.C, March 10, 1789 ; son of William and Louise (Gibert) Petigru, and grand- son of James Petigru (or Pettigrew), who emi- grated in 1740, settled in Pennsylvania, removed to Tyrrell county, N.C., and thence to Abbeville, S.C, 1768 ; and of Jean Louis Gibert, a Huguenot clergyman, who fled from persecution in France, and settled in South Carolina in 1695. James Lewis Petigru attended school in Willington, S.C, and was graduated from South Carolina college in 1809. He was a teacher in Beaufort college, 1809-13 ; was admitted to the bar in 1812, and practised at Coosawhatchie, S.C. He served as a private soldier in the war of 1812, and was ap- PETTIBOXE PETTIGRE pointed solicitor of Abbeville district in 1815. He removed to Charleston, S.C., and formed a part- nership with James Hamilton, Jr., which con- tinued until Hamilton's election to congress in 1821, when he practised alone. He attained high rank at the bar, and succeeded Gen. John V. Hayne as attorney-general of South Carolina, serving, 1822-30. He opi)osed the doctrine of nul- lification, was defeated as the Union candidate for state senator, and lost much of his popularity on account of his opposition to the dominant party. He was, however, elected district attor- ney and served as a representative in the state legislature, where he stood almost alone among the men of wealth and social position to oppose the nullification acts. When tlie state seceded in 1860 he was too old to take an active part, but gave his approval to the measure. He married in August, 1816, adaugliterof Capt. James Postell, and grand- daughter of Colonel Postell of Marion's brigade, and of their children, Caroline, born May 24, 1819, married William A. Carson in 18-10 and attained distinction as a painter of portraits, that of her father being the best known of her works. He was presiilent of the South Carolina Historical society and is the author of: Oration Delivered before the South Carolina College on the Occasion of its Semi-Centennial Celebration (1855); an Ad- dress bf'fore the South Carolina Historical Society (1858). and Codification of the Laics of South Car- olina (1862). A " Memorial " containing proceed- ings of the bar of Ciiarleston on the occasion of his death was published in 1863, and his biography written by William J. Grayson in 1866. He died in Ciiarleston, S.C, March 3, 1868. PETTIBONE, Augustus Herman, representa- tive, was born at Bedford, Ohio, Jan. 21, 1835 ; son of Augustus N. and Nancy L. (Hathaway) Pet- tibone ; grandson of Elijali Pettibone, a Revolu- tionary soldier of the Connecticut line, and Mary Field, liis wife, and of Zephaniah and Silence (Alden) Hathaway, and a descendant of John Alden, clerk of the Mayfloioer, and of Mathew Grant, first American ancestor of Gen. U.S. Grant. He was educated at Hiram college, Ohio, was graduated at the University of Michi- gan in 1859, and studied law under the Hon. Jonathan E. Arnold at Milwaukee, Wis. He was admitted to the bar in 1861 ; settled in prac- tice at La Crosse, Wis., and entered tlie Union army as a private in the 20th Wisconsin volun- teers in 1861. He was promoted 2d lieutenant, captain and major and served until tlie close of the war, when he established his practice in Greeneville, Tenn. He was attorney-general for tlie 1st judicial circuit of Tennessee, 1870-82 ; a presidential elector on the Grant and Colfax ticket in 1868, and on the Hayes and Wheeler ticket in 1876, and assistant U.S. district attorney for the eastern district of Tennessee, 1873-80. He was a Republican representative from the first Tennessee district in the 47th, 48th and 49th congresses, 1881-87, resuming practice in Greene ville in 1887, and was a representative in the general assembly of Tennessee, 1896-97. PETTIQREW, Charles, clergyman, was born in Chambersburg, Pa., March 20, 1748; son of James Petigru, or Pettigrew, the immigrant. He remained in North Carolina and obtained his education under the tutelage of the Rev. Henry Pattillo and the Rev. James Waddel. He taught school at Edenton, N.C., 1773-74, and received ordination in the established church at London, England, in 1775, from the bishop of Rochester. He was rector of St. Paul's church, Edenton, N.C., and one of the foremost movers in the organiza- tion of the Protestant Episcopal church in North Carolina, first calling a meeting of the clergy and laity at Tarboro, June 5, 1790. He was a trustee of the University of North Carolina, 1790- 93, and w\as elected the first bishop of North Carolina, May 31, 1794, but was never consecrated, on account of the yellow fever epidemic in Nor- folk and his own ill health. He died in Tyrrell county, N.C. April 8, 1807. PETTIQREW, James Johnston, soldier, was born at Lake Phelps, Tyrrell county, N.C, July 4, 1828; son of Ebenezer Pettigrew (1783-1848), representative in the 24th congress, 1835-37 ; state senator and extensive planter ; brother of the Rev. Dr. William Shephard Pettigrew (1818-1900), at the time of his death the oldest Protestant Episcopal clergyman in the state, and grandson of the Rev. Charles Pettigrew (q.v.). He was graduated with the highest honors from the University of North Carolina in 1841, and was professor in the national observatory, Washing- ton, D.C., 1848. Shortly after he removed to Charleston, S.C, studied law with his kinsman, James L. Petigru, 1849-51, and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He traveled extensively in Europe, was secretary to the U.S. minister to Spain, Daniel M. Barringer of North Carolina, for several months in 1852, and on his return to the United States established a law practice in Charleston, S.C He was a representative in the South Carolina legislature, 1858-59, and in 1859 joined the Sardinian army in Italy, but the early termination of the war prevented him from see- ing active service. He accordingly returned to Charleston, and organized and drilled a regiment of riflemen. Upon the secession of South Carolina in December, 1860, he took possession of Castle Pinkney, and demanded of Major Anderson tlie evacuation of Fort Sumter. He was trans- ferred to Morris Island and engineered the con- struction of batteries to guard the harbor ; was commissioned colonel of the 22d North Carolina PETTIGREW PETTIT regiment in 1861, and was stationed at Evans- port, on the Potomac, wliere he constructed and guai-ded the fortifications. He was commissioned brigadier-general in 18G3 and took an active part in the Peninsular campaign of tliat year. He was present at Seven Pines in June, 1863, being severely wounded and taken prisoner ; was ex- changed in August, 1862, and assigned to a new brigade. He was placed in command at Ricli- mond, Va., which he defended against General Stoneman's raid. On the third day of the battle of Gettysburg lie commanded Heth's division and took part in Pickett's charge. While defending the rear of General Lee's arni\' during the retreat that followed he was surprised at Falling Waters, Va., by a small band of Federal cavalry and was mortally wounded, July 14, 1863. He is the author of Spain and the Spaniards (1859). He died near Winchester, Va., July 17, 1863. PETTIGREW, Richard Franklin, senator, was born at Ludlow, Vt., in July, 1848; son of Andrew and Hannah B. ( Sawtelle) Pettigrew ; grandson of Andrew and Priscilla (Barn) Petti- grew and of Elnathan and Millie (Pitt) Sawtelle. His great-grandfather was a soldier in the battle of Bunker Hill. In 1854 he removed to Evansville, Wis., attended Evansville academy and Beloit college, 1866-68, spent the years 1869-73 in Sioux Falls, Dak. Ter., as a surveyor and dealer in real estate, and after 1873 in the practice of law. He was elected to the territorial council in 1876, 1878 and 1884. The University of Wisconsin conferred upon him the degree of LL.B., 1878. He was married, Feb. 37, 1879, to Bessie Vaughn, daugh- ter of Henry Hamilton and Annie (Arthur) Pittar of Chicago, 111. He was a Republican delegate f roni Dakota Territory in the 47th congress, 1881- 83. In 1883 he was a member of the convention which framed the constitution for the proposed state of South Dakota, having been an early ad- vocate of the division of Dakota Territory into two states. He was elected to the U.S. senate. Oct. 16, 1889, after the admission of South Dakota to the Union, and drew the long term expiring March 3, 1895. He was re-elected in 1894, his second term expiring March 3, 1901. In 1900 he was the unsuccessful candidate of the Fusionists for re- election. In the campaigns of 1896 and 1900 he supported Bryan for the Presidency. He was opposed to the policy of the government in ac- quiring the Hawaiian Islands and in the annexa- tion of the Philippines. PETTINQILL, John Hancock, theologian, was born in Manchester, Vt., May 11, 1815 ; son of the Rev, Amos and Hannah (Dean) Pettingill. His father (1780-1830). a graduate of Harvard, 1805, was pastor of Methodist churches in New York and Connecticut, 1807-30, and publisflied a " View of the Heavens" (1836), and "The Spirit of Methodism" (1829). John Hancock Pettingill was graduated at Yale, A. B., 1837, A.M., 1840; was a teacher in the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb in New York city, 1838-43, and was a stu- dent at Union Theological seminary, 1839-41. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry, Dec. 6, 1843 ; was stated supply at South Dennis, Mass., 1843-48 ; pastorat Saybrook, Conn., 1848-53; district secretary of the A.B.C.F.M. at Albany, N.Y., 1853-60, and visited the missions of the American Board in Servia, Turkey and Greece, 1356-57. He was pastor at Saxonville, Mass., 1860-63, at Westbrook, Conn., 1863-66, and was chaplain of the Seamen's Fi-iend society at Ant- werp, Belgium, 1866-73. He visited northern Europe in the interest of missions, and in 1866 assisted in the care of those sick with cholera, which service was publicly acknowledged by the Belgian government. He resided in New York city, 1873-76 ; in Philadelphia, 1876-86, where he gave his time chiefly to literary work, and in 1866 removed to New Haven, Conn. He was married, April 38, 1845, to Rebecca S. Parker of Falmouth, Mass., and secondly, June 17, 1863, to Jeannie, daughter of Judge Copeland of Brooklyn, N.Y. He wrote principally on the science of religion, and was the first American teacher to propound the doctrine that eternal life was de- pendent upon knowledge of and faith in Christ as held by the primitive Church up to the time of Plato. He was subjected to great losses and determined oi^position by reason of his teachings, and his books were not received with favor even after he had succeeded in having them published. Finally they grew in favor and were reprinted in several continental languages, and at his death he had a large number of disciples. He wrote for current magazines, and is the author of The Homiletical Index (1877) ; The Theological Trilemma (1878); Platonism versus Christianity (1881); Bible Terminology (1881); Life Everlast- ing (1882); The Unspeakable Gift (1884); and Views and Reviews in Eschatology (1887). He died in New Haven, Conn., Feb. 37, 1887. PETTIT, Charles, delegate, was born at Am- well, N.J., in 1736, of Huguenot ancestry. He received a good education and married a sister of Joseph Reed, under whom he was commissioned surrogate in 1767, and whom he succeeded as deputy-secretary of the province in 1769. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1770, and Avas appointed a councillor in 1773. He was sec- retary to Governor William Franklin, 1773-74, but upon the outbreak of the Revolutionary war resigned his position and joined the patriot cause. He was secretary to Gov. WilHani Livingston, 1776-78 ; assistant quartermaster-general of the Continental armj', 1778-83 ; removed to Phila- delnhia, Pa., in 1783. where he engaged in mer- PETTIT PETTIT cantile business ; was a representative in the Pennsylvania legislature, 1783-84, and proposed a plan for funding the state debt, wliich was adopted. He was a delegate to the Con- tinental congress, 1785-87, and a mem- ber of. the general convention whit-li met at Harrisburg, Pa., to consider the adoption of the Fed- eral constitution, which he earnestly advocated. He was a trustee of the Uni- versity of Pennsyl- vania, 1791-1802, a member of the Amer- ican Philosophical so- ciety, and president of the Insurance Company of North America, 1796-98 and 1799-1806. He died in Philadelphia. Pa.. Sept. 4. 1806. PETTIT, George Albert Joseph, educator, was born in Dunmore. Ireland, Sept. 15, 1858 ; son of AYilliam and Elizabeth Pettit. He attend- ed the academy of St. Francis Xavier, N.Y. ; became a member of the Society of Jesus. July 30, 1880, and was graduated from "Woodstock college, Md., in 1887. He was instructor in Eng- lish and the classics at Gonzaga college, Wash- ington, D.C., 1887-90, and at St. John's college, Fordham. N.Y., 1890-92; attended the Jesuit seminary of "Woodstock college, 1892-96, and was ordained priest in June, 1895, by Arch- bishop Satolli. He supplied the chair of English literature at Gonzaga college, made vacant by the retirement of a professor near the close of the scholastic year, 1895-96 ; was prefect of disci- pline and vice-president of St. John's college, 1896-98 ; was assistant master of novices in the novitiate at Frederick, Md., in 1898, and was re- appointed vice-president and prefect of studies at St. John's college in 1899. He was elected to succeed the Rev. T. J. Campbell, S.J., as presi- dent of St. Jolin's college, Fordham, in 1900. PETTIT, Henry, engineer and architect, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 23, 1842; son of Robert and Laura (Ellmaker) Pettit ; grandson of Andrew and Elizabeth OIcKean) Pettit and of Levi and Hannah (Hopkins) Ellmaker, and great-grandson of Charles (q.v.) and Sarah (Reed) Pettit and of Thoma.s McKean, the signer. Robert Pettit was pay director in the U.S. navy. Henry Pettit matriculated at the University of Pennsylvania with the class of 1863, but at the close of his freshman year entered the scientific course, remaining until the junior year. 1862. He was employed by the Pennsylvania railroad com- pany in the engineering department and in the construction of bridges and buildings, 1862-74 ; was special agent of the Philadelphia centennial commission to the exposition at Vienna. 1873 ; was architect of the Main building. Machinery hall, and other constructions of the centennial exhibition. Philadelphia, 1876 ; chief of the bureau of installation, 1875-76, and engineer and architect for the organization of the permanent exhibition at Pliiladelphia, 1877. He was also in charge of tlie U.S. department, and designed and superin- tended its construction for the French universal exposition, Paris, 1879, and was a member of the advisory art commission for Pennsylvania at the "World's Columbian exposition, 1893. Meanwhile he established a general practice as a civil engineer and architect, retiring in 1890. He twice made the tour around the world and re- ceived the decoration of many foreign orders, including : Ridderof St. Olaf from King Oscar of Norway and Sweden ; chevalier of the Legion of Honor from France ; commander of Nichan Iftakhar from the Bey of Tunis, and Caballero of Ysabel laCatolica from Alfonso XIII. of Spain, He was made a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers ; associate member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers ; member of the Philosophical society' and one of its cura- tors, 1879-1901; a member of the Loyal Legion, and of the Union league, Philadelphia, serving on its board of managers for two terms. He received the degree of M.S., gratice causa, from the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1877. He is the author of : Ellmaker Genealogy ; Descendants of Col. Charles Pettit, Member of the Continental Congress; Tlie Pettit Family of Cornwall, Eng- land, and Long Island, N. Y., and also the author of several musical compositions. He took numerous photographs in the Orient and America for use in illustrating lectures delivered before various societies, and he compiled forty volumes of illustrated notes of travel. PETTIT, John, senator, was born in Sacket Harbor, N.Y., June 24, 1807. He was admitted to the bar in 1831, and engaged in practice in Lafayette, Ind. He served two terms in the Indiana legislature, and was subsequentlj' U. S. district attorney. He was a Democratic repre- sentative for the eighth district of Indiana in the 28th, 29th, and 30th congresses, 1843-49 ; a dele- gate to the state constitutional convention of 1850, and a presidential elector at large from Indiana on the Pierce and King ticket in 1853. He Mas elected to the U.S. senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of James Whit- comb, serving, 18.53-55 ; was later appointed U.S. circuit judge, and was made chief justice of the territory of Kansas by President Bnchanan, serving, 1859-63. He was a delegate to the Demo- PETTIT PEYTON cratic uational convention of 1864 ; was justice of the Indiana supreme court, 1870-76, and was renominated, but owing to scandals in connection witli the court that excited popular indignation, his name was withdrawn. He died at Lafayette, Ind., June 17, 1877. PETTIT, John Upfold, representative, was born in Fabius, N.Y., Sept. 11, 18'30 ; son of George and Jane (Upfold) Pettit, and grandson of Jona- than Pettit. He attended Hamilton college : was graduated at Union college in 1839 ; was admit- ted to the bar in 1841, and settled in practice in Wabash, Ind. He was married, Nov. 25, 1858, to Julia, daughter of Samuel and Eliza (Holmes) Brenton of Fort AVayne, Ind. He was a representa- tive in the state legislature in 1844 and 1864, and speaker of the house, 1864 ; U.S. consul-general at Maranham, Brazil, 1850-53 ; judge of the 8th judi- cial district of Indiana, 1854-55, and a Republican representative from the eleventh district in the 34th, 35th, and 36th congresses, 1855-61, serving as chairman of the library committee. He was engaged in recruiting soldiers, 1861-62 ; assisted in organizing the Orphan's home at Knightstown, Ind., in 1863; and in 1865 was largely instru- mental in securing from President Johnson a commutation of the sentence of Bowles and Milligan, who had been condemned to death by the U.S. military commission for treasonable conspiracy in Indiana. He was professor of law in Indiana university, 1869-70 ; judge of the 17th judicial district of Indiana, 1872-81, and pay- master to disburse the principal due the Miami Indians in 1881. He received the degree LL.D. from Indiana university in 1871. He died at Wabash, Ind., March 21, 1881. PETTUS, Edmund Winston, senator, was born in Limestone county, Ala., July 6, 1821 ; son of John and Alice T, (Winston) Pettus, and grandson of Capt. Anthony Winston of Hanover county, Va., a colonial officer of 1776, who re- moved first to Tennessee and then to Alabama. John Pettus, served in the Creek war, and settled in Limestone county, Ala. The son attended Clin- ton college, Smith county, Tenn. ; was admitted to the bar in 1842, and practised in Gainesville, Ala., 1842-44. He was married, June 27, 1844, to Mary S. Chapman, and their son, Francis L. Pettus (died March 6, 1901), was speaker of the Alabama house of representatives. He was solicitor for the seventh circuit of Alabama, 1844-49 ; served in the Mexican war as a lieuten- ant ; in 1849 joined a party of gold seekers in California, traveling on horseback to the gold fields, and on his return in 1851 resumed the practice of his profession. He was judge of the seventh Alabama circuit, 1855-58 ; removed to Selma in 1858, and in 1861 joined the Confederate army as major of the 20th Alabama infantry and was later promoted lieutenant-colonel. On the death of Col. John W. Garrett at Vicksburg, Pettus succeeded him as colonel and led Col. T. N. Waul's Texas legion in a desperate charge at "Vicksburg, May 22, 1863. He was promoted brigadier-general and commanded the second brigade in Stevenson's division in the Atlanta campaign, distinguishing himself by keeping the enemy in check at Rocky-face Ridge, May 8, 1864. In the march to the sea and the Carolina campaign, he continued in command of his brigade in S. D. Lee's corps, surrendering with Johnston in North Carolina. In 1865 he resumed his law practice ; was a delegate to the Democra- tic national conventions of 1872, 1876, 1880, 1884, 1888, 1892 and 1896, serving in each as chairman of the Alabama delegation ; was nominated for U.S. senator by the Democratic caucus of the general assembly, Nov. 16, 1896, by a vote of 67 to 26, Governor Oates, Representative Bankhead and Senator Pugh being the other candidates, and was elected for the term beginning I\Iarch 4, 1897, and expiring March 3, 1903. He served on the judiciary committee, and on the com- mittees on military affairs, railroads, privileges, elections and Indian depredations. PETTUS, John J., governor of Mississippi, was born in Wilson county, Tenn., in 1813 ; son of John and Alice T. (Winston) Pettus. He was educated in Limestone county, Ala., where he also prepared for the law. He t iigaged in practice in Sumter county, and subsequently removed to Kemper county. Miss., where A; '"y» V; he became a planter. He ' served in both branches of the state legislature ; was governor of Mississippi, 1860- 62, and convened a special meeting of the legislature in 1862 to provide for additional troops for the Confederate army. He was a brigadier-general in the Confederate army, 1863-65, and after the war removed to Arkansas, where he died in 1867. PEYTON, Balie, representative, was born in Sumner county, Tenn., Nov. 26, 1803; son of John and Margaret (Hamilton) Peyton ; grand- son of Robert and Ann (Guffey) Peyton ; great- grandson of Valentin and Frances (Harrison) Peyton, and a descendant of Henr^- and Ellen (Partington) Peyton. Henry Peyton was a native of London, England, and settled at Ragged Point, Westmoreland county, Va., about 1656. Balie Peyton passed his childhood with his maternal grandmother ; attended Gallatin col- lege ; was admitted to the bar in 1824, and settled in practice in Gallatin. He was a Whig representative in the 23d and 24th congresses, 1833-37, and in 1837 removed to New Orleans. PEYTON PEYTON La. He was appointed U.S. district attorney at New Orleans, by President Harrison, in March, 1841, and was olTered but declined the portfolio of war in President Tyler's cabinet. At the out- break of the Mexican war he raised a volunteer regiment of liOO men. Since the regiment was not accepted by President Polk, he became chief of General AVortli's staff ; was present at the battle of Monterey, and presented with a reward by the state of Louisiana for his gallantry in that battle ; w;is ajipoiiited U.S. minister to Chili b}" Presi- dent Taylor in 1849, serving, 1849-53, and practised law in San Francisco, Cal., 1853-58. He returned to Gallatin, Tenn., in 1859, and was an elector- at-large from Tennessee on the Bell and Everett ticket in 1860. He was a Unionist throughout the civil war, and a member of the Tennessee senate. 1869-70. He was married in 1830 to Ann Carr. daugliter of William and Alethia (Eaton) Smith of Granville county, N.C. Their son, Balie Peyton, Jr., a lieutenant on the staff of Gen. F. K. Zollicoffer, of the Confederate array, was killed in the battle of Fishing Creek, Ky., Jan. 19, 1862. Peytonsville, Tenn., was named in honor of Balie Peyton, Sr., who died at Gallatin, Tenn., Aug. 19, 1878. PEYTON, Ephralm Geoffrey, jurist, was born in Elizabetlitown, Ky., Oct. 29, 1802 : son of Ephraim and (Jennings) Peyton, and grand- son of Robert and Ann (Guffey) Peyton, and of Jonathan Jennings. He was a cousin of Balie Peyton of Tennessee, their fathers being brothers. He was educated in Gallatin college. Tenn., and in 1818 removed to Mississippi, where he taught school and learned tlie printer's trade. He was admitted to the bar in 1824, and settled in prac- tice first in Copiah county, and then in Gallatin, Miss. He was married, March 81, 1831, to Artemisia G., daughter of Francis Patton, a planter of Clai- borne county, Va. He was a representative in the Mississippi legislature in 1835, was district attorney of the fourth judicial district for several years from 1839, and in 1861 refused to favor seccession. He was a member of the Mississippi con.stitutional convention of 1865, and a Republican representative to the .39th congress in tlie same year, but was denied his seat because Mississippi was not a reconstructed state. He was judge of the su- preme court of Mississippi, 1868-70, and chief justice, 1870-75. He lost his fortune, estimated at about -SIOO.OOO. by the failureof the banks, and was left dce|)ly in debt, which debt he fully paid. He died in Jackson. Miss., Sept. 5, 1876. PEYTON, John Howe, lawyer, wa-s born in Stafford county, Va., April 29, 1778; son of John Rowze and Ann (Howe) Peyton ; grandson of John and Elizabeth (Rowze) Peyton, and of How- son and Mary (Dade) Howe, and a descendant of Henry (of London) and Ellen (Partington) Pey- ton who settled in Westmoreland county, Va. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1797, A.M., 1800 ; was a law student in the office of Bushrod Washington, and was admitted to practice in 1799. He married Ann Montgomery, daughter of Maj. John and Mary (Preston) Lewis. He represented Stafford county in the Virginia assembly, 1806-10 ; was prosecut- ing attorney for the Augusta district, 1809-10 : major on the staff of General Porterfield in the war of 1812 ; mayor of Staunton, 1815 ; deputy U.S. attorney for the western district of Virgina, 1815-36 ; refused a nomination for representative to the 17th congress in 1820, and a U.S. judgeship in 1824 ; served as state senator, 1836-44 ; as trustee of Washington college, 1832-46 ; as visitor to the U.S. Military academy, 1840, writing the report of the board, and as president of the board of directors of the Western Virginia Lunatic asylum, 1837-47. He is the author of: Resolutions upon the attitude of Pennsylvania with reference to an Amendment to the Constitu- tion of the United States, providing a tribunal for settling disputes beticeen the State and Federal judiciary, pronounced by Daniel Webster as conclusive and admitting of no further discussion. He died in Staunton, Va., April 27, 1847. PEYTON, John Lewis, author, was born in Staunton, Va., Sept. 15, 1824 ; son of John Howe (q.v.) and Ann Montgomery (Lewis) Peyton. He was graduated at the University of Virginia, LL.B. in 1845 ; was in Europe on official business connected with the state department of Secretary Webster, 1852-53; resided in Chicago, 111., 1853- 55, and there served as major of tlie 1st Chicago regiment, and as lieutenant-colonel of the 18th battalion of the National Guards. He declined the office of U.S. district attorney of Utah, offered by President Pierce in 1855, returned to Virginia that year, and was made magistrate, bank director, and member of the board of visitors of the Deaf, Dumb and Blind institution at Staunton. He was married, Dec. 17, 1855, to Henrietta E. Clark, daughter of Col. John C. and Mary (Bond) Washington of Lenoir count}', N.C. He recruited and drilled troops for the Confederate army in 1861 ; was appointed agent of the state of North Carolina in Europe, and remained abroad, 1862-76. He was made a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society of London ; of the Society of American i.sts of Luxembourg, Prussia; an honorary meniiier of the Reform club, London, and a corresponding member of the Virginia and Wisconsin Historical societies. He was entertained by Napoleon HL in the Tuileries and had audience with Cardinal Anto- nelli in the Palace of the Vatican. He edited Dauenhower's Journal, while in Chicago, con- PEYTON PHELPS tributed to the press and to the leading magazines, and is the author of : Pacific Railway Communi- cations and the Trade of China (1854); A Statis- tical Vieio of the State of Illinois (1854) ; The American Crisis ; or, Pages from the Note Book of a State Agent during the Civil War in America (1866) ; Over the AUeghanies and across the Prairies, Personal Recollections of the Far West, One and Twenty Years Ago (1867); Memoir of William Madison Peyton (1870); Tlie Adventures of My Grandfather (1871); Memorials of Nature and Art (1881) ; ^4. History of Augusta County (1882); Ramhling Reminiscences of a Residence Abroad (1886), and A History of Virginia from the Retrocession of Alexandria to the Reconstruc- tion of the Union. He also edited and wrote an introduction to " The Glasse of Time " by Thomas Peyton of Lincoln's Inn (1887). and edited "' Tom Swindel, or the Adventures of a Boomer" (1898). See life in Brock's "Virginia and Virginians." He died in Staunton. Va.. May 23, 1896. PEYTON, Samuel Oldham, representative, was born in Bullitt county, Ky., in 1804 ; son of Wil- liam and Mary (Ross) Peyton ; grandson of Craven and Ann Peyton, and of Lawrence and (Oldham) Ross, and a descendant of Henry and Ellen (Partington) Peyton. He was graduated at Transylvania university, M.D., in 1827. He was married to Mary Kincheloe ; prac- tised medicine in Hartford, Ky. ; represented Bul- litt county in the state legislature in 1835 ; was a Democratic representative from Kentucky in the 30th, 85th and 36th congresses, 1847-49 and 1857-61, and was defeated for the 31st congress in 1848. He was a member of the committee on public buildings and grounds in the 36th congress. He died in Hartford, Ky., Jan. 4, 1870. PHELAN, James, senator, was born in Hunts- ville, Ala., Oct. 11, 1821 ; son of John and Priscilla Oakes (Ford) Morris Phelan, and grandson of Dennis Phelan, who emigrated from Maryborough, Queen's county, Ireland, to New York city, with his wife, Mary (Lalor) Phelan, and cliildren in 1793, and resided in New Jersey, Virginia and Alabama. James served an apprenticeship in the office of the Huntsville Democrat, 1835-42, be- came editor of The Flag of the Union at Tuska- loosa in 1842, and state printer in 1843. He was married, Sept. 22, 1846, to Eliza J., daughter of Dr. Alfred and Eliza (Jones) Moore of Madison county, N.J. He practised law in Huntsville, 1846-49, and in Aberdeen, Miss., 1849-05. He was a state senator in 1860, and Confederate States senator, 1862-64. He introduced in the Confederate senate in 1863, a bill to impress all the cotton in the South, pay for it in Confederate bonds and use it as a basis for a foreign loan. This bill failed to pass, and Mr. Phelan was de- feated in the next senatorial election. He served as judge advocate of Alabama, 1864-65, and then resumed the practice of law in Memphis, Tenn., where he died, May 17, 1873. PHELAN, James, representative, was born in Aberdeen, Miss., Dec. 7, 1856 ; son of Judge James and Eliza J. (Moore) Phelan. He removed to Memphis, Tenn., with his parents, 1867, and was educated in the Kentucky Military institute, the literary department of the University of Nash- ville, and at University of Mississippi, where he matriculated in 1872. He went to Europe in 1874, and completed his education in the Gymnasium of St. Thomas, and at the University of Leipzig, where he received the degree Ph.D. in 1878. In 1881 he settled in the practice of law in Memphis, and was married, Oct. 15 of that year, to Mary, daughter of Dr. Robert Early of Lynchburg, Va. He was a Democratic representative from the tenth Tennessee district in the 50th and 51st con- gresses, 1887-91. He died in Nassau, Bahama Is- lands, seeking relief from phthisis, Jan. 30, 1891. PHELAN, Richard, R. C. bishop, was born at Tralee, county Limerick, Ireland, Jan. 1, 1828. He was educated in St. Kieran's college, Kilkenny. He immigrated to the United States with Bishop Michael O'Connor of Pittsburg, Pa., in 1850, on the latter's call for students to take up the work of the church in his diocese, and prepared for the priesthood in St. Michael's seminary, Pittsburg, and in St. Mary's Theological seminary, Balti- more, Md. He was ordained priest at Pittsburg, Pa., by Bishop O'Connor, May 4, 1854, was charged with a small mission at Camerons Bottoms, In- diana county. Pa., and was assistant rector at St. Paul's cathedral, Pittsburg, Pa., 1855-58. He was rector of the church at Free port. Pa., 1858- 68, and of St. Peter's church at Allegheny, Pa., 1868-85, where he built a church at a cost of $150,000, and completed the schools commenced by the Rev. Tobias Mullen. In 1881 he was ap- pointed administrator of the diocese of Pittsburg and Allegheny, during the absence of Bishop Tuigg, and vicar-general in 1883, and was nomi- nated coadjutor of the two sees with the right of succession in 1885. He was consecrated titular bishop of Cibyra at Pittsburg, Pa., Aug. 2, 1885. by Archbishop Ryan of Philadelphia, assisted by Bishops Mullen and Shanahan, and succeeded to the full bishopric on the death of Bishop Tuigg. Dec. 7, 1889, taking up his residence at Pittsburg, the see city, in 1891. PHELPS, Almira (Hart) Lincoln, educator, was born in Berlin, Conn.. July 15, 1793 ; daugh- ter of Capt. Samuel and Lydia (Hinsdale) Hart ; granddaughter of Lieut. Samuel and Mary (Hooker) Hart and of Capt. John and Elizabeth (Cole) Hinsdale, and a descendant of Thomas Hooker and of Stephen Hart, who came from Essex. England, to Massachusetts about 1632, PHELPS PHELPS settled first at Braintree and then in Newtown, and was an original proprietor of Hartford, Conn., in 1G35. She was instructed by lier sister, Mrs. Emma Hart WiUard (ii-v.), wlioni she assisted at Middlebury, Vt., and completed her education in the Female academy, Pittsfield, Mass. She taught a private school at Middletown, Conn., was again with her sister at Middlebury and was prin- cipal of the Sandy Hill, N.Y., Female academy, 1815-17. Slie was married, Oct. 15, 1817, to Simeon Lincoln, Jr., and after his death she became head teaclier in the department of natural science in Mrs. Willard's seminary at Troy, N.Y., and vice-principal of the seminar\' in 1827, managing it wliile her sister was in Europe. She was mar- ried secondly, in 1831, to Judge John Phelps of Vermont, and retired from active educational work until 1838, when slie became principal of the West Chester, Pa., Female seminary. She was subsequently principal of a private school at Railway, N.J.. and conducted, witli her husband, the Patapsco institute, a diocesan female school at Baltimore. Md., 1841-1849, where she remained alone, 1849-56. She was the second woman to be elected a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and read before that body papers on the religious and scientific character and writings of Edward Hitchcock (18GG), and the "Infidel Tendencies of Modern Science " (1878). Slie was also a member of the Maryland Academy of Science, to wliich society she gave her herbarium containing about 600 specimens. She is the author of : Familiar Lec- tures on Botany (1829) ; Dictionary of Chemistry (1830) ; Botany for Beginners (1831) ; Geology for Beginners (1832) ; Female Student or Fireside Friend (1833); Cliemistry for Beginners (1834) ; Lectures on Natural Philosophy (1835); Lectures on Chemistry (1837) ; Natural Philosophy for BeginJiers {1837 ) ; Ida Xor man (ISoO) ; Christian Households (1860) ; Hours with My Pujiils {ISG9} ; Autumn Fruits (1873), and Preserved in the Win- ter o/Lj/c (1873). She also edited : Our Coun- try, in its Relation to the Past, Present and Future (1868), and the proceeds from its sale were de- voted to the Christian and sanitary commis- sions. She diod in Baltimore, Md., July 15, 1884. PHELPS, Austin, clergyman, was born in "West Brookfield, Mass., Jan. 7, 1820; son of Eliakim and Sarah (Adams) Phelps ; grandson of Eliakim and Abigail (Combes) PJielps, and a descendant of William Plielps, who came from Tewksbury, England, to America in tlie ship Mary and John in 1630, settled first at Hull and then in Dorcliester, Mass., and Windsor. Conn., in 1635. He attended Hobart college, 183:3-34; Amherst college in 1835 ; was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania. A.B., 1837, A.M.. 1840 ; was resident licentiate at the Andover Tlieological seminary, 1838-42 ; was licensed to preach in 1840, and was pastor of the Pine St. Congregational church, Boston, Mass., 1842-48. He was professor of homiletics and sacreil rhetoric in Andover Theological seminary, 1S48-79, pro- fessor emeritus, 1879-90, and president of the seminary, 1869-79. He served as chaplain of both houses of the Massachusetts legislature and preached the "election sermon" in 1861. He was married in September, 1842, to Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Moses Stuart of Andover ; secondly in April, 1855, to Mary, her .sister, and thirdly in June, 1858, to Mary A., daugliter of Samuel Johnson of Boston, Mass. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from Amlierst in 1856. He edited Hymns and Choirs with Prof. Edwards A. Park and Rev. David Furber (1859); Sabbath Hymn-Book with Prof. Park and Dr. Lowell Mason (1859), and is the author of : Tlie Still Hour (1858), which had a large circulation in America and abroad; Tlie New Birth (1867); 77)6 Solitude of Christ (1868) ; Sabbath Hours (1870); Studies of the. Old Testament (1878); TJieory and Practice of Preaching : Lectures on Homiletics (1882) ; My Portfolio (1882) ; English Style in Public Discourse (1883) : My Studies and other Essays (1886) ; My Note-Book ; Fragmentary Studies in Tlieology and Subjects Adjacent Thereto (1889) ; besides addresses and contributions to the Congregationalist and otlier periodicals. See " Memoir " by Mrs. E. S. P. Ward (1891). He died at Bar Harbor, Maine, Oct. 13, 1890. PHELPS, Charles Edward, jurist, was born in Guilford, Vt., May 1, 1833; son of John and Almira (Hart) Lincoln (q.v.) Phelps; grandson of Capt. Samuel Hart, a soldier in the Revolu- tion, and a colonial champion of religious libferty ; great-grandson of Charles Phelps, the first lawyer who set- tled in Vermont, and a descendant of Wil- liam Phelps, who came from England in 1630, and of the Rev. Thomas Hooker (q.v.). He removed to Maryland in 1841 ; was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1852, A.M., 1855; studied law at Harvard ; be- came a practising law- yer in Baltimore in 1855, and was adrtiitted to prac- tice in the U.S. supreme court in 1859. He was elected on the Reform ticket a member of the city council of Baltimore in 1860 ; was one of the organizers and major of the Maryland Guard, PHELPS PHELPS 1858-61, and lieutenant-colonel and colonel of the 7th Maryland Volunteers, 1862-6-4. At the battle of the Wilderness his horse was killed and his clothing riddled, and at Spottsj'lvania, May 8, 1864, his horse was killed, and he was wounded and taken prisoner while leading the 2d division, 5th army corps, in the charge on the works. He was recaptured by Sheridan's cavahy, brevetted brigadier-general for gallant conduct, and awarded the congressional medal of honor. He was elected on the National Union ticket as a representative from the third district of Maryland in the 39th congress, 1865-67, where he opposed the radical measures and policj^ of reconstruction, and was re-elected on the Conservative ticket to the 40th congress, 1867-69. He declined an exe- cutive appointment as judge of the court of appeals in 1867 ; was married, Dec. 29, 1868, to Martha Woodward of Baltimore, Md., and resumed his practice in Baltimore. He was president of the Baltimore school board, 1876 ; commander of the 8th Maryland regiment during the strike riots in 1877 ; president of tlie Maryland Associa- tion of Union Veterans, and a member of various scientific, historical, military and social organiza- tions. In 1882 he was elected on the Independent ticket judge of the supreme bench of Baltimore, and in 1897 was nominated by all parties and re- elected without opposition, the legislature, in 1902, upon the application of the Baltimore Bar association, unanimously extending his term be- yond the constitutional age limit. In 1884 he was chosen a law professor in the University of Maryland. He is the author of : Juridical Equity (1894), and Falstaff and Equity (1901). PHELPS, Edward John, diplomatist, was born in Middlebury, Vt., July 11, 1822 ; son of the Hon. Samuel Shethar Phelps (q. v. ) . He was, graduated at Middlebury, college, A.B., 1840, A.M., 184.3 ; practised law in Middlebury, 1843-45, and removed to Burlington in 1845, where he was married in August. 1846, to Mary, daughter of the Hon. Stephen Haight. He was second comptroller of the U.S. treasury, 1851-53. He was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1870 ; pre- sided over the centennial ceremonies commem- orating the battle of Bennington in 1877 ; lectured on medical jurisprudence in the University of Vermont in 1880, and the same year was made president of the ALUierican Bar association. He was defeated as the Democratic candidate for governor of Vermont in 1880 ; was Kent professor of law at Yale, 1881-1900, and lectured on consti- tutional law at Boston university in 1882. He was U.S. minister to Great Britain, 1885-89 : was the defeated Democratic candidate for U.S. .sen- ator in 1890 ; was a member of the council of the U.S. government before the court of arbitration on the Bering Sea controversy in 1893, and in 1896 supported William McKinley for the presidency, although, being an anti-expansionist, he strongly disapproved of his policy in regard to Cuba and the Philippines. He received the de- gree of LL.D. from Middlebury in 1870. He publislied an address on Chief Justice 3IarsJiaU and the Constitutional Lato of his Time (1879). and articles on The Constitution of the United States in the Nineteenth Century in 1888. He died at New Haven, Conn., March 9, 1900. PHELPS, Elisha, representative, was born in Simsbury, Conn., Nov. 7, 1779; son of Noah and Lydia (Griswold) Phelps ; grandson of David and Abigail (Petibone) Phelps and of Edward and Abigail (Gaylord) Griswold, and a descendant of William Phelps, who settled in Wind.sor, Conn., in 1635. His father (born in Simsbury, Jan. 22. 1740) , a large landholder and captain of militia, planned and took part with Gen. Samuel H. Par- sons in the expedition to Fort Ticonderoga in April, 1775, entering the fort the day before as a spy and reporting its condition to Ethan Allen, wliich enabled them to capture it ; served as captain in AVards' Connecticut regiment, 1776-77, and sub- sequently as lieutenant-colonel and colonel, and in 1780 transferred cannon from Salisbury, Conn., to Boston, for the ship Defense; was judge of probate twenty-two years, a representative in the state legislature twenty seasons, and a major- general of state militia, and died in Simsbury, Conn., March 4, 1809. Elisha was graduated at Yale in 1800 ; practised law at Simsbury, 1803-05, and at Hartford, Conn., 1805-47, and was a mem- ber of each house of the state legislature for several years, serving as speaker in 1821 and 1829. He was a Democratic representative from Con- necticut in tlie 16th, 19th and 20th congresses, 1819-21 and 1825-29; state comptroller, 1830-34; a commissioner to revise and codify the state laws in 1835, and judge of the county court for years. He died in Simsbury, Conn., April 18, 1847. PHELPS, Elizabeth (Stuart), author, was born at Andover, Mass., Aug. 13, 1815 ; daughter of the Rev. Moses and Abigail (Clark) Stuart and a descendant of Robert and Bertha (Rumball) Stuart. Robert Stuart came to Massachusetts in 1650, resided in Boston and at Milford, Conn., and settled in Norwalk, Conn., in 1660. Elizabeth Stuart Phelps was educated at Andover, Mass., and in September, 1842, married tlie Rev. Austin Phelps. They resided in Boston, Mass., 1842-48, and tlien removed to her native place, where she spent the remainder of lier life. She began to write short stories of New England life at an early age, many being published under the pen name " H.Trusta." Her works include : the Kitty Broum series(1850); Sunnyside (1851); A Peep at Number Five (1851); Tlie Angel over the Right Shoulder (1851); The Tell- Tale (1852), and Tlie Last Leaf PHELPS PHELPS from Sunnyside. with a memoir by her husband (1853). The last book was published posthu- mously, and Sunnyside, a story of life in a country parsonage, readied a sale of 100,000 copies in a year. She died in Boston, Miiss., Nov. 30. 1852. PHELPS, Elizabeth Stuart. See Ward, Eliza- beth Stuart Phelps. PHELPS, James, representative, was born in Colebrook, Conn., Jan. 12, 1822 ; son of Dr. Lan- celot and Elizabeth (Sage) Phelps; grandson of Lancelot Phelps, a volunteer in the Revolutionary war, and a descendant of William Plielps, Wind- sor, Conn., 1635. His father was a representative from Connecticut in the 24th and 25th congresses, 1835-39, He was educated in the Episcopal aca- demy at Cheshire, Conn., and in Wasliington college, and was admitted to tlie bar in 1844. He settled in practice in Essex, Conn.; was married, Sept. 30, 1845, to Lydia A., daughter of Samuel and Lydia (Wilson) Ingham, and served as judge of probate. He was a representative in the Con- necticut legislature, 1853-54, and in 1856 ; a state senator, 1858-59 ; judge of the state superior court 1863-73 ; judge of the supreme court of errors, 1873-75 ; a Democratic representative from the second district in the 44th-47th congresses, 1875- 83. and judge of the state superior court, 1885-92. He died in Essex, Conn., Jan. 16, 1900. PHELPS, John Smith, governor of Missouri, was born in Simsbury, Conn., Dec. 22, 1814 ; son of Elisha Phelps (q.v.). He was graduated from Trinity college in 1832 ; studied law with his father, and practised in Connecticut until 1837, when he moved to Spring- field, Mo. He was a member of the Missouri legislature in 1840 ; brigade-inspector of militia in 1841, and Demo- cratic representative to the 29th-36th congresses, 1845- 1861. During the 35th and 36th congresses respectively, he was chairman of tlie committee on ways and means and one of the select committee of thirty-three on the rebellious states. He declined election to the 37th congress ; joined the Federal forces as colonel of U.S. volun- teers in 1861 ; was made brigadier-general in July, 1862 ; was military governor of Arkansas, 1862- 63 ; delegate to the National Union convention at Philadelphia, 1866 ; commissioner to settle war claims in Indiana, 1867 ; unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor of Missouri, 1868, and governor, 1876-82. He died in St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 20, 1886. PHELPS, John Wolcott, soldier, was born in Guilford, Vt., Nov. 13.1813; son of Judge John and Lucy (Lovell) Phelps ; grandson of Timothy Phelps, sheriff of Cumberland county under the jurisdiction of New York, and a descendant of William Phelps, Windsor, Conn., 1635. He was graduated at the U.S. Military academy and bre vetted 2d lieutenant in the 4th artillery, July 1, 1836; was promoted 2d lieutenant, July 28, 1836, and served in tlie Florida war, 1836-39, and in the Cherokee nation while removing tiie In- dians to the West. He was promoted 1st lieu- tenant, July 7, 1838 ; served on the northern frontier during the Canada border disturbances, 1839-40, and at various forts in Michigan, 1840- 41 ; at Fort Monroe, Va. , and Carlisle barracks, Pa., 1841-45. In the war with Mexico, 1846-48, he served in the engagements leading up to the capture of the city of Mexico, and declined the brevet rank of captain, Aug. 20, 1847, for gal- lantry at Contreras and Churubusco. He was a member of the board that devised a complete system of instruction for siege, garrison, seacoast and mountain artillery, 1849-50 ; was promoted captain, March 31, 1850, and served in Texas, 1851-56, where he broke up a filibustering expe- dition. He was a member of the artillery board at Fort Monroe, Va., 1856-57 ; served on frontier duty in Kansas and on the Utah expedition, 1857-59, and resigned from the service, Nov. 2, 1859. Until the beginning of the civil war he resided in Brattleboro, Vt., where he wrote force- ful articles pointing out the danger of the con- stantly increasing political influence of the slave states. He enlisted for the volunteer service and was appointed colonel of the 1st Vermont volun- teers, May 2, 1861 ; took possession of and held Newport News for the defense of Hampton Roads, Va., May to November, 1861, and was engaged in several skirmishes. He was promoted brigadier- general of volunteers. May 17, 1861; served on the expedition to the Gulf of Mexico, late in 1861, when he took military possession of Ship Island, Miss., and with Commodore Farragut's fleet forced the opening of the lower Mississippi in April and May, 1862. While in garrison at Camp Parapet, La., in 1862, he organized the first Negro troops. He was, however, ordered by the government commander to cease such organization, and for that reason resigned, Aug. 21, 1862, but not before being declared an outlaw by the Confederate government. He declined the commission of major-general when the negroes were armed, and retired to Brattleboro, Vt., where he resided until 1883, when he was married to Mrs. Anna B. Davis, and removed to Guilford. He devoted himself to literary work ; was the candidate for the American party for president of the United States in 1880 ; was vice-president of the Vermont Historical society, 1863-85, and of the Vermont Teacher's association, 1865-85. He contributed to current literature ; translated Lucien de la Hodde's "Cradle of Rebellions" (1864) from the French, and is the author of : Good Behavior, PHELPS PHELPS text books for schools, adopted in the west (1880); History of Madagascar 1884) , and Tlie Fables of Florian (1888). See " Memoir " by C.H. C. Howard (1887). He died in Guilford, Vt., Feb. 2, 1885. PHELPS, Philip, clergyman and educator, was born in Albany, N.Y., July 12, 1826 ; son of Philip and Hannah (Mascraft) Phelps ; grandson of John and Catherine (Conine) Phelps and of John and Jane (Wilson) Mascraft, and a descend- ant of William Phelps, who emigrated from Tewkesbury, England, and settled in Dorchester, Mass. His father was for fifty years deputy comp- troller of the state of New York. Philip Phelps, Jr., attended the Boys' Academy of Albany, N.Y., and was graduated with honor from Union college, Schenectady, N.Y., A.B., 1844, and from the New Brunswick, N.J., Theological seminary in 1849. He was the organizer of the Reformed church of Hastings-on-the-Hudson, and its pastor, 1850-59 ; principal of Holland academy, Mich., 1859-66 ; organizer and first president of Hope college, Holland, Mich., 1866-78 ; founder of Hope church, and lector in the Theological sem- inary at Holland. He engaged in literary work, 1879-86, and was pastor of the Reformed churches of North Blenheim and Breakabeen, Classis of Schoharie, N.Y., 1886-96. He was married in 1853 to Margaret Anna Jordan, and of his four children, Frances Few Chrystie married Dr. J. A. Otte, missionary to Amoy, China, and the Rev. Philip T. Phelps became pastor of the first Re- formed Church of Ghent, N.Y. Philip Phelps, Sr., received the honorary degree of D.D. from New York university in 1864, and that of LL.D. from Hope college, Mich., in 1894. He was elected to the presidency of the general synod of the Reformed Church of America in 1864, and to that of the particular synod of 1893. He died in Albany, N.Y., Sept. 4, 1896. PHELPS, Samuel Shethar, jurist, was born in Litchfield, Conn., May 13, 1793; son of Capt. John and Sally (Shethar) Phelps ; grandson of Edward and Hannah (Marsh) Phelps, and a descendant of William Phelps, the immigrant, Windsor, Conn., 1635. He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1811, A.M., 1814, and served in the war of 1812, in the ranks at Burlington and Plattsburg, and afterward as a paymaster ; was admitted to the bar in 1815, and settled in prac- tice in Middlebury, Vt. He was a member of the Vermont legislature, 1821-32 ; of the council of censors in 1827, and of the governors' council in 1831. He was judge of the supreme court of Vermont, 1832-38, a member of the state senate, 1838-51, and was appointed to the U.S. senate in 1853, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Upham. He served until March 4, 1854, but was refused admission at the next session on account of his intemperate habits. He was a member of the committees on claims and Indian affairs, made several notable speeches in condem- nation of slaverj^ and was a member of the select committee of thirteen. When the gun exploded on the frigate Princeton in 1844, Mr. Phelps was a visitor on board, and narrowly escaped death. Li 1854 he retired to private life, although he still continued to practise law. He published an Address on the Council of Censors (1827) ; Speech on the Tariff Bill (1844) ; Speech on the Oregon Question (1848). He died in Middlebury, Vt., March 25, 1855. PHELPS, Stephen, pastor and educator, was born in Lewistown, 111., Feb. 6, 1839; son of Myron and Adaline (Rice) Phelps, and grandson of Stephen and Lois Phelps and of Asaph and Abigail Rice. He was graduated from Jefferson college. Pa., in 1859 and from the Western Theo- logical seminary, Allegheny, Pa., in 1862. He was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Ohio in 1861 ; ordained by the Presbytery of Missom'i River in 1863 ; was in Iowa as pastor at Sioux City, 1862-64 ; Waterloo, 1864-69 ; Janesville, 1869-70 ; Cedar Valley, 1870-71 ; Vinton, 1871-81 ; president of Coe college. Cedar Rapids, 1881-87, and pastor at Council Bluffs, 1887-96. He was also professor of homiletics, pastoral theology and . church government at the Presbyterian Theological seminary, Omaha, Neb., 1891-1902, and on June 1, 1902, became pastor of the Pres- byterian church, Essex, Iowa. He was married first, June 20, 1862, to Amelia, daughter of Wil- liam McComb of Lewistown, lU., and secondly, Dec. 25, 1882, to Sarah Frances, daughter of William Thompson Miller of Vinton, Iowa. He received the degree D.D. from Lenox college and from Washington and Jefferson college in 1882. PHELPS, Thomas Stowell, naval officer, was born in Buckfield, Maine, Nov. 2, 1822 ; son of Stephen and Elizabeth Nixon (Stowell) Phelps ; grandson of Henry and Lucy (Putnam) Phelps, and a descendant of George, who came to America with his brother, William Phelps, in 1630, and settled in Windsor, Conn., in 1635. Thomas S. Phelps was graduated from the U.S. Naval academy, passed midshipman, July 11, 1846, and was wrecked in the sloop Boston on the Island of Eleuthera, West Indies, Nov. 16, 1846. He was attached to the Folk in Mexico waters, February to April, 1847 ; was mar- ried, Jan. 25, 1848. to Margaret R., daughter of Capt. John B. Levy of Virginia ; served on the U.S. coast survey, and in the Mediterranean squadron and on the Pacific coast. 1855-56, parti- cipating in the battle of Seattle, Oregon, Jan. 26, 1856. He was promoted master, March 1. 1855 ; lieutenant, Sept. 14, 1855 ; served on the Brazil squadron and took part in the Paraguay expedi- PHELPS PHILIP tion. 1858-59 ; commanded the steamer Vixen on the coast survey, 1859-61, and was attached to tlie fleet sent for the relief of Fort Sumter in 1861. He made a survey and chart of tlie Potomac river in 1861 ; was transferred to the Conrin for ser- vice in Nortli CaroUna waters in September, 1861; surveyed Hatteras Inlet, and liad several skir- mislies with Confederate gun boats. He received tlie thanks of the secretary of the navy for his services ; was engaged in surveying Virginia waters in March, 1862 ; had several engagements with the Yorktown and Gloucester Point bat- teries, April. 1862 ; captured five and destroyed two Confederate vessels, and prevented the de- struction of White House, Va., May 4, 1862. He ascended the Matipony river during the battle of West Point, Va., May 7, 1862 ; made reconnois- sance charts of the Matipony and Pamunky rivers, and was promoted lieutenant-commander, July 16, 1862. He made a complete survey of the Potomac river from July, 1862 to March, 1863 ; commanded steamer Conrin in making surveys in anticipation of naval and militarj' movements, March, 1863 to December, 186-4 ; commanded the Sangus, December, 1864. to January, 1865; the Juniata at the capture of Fort Fisher, Jan. 15, 1865 ; the Lcnapee, of the Atlantic coast squad- ron. Marcii, 1865 to April, 1867. and was promoted commander, Aug. 5, 1865. He was stationed at the Mare Island navy yard, Cal., 1867-70; com- manded the xece\v\ug?,\\\\) Independence, 1870-71 ; the Saranac of the Noilhern Pacific station, 1871-73; was promoted captain, June 19,1871, and commanded the Mare Island navy yard, 1873- 77. He commanded the receiving ship Independ- ence, 1877-79 ; was promoted commodore, Jan. 13, 1879 ; commanded Mare Island navy yard, 1881- 83 : South Atlantic station, 1883-84; was promoted rear-admiral. March 1,1884, and was placed on the retired list. Nov. 2, 1884. He is the author of Reminiscences of Waslnngton Territoi-y (1882). He died in New York city, Jan. 10, 1901. PHELPS, William Walter, diplomatist, was born in New York city, Aug. 24, 1839; son of Jolin Jay and Rachel B. (Phinney) Phelps, and a descendant of William Phelps, Windsor. Conn., 1635. His father removed from Simsbury, Conn., to New York city and became prominent as an importing merchant and as the organizer and first president of the Delaware. Lackawanna and Western railroad company. William was grad- uated at Yale, A. B.. 1860. A. M., 1863, and was married, July 26. 1860. to Ellen, daughter of Joseph E. Sheffield of New Haven. Conn. He was grad- uated at Columbia, LL.B., 1863 ; settled in prac- tice in New York city, and became counsel for various banks, trust companies and railroad cor- porations. Upon the d^ath of his fatiier in 1«09, he devoted himself entirely to the management of the family e.states and otlier private trusts. He declined the judgesliip of the 6th judicial district of New Y'ork in 1869, removed to Engle- wood, N.J., and was a Republican representative from the fifth district in the 43d, 48cli, 49th, and 50th congresses, 1873- 75 and 1883-89. He was a delegate to the Republican national conventions of 1880 and 1884 ; U.S. minis- ter to Austria, 1881- 82 ; U. S. minister to Germany, 1889-93, and lay judge of the ,'f court of errors and appeals of New Jer- sey'. He served on the committee on foreign affairs for three successive con- gresses, and repre- sented American interests at the International conference on the Samoan question in Berlin in 1889. He was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution ; was influential in securing for the graduates of Yale a share in the government of the university ; was a fellow of Yale, 1872-92, and received tlie honorary degree of LL.D. from Rutgers in 1889, and from Yale in 1890. He made gifts to Yale university aggregating $150,000. He was a prominent member of the leading clubs in New York city. His published speeches include : Franking Privileges (1874) ; Sound Cun-ency (1874) ; Civil Rights Bill (1875) ; Fitz- John Porter's Case (1884) ; Laskar Resolutions (1884) ; oration before General Grant and his cabinet at a Grand Army reunion on The Dangers of War at Paterson, N.J.; The Dangers of Peace, Decoration Day, Mount Holly, N. J. (1886) ; Tariff, address before the Agricultural Society of New Jersey (1884), and one on Congress before the New England society (1886). He died atTeaneck, near Englewood, N.J., June 17, 1894. PHILIP or POMETACOM, Indian chief, was born in New England ; son of Massasoit, chief of the Wampanoags, whose treaty with the colonists in 1621 was maintained for fifty years. Philip became chief sachem in 1662, two years after his father's death, and was apparently friendly with the English for many j'ears. although he always opposed Christianity, especially the work of John Eliot, and his example largely influenced his warriors. Many of his tribe became impatient at the frequent demands of the colonists for the purchase of lands, and the consequnt frequent quarrels made King Philip apprehensive for his own safety. In 1671 he was summoned with ids warriors to answer to the charge of secret plot- PHILIP PHILIP ting against the colonists, and in the interview he alleged that his preparations were designed as a defense against the Narragansetts and not against the white settlers. He then signed an agreement to keep peace, but refused to surren- der his arms, whereupon he was summoned to Boston, and signed articles of submission and deposited £100 as a bond of indemnitj-. After three years of peace the discovery of the murder of Sassamon, an Indian spy and convert, was the signal for war. In the meantime a defensive al- liance of all the New England tribes against the English had been i^lanned, and the result was the banding of a force of nearly 10,000 warriors. King Philip's principal village was at Mt. Hope, R.I., and there in 1675 he began his preparations for war, first sending the women and children of his people to the Narragansetts for protection. The first attack by the Indians was made at Swan- sea, June 24, 1675, while the colonists were keep- ing a day of fasting. Volunteers hurried to the town from all parts of Massachusetts and on June 29, Philip and his men took refuge with the Nipmucks. In July the whites secured a treaty of peace with Canochet, chief of the Narragan- setts, but in the meantime, King Philip with about 1500 braves visited the various tribes and incited them to a general war. He then marched against the settlers in the valley of the Connecti- cut, spreading destruction from Springfield, Mass. , north to the Vermont line. Brookfield and Deerfield were burned and Hadley surprised, but there the Indians were checked and repelled by t!ie villagers. It was soon learned by the colon- ists that the Narragansetts sheltered the AVampanoags, and in December, 1675, an attack was made on their stronghold, the site of the future city of Kingston. Canochet, who escaped, was recaptured and killed ; 600 warriors and 1000 women and children were put to death, and their wigwams and provisions burned. The Indians retaliated in the spring of 1G76 by laying waste Weymoutli, Groton, Medfield, Lancaster and Marlborough, Mass., and Warwick and Pro- vidence, R.I. Pliilip's cause, however, soon waned, and several tribes stopped fighting, while those who were neutral joined the side of the colonists. The government set a price of thirty shillings per head on every Indian killed in battle, and many captured Indian women and children, including Philip's wife and son, were sold as slaves. In 1676 Capt. Benjamin Church organ- ized an expedition to destroy Philip and his warriors. After being pursued from one place to another, overtures of peace were made which King Philip declined, and soon after Alderman, a former member of his band, led a large company of whites into his camp near Mount Hope at midnight on Aug. 12, 1676, and Philip Vm. — 20 was shot dead while trying to escape. His head was cut off by Church and was exposed in Ply- mouth on a gibbet for twenty years. In con- formity with the law of the colonies in dealing with traitors his body was drawn and quartered on a day set aside for public thanksgiving. See Ben- jamin Church's "Entertaining History of King Philip's War " (1716), with additions by Samuel Drake (1858); "Philip of Pokanoket " in Irv- ing's" Sketch Book," and "Mount Hope" by Gideon H. HoUister (1851). He died near Mount Hope, E.I., Aug. 13, 1676. PHILIP, John Woodward, naval officer, was born in New York city, Aug. 26, 1840. He was graduated at the U.S. Naval academy, Jan. 1, 1861, served in the Constitution and the Santee, and was promoted acting master, June 1, 1861, and ordered to the Marion of the Gulf blockading squadron. He served on the Sonoma of the James river fleet in 1862 ; was promoted lieu- tenant, July 16, 1862, and was executive officer of the Chip- peica, the Pattmee, and monitor Mon- tazik of the South Atlantic blockading squadron during the siege of Charles- ton, S.C., and was wounded in the leg at Stono River. He served as executive officer of the Wachvsett of the Asiatic squadron, 1865-67 ; was promoted lieuten- ant-commander, July 25, 1866 ; was executive of the flagship Hartford of the Asiatic squadron, 1867-68 and 1872-73 ; of the Richmond, European squadron, 1868-71, and commanded the Moiiocacy, 1873-74. He was promoted commander, Dec. 18, 1874 ; commanded one of the Pacific mail steam- ships, on leave of absence, 1874-76 ; the Adams, 1876-77 ; commanded Woodruffs scientific expe- dition around the world, April to December, 1877 ; commanded the Tuscarora, 1877-80, and the Ranger, 1880-83. He engaged in the survey of the west coast of Mexico and Central America, and as lighthouse inspector of the twelfth dis- trict, 1884-87 ; commanded the U.S. receiving ship Independence at Mare Island Navy yard. Cal., 1887-90,and was promoted captain, March 31. 1SS9. He commanded the Atlanta, 1890-91, served as general inspector of the construction of the Keio York in 1892, and commanded her when ready for service until 1894. He commanded the U.S. Navy yard at Boston, Mass., 1894-97, the Texas of the North Atlantic squadron, 1897-98, and ^^:^^^'=^/ PHILIPS PHILIPSE under Admiral Sampson in Cuban waters during the Spanish American war, beiiif? conspicuous in the naval battle of Santiago, July 3, 1898. He was promoted commodore. Aug. 10. 1898 ; com- manded the North Atlantic squadron on the flag- ship Xeic York, September, 1898, to January, 1899, and the Brooklyn navy yard from 1899 until his death. He was promoted rear admiral, March 3, 1899. On Feb. 4, 1899, he was presented by Governor Roosevelt, in behalf of several New York friends, with a handsome sword in com- memoration of his services in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off Santiago. He was conspicuous for his interest in religious matters and in the work of the Y.M.C.A., and his request to his crew not to cheer, when the Spanish sailors were dying all around them, indicates his character. He died in Brooklyn. N. Y.. June .30, 1900. PHILIPS, George Morris, educator, was born in Atgleii. Pa.. Oct. 'JS. 1851 ; son of John Morris and Sarah (Jones) Philips ; grandson of George and Elizabeth (Morris) Philips and of Thomas and Eliza (Todd) Jones, and a descendant of Joseph Philips and of Griffith John Jones of Pembroke- shire, Wales, who emigrated to Chester Co., Pa., in 175.5 and 1712 respectively. He was graduated from Bucknell university, A.B., 1871, A.M., 1874 ; was professor of mathematics at INIouongahela college, 1871-73; professor of higher mathematics at the Pennsylvania State Normal school, AVest Chester, 1873-78 ; j^rofessor of mathematics and astronomy at Bucknell university, 1878-81, and principal of tlie Pennsylvania State Normal school from 1881. He was elected president of the Cliester County Historical society ; member of the Sons of the Revolution ; president of the Pennsylvania State Teachers' association, 1891 ; vice-president of the National Educational asso- ciation, 1894, and trustee of Bucknell university, of which he was elected president in 1888, and was also appointed state superintendent of public instruction of Pennsylvania, but declined both offices. He was made a member of the college and university council of Pennsylvania and director and vice-president of the local banks. He received the degree of Ph. D. from Bucknell in 1884. His publislied works include: Astronomy (with Isaac Sharpless, 1882); Natural Philosophy (1883); Key to Philosophy (with C. C. Balderson, 1884); Civil Government of Pennsylvania (1893); Geography of Pennsylvania (1895). PHILIPS, John Fines, jurist, was born in Thrall's Prairie, Boone county, Mo., Dec. 31, 1834 ; son of Jolm G. and Mary (Copeland) Philips ; grandson of John and Mary Philips and of John and Sarah Copeland. and of Scotch-Irish descent. He attended the University of Missouri, 1851-53 ; was graduated at Centre college, Ky., 1855 ; studied law at Fayette, Mo.; was married, May 14. 1857, to Fleecie Batterton of Danville, and prac- tised law in Georgetown, 1857-61; Sedalia, 1865-82, and Kansas City, Mo., 1882-«3. He was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1861 ; served as colonel of the 7th Missouri cavalry in the U.S. Volunteer army, 1861-65. and was brevetted brigadier-general in the state militia. He was a delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1808, a representative from the seventh Missouri district in the 44th and 46th congresses, 1875-77 and 1880-81 ; commissioner to the Pan Presbyterian convention, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1877 ; commissioner of the supreme court of Missouri, 1883-85 ; presiding judge of the Kansas City court of appeals, 1885-88, and U.S district judge for the western district of Missouri from June 25, 1888. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Centre college, Kentucky, in 1888, and from Central college, Fayette, Mo., and the University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo., in 1890. PHILIPSE, Frederick, last lord of Philipse Manor, was born in New York city in 1746 ; son of Frederick Philipse (1690-1751), and great- grandson of Frederick Philipse (1626-1702), first lord of the manor of Philipsborough, West- chester county, N.Y., who built the first manor house, Castle Philipse and Philipse church, Sleepy Hollow, N.Y. , and married, fir.st, the widow of Peter Rudolphus De Vries, and the owner of considerable property, and secondly in 1690, Cath- erine, daughter of Oloff I. Van Cortland. Fred- erick, the last lord of the manor, was graduated at King's (afterward Columbia) college in 1773, in the class with Beverley Robinson (q.v.), who married his sister Susanna. He was captain of dragoons in the British armj- ; a member of the assembly of the colony of New York, and the last lord of the manor of Philipseborough. He was anxious to maintain his friendship for the mother country witliout offending the patriots, among wliom he had many friends, but early in the Revo- lution his sympathies for the crown became more marked and liis property was confiscated, and he was proscribed and banislied by the Conti- nental congress. His sister Mary married Col. Roger Morris of the British army, in 1758, and before this marriage, while a guest at the home of lier brother-in-law, Beverly Robin.son, in New York city, met Col. George Washington, whose suit she was said to have declined, althougli Washington'.s private papers disprove the claim. Colonel Morris built for his bride tlie mansion on the heights north of New York city, which became Washington's headquarters, and subsequently tlie home of Madam Jumel, the second wife of Aaron Burr. Colonel Pliilipse was a governor of King's college subsequently to 1780. He died in Eng- land in 1785. PHILLEO PHILLIPS PHILLEO, Prudence Crandall, educator, was born in Hopkinton, R.I., Sept. 3, 1803. She was educated in the Friends school, Providence, R.I., engaged in teaching and in 1833 opened a select boarding school for girls in Canterbury, Conn., which was patronized by the leading families of the town. Through the admission of a colored student, Sarah Harris, in 1833, her former patrons withdrew their children. After consulting with William Lloyd Garrison, she decided to conduct her school entirely for the education of the Negro, and it was so advertised in the Liberator of March 3, 1833. Town meetings were held denouncing Miss Crandall ; the grocer and the provision dealer refused to sell food to the school, and the pupils were assailed and insulted in the streets. On May 24, 1833, a state law was passed forbidding any person establishing a school for the education of colored people without the written permit of the selectmen. She was arrest- ed and imprisoned in June, and in August and October was tried and convicted at the Windham county court. The supreme court of errors reversed the judgment on a technicality in July, 1834. The townspeople then sacked and burned her house, and she reluctantly abandoned the beginning of higher education for colored people in New England, and shortly afterward married the Rev. Calvin Philleo, a Baptist clergyman, who died in 1876. She spent the remainder of her life in New York, Illinois and Kansas. Her portrait, painted by Francis Alexander for the American Anti-Slavery society in 1838, was presented to Cornell university by S. J.May. See " Prudence Crandall" by John C. Kimball (1886). She died in Elks Falls. Kan., Jan. 28, 1890. PHILLIPPS, Adelaide, singer, was born in Stratfurd-on-Avou, England, Oct. 26, 1833. She removed to Canada with her parents- in 1840, and they subsequently settled in Boston, Mass. She made her first public appearance in " Old and Young " at the Tremont theatre in January, 1842, where she sang, danced, and represented five characters. She was connected with the stock company of the Boston Museum, 1843-51, mean- time cultivating her voice under Madame Arnoult, who advised her to study for the Italian opera. She sang before Jenny Lind in 1850, who also advised her to go to Europe, recommended her to the care of Emanuel Garcia, her own teacher, and gave her $1000 towards her tuition. Jonas Chickering of Boston came to her finan- cial aid, and in March, 1852, she became the pupil of Garcia. She continued her studies in Italy under Signer Profondo, and made her debut at Brescia, in Lombardy, as Arsace in "Seuiiramide " in the same year. Slie sang in Milan and Rovereto with great success, became a favorite with the Italians, but she was underpaid by the Italian managers, and returned to the United States in 1855. She made her first American appearance in Italian opera at Philadelphia, as Arsace, in 1855, and from there went to New York where sickness compelled her to close her engagement. She reappeared in 1856, singing Azucena in " II Trovatore " and Leonoro in "La Favorita," and went to Havana, Cuba, where she sang for three or four seasons. She made her first ap- pearance before the Boston Handel and Haydn society, Dec. 30,1860, in the "Messiah," and a second time in the "Stabat Mater" in March, 1861. Later in 1861 she made a professional tour of Europe, winning immediate success. Returning to the United States she appeared in the principal cities in opera, oratorio and con- cert, 1863-81. She was the contralto in the great Peace Jubilee in Boston in 1869 ; organized a quartet in 1874 ; the Adelaide Phillipps Opera company in 1876, and joined the Ideal Opera company in 1879, to which she was attached until December, 1881, when she made her last appearance at Cincinnati. Her health failed there and in August, 1883, she sailed for Europe, hoping to restore her health. Her stage name in Europe was Signorina Fillippi. Her voice was a contralto with a compass of two and one half octaves. She died in Carlsbad, Germany, Oct. 3, 1883, and her body is buried at Marshfield, Mass. PHILLIPS, Charles, educator, was born in Harlem, N.Y., July 30. 1822 ; son of James (who came from England in 1818) and Judith (Ver- meule) Phillips ; grandson of the Rev. Richard (of Essex county, England) and Susan (Meade) Phillips, and of Cornelius (of New Jersey) and Elizabeth (Middagh) Vermeule. He was gradu- ated from the University of North Carolina, A.B., 1841 ; A.M., 1844 ; was tutor there, 1844-54 ; pro- fessor of engineering, 1854-60 ; of mathematics, 1861-68 and 1875-79, and professor emeritus, 1879- 89. He was married, Dec. 8, 1847, to Laura, daughter of Joel and Mary Battle, of Edgecombe, N.C. He supplied the Chapel Hill Presbyterian church, 1857-68 ; was professor of mathematics and astronomy in Davidson college, 1868-69, and of mathematics and engineering, 1869-75. He received the degree of D.D. from the University of North Carolina in 1868 and that of LL.D. from Davidson college in 1876. He died at Columbia, S.C. May 10, 1889. PHILLIPS, Henry, author, was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., Sept. 6, 1838 ; son of Jonas Altamont and Frances (Cohen) Phillips ; grandson of Zeligman and Arabella (Solomons) Phillips and of Moses and Rachel (Moses) Cohen. He prepared for college at a Quaker school and at the academy of Henry D. Gregory (q.v.); was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1856, A.M., 1859, and after studying at universities in Europe PHILLIPS PHILLIPS was admitted to the bar in 1859, but devoted himself to the study of numismatics, archteology and philology, becoming recognized as an au- thority in these branches, winning two gold medals in Europe. In 1868 he was appointed U.S. commissioner. He became treasurer of the Numismatic and Antiquarian society of Philadel- phia in 1802. and its .secretary in 1868; a curator of the American Philosopiiical society in 1880. a secretary in 1884, and its librarian from 1885 ; treasurer of the American Folk-Lore society, and a member of many societies at home and abroad. His writings on the paper currency of the American colonies, and on American Continen- tal money have been quoted in legal tender cases by the U.S. supreme court. He was vice- consul for Belgium at Philadelphia, 1892-95. He translated : *' Poems from tiie Spanish and Ger- man " (1878): "Faust'" from the German of Chamisso (1881), and four volumes from the Spanish, Hungarian and German (1884—87 ). He is the author of : History of American Colonial Paper Currency (1865) ; History of American Continental Paper Money (1866); Pleasures of Numismatic Science (1867), and many valuable papers on philology, archceology, numismatics and folk-lore. See Memoir by Albert H. Smyth (1896). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., June 6, 1895. PHILLIPS, John, philanthropist, was born in Andover, Mass., Dec. 27, 1719; son of the Rev, Samuel and Hannah (AVhite) Phillips ; grandson of Samuel and Mary (Emerson) Phillips, and of Capt. John White, Haverliill, Mass., and a descendant of the Rev. George Phillips of Norfolk county, England, who immigrated to Salem, Mass., in the ship Arbella with Winthrop and Saltonstall in 1630, and settled in Watertown, Mass. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1735, A.M., 1738 ; taught school at Andover, Mass., Exeter, N.H., and elsewhere, and afterward conducted a private Latin school in Exeter. He fitted for the ministry and was called to the church in Exeter, but decided instead to engage in mercantile pursuits, in which he accumulated a large fortune. He was a justice of the peace, and a member of the New Hampsliire council for several years ; a justice of the supreme court at odd times ; founded and endowed the Pliillips professorship of divinity in Dartmouth college in 1782, and was a trustee of Dartmouth, 1773-93, He founded Pliillips academy at Andover, Mass., with his brother Samuel, in April, 1778, giving to it $31,000 besides a third interest in his estate, and in 1871 founded Pliillips academy at Exeter, N.H., endowing it witli .$134,000, He was trustee of Phillips at Andover, 1778-95, and president of the board, 1790-95. He contributed liberally to the College of New Jersey, and received the degree LL.D. from Dartmouth in 1777. He was married first to Sarah, daugliter of the Rev. Mr. Emery, and widow of Nathaniel Gilman, and secondly to Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. E. Dennet of Portsmouth, N.H., and widow of Dr. Hale. He died in Exeter, N.H., April 21, 1795. PHILLIPS, Morris, journalist, was born in London, England. May 9, 1834 ; son of Philip and Rosetta Phillips. He came to America, attended school in Cleveland, Ohio, until 1853, and finished his education in New York city, where he entered the law office of Brown, Hall and Vanderpoel. Returning to Cleveland he engaged in mercantile business, but soon after resumed the study of law in Buffalo. In 1854 he accepted the position of private secretary to George P. Morris, editor of the Home Journal, New York city. Upon ]Mr. Morris's death in 1864 he became co-editor with N. P. Willis, and in 1866 sole proprietor of that periodical. He was married, July 5. 1865, to Elizabeth Rode of New York, who died in 1877. He traveled extensively in both hemispiieres, and is the author of : Abroad and At Home (1893), and numerous articles in leading periodical pub- lications. PHILLIPS, Samuel, philanthropist,was born in North Andover, Mass., Feb. 7, 1750: son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Barnard) Phillips, and grandson of the Rev. Samuel and Hannah (White) Phillips, and of Theodore Barnard. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1771, A.M., 1774; was a member of the Provincial congress at Watertown, Mass., in 1775, and of the state constitutional convention of 1779 ; a member of the Massachusetts senate. 1780-1800, and presi- dent of that body, 1783-1800 ; judge of the court of common pleas, 1781-98; a commissioner of the state in Shays's insurrection, and lieutenant- governor of Massachusetts, 1801-02. He pre- vailed upon his father to divert the property PHn,LiPs Manse, Andovkb. which would legally fall to him to the found- ing of Phillips academy at Andover, which he planned and organized. He also gave it lands, procured endowments from his relatives and left $4000 to the town of Andover, to be added to the fund for maintaining instruction in divinity. PHILLIPS PHILLIPS He was a founder and fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and received the honorary degree of A.M. from Dartmouth in 1774, and that of LL.D. from Harvard in 1793. He was married, July 6, 1773, to Phebe, daughter of the Hon. Francis Foxcroft of Cambridge, Mass., and after her husband's death she assisted in founding Andover Tlieological seminary. Mr. Pliillips died in Andover, Mass., Feb. 10, 1802. PHILLIPS, Stephen Clarendon, representa- tive, was born in Salem, Mass., Nov. 4, 1801 ; son of Capt. Stephen and Dorcas (Woodbridge) Phillips ; grandson of Stephen and Elizabeth (Elkins) Phillips, and of Dudley Woodbridge of Salem, and a descendant of the Rev. George Phillips, first minister of Watertown, Mass. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1819, A.M., 1832 ; studied law, but soon abandoned it, and engaged in business in Salem. He was a repre- sentative in the Massacluisetts legislature, 1824- 80 and 1832-33, a state senator in 1831, and a Whig representative from the fifth district in the 23d, 24th and 25th congresses, being elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rufus Choate from the 23d congress in 1834, and resigning from the 25th congress in 1838. He was the second mayor of Salem, 1838-42, a Harrison presidential elector in 1841 ; was defeated as the Free-soil candidate for governor of Massachusetts in 1848 and 1849, and engaged in the lumber business in Canada, 1849-57, He was an overseer at Harvard, 1846-54, and a member of the state board of education. He was married to Jane Appleton, daughter of Willard Peele of Salem, Mass., and secondly, Sept. 3, 1838, to Margaret Mason, sister of his deceased wife. He perished in the burning of the steamer Montreal, St. Lawrence river, June 26, 1857. PHILLIPS, Wendell, abolitionist, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 29, 1811 ; eighth child of John and Sally (Walley) Phillips ; grandson of William (1737-1772) and Margaret (Wendell) Phillips, and of Thomas Walley ; great-grandson of John (1701-68) and Mary (Buttolph) Phillips, and of Jacob Wendell ; greats-grandson of Samuel Phillips of Salem and of Nicholas Buttolph of Boston ; greats-grandson of the Rev. Samuel (1625-1696) and Sarah (Appleton) Phillips, and great*-grandson of the Rev. George Phillips (1593-1644), who vpith his wife and two children, left Boxted, Essex county, England, embarked on the Arhella, April 12, 1630, and arrived in Salem, Massachusetts Bay colony, June 12, 1630. Wendell Phillips attended the Boston Latin school, 1822-26, and was graduated from Harvard in 1831. While in college he was pres- ident of the Hasty Pudding club and of the Gentlemen's club, and had so little interest in reform that he defeated the first proposition to establish a temperance society at Harvard. He showed no taste for oratory, but was fond of debate. He was graduated from the law depart- ment of Harvard university in 1834, and was admitted to practice at the Suffolk bar. He continued his law studies in the office of Thomas Hopkinson, Lowell, Mass., and established himself in practice in Boston. He took no part in the early antislavery movement, but upon the imprisonment and subsequent outrage upon the person of William Lloyd Gar- rison, Oct. 21, 1835, he cast in his lot with, the antislavery party. He was married in October, 1837, to Ann Terry, daughter of Benjamin Green. She was deeply interested in the antislavery movement, and was largely instrumental in converting him to the cause. On Dec. 8, 1837, at a meeting held in Faneuil Hall for the purpose of giving expression to the horror felt by a number of persons headed by Dr. William Ellery Channing, at the murder of the Rev. Elijah Lovejoy, Phillips made his debut as an orator, in an impromptu reply to the scurrilous utterances of Attorney-General James T. Austin. He was one of the first to take part in the movement for a lyceum-lecture system, and in 1836 he delivered his first lecture. Tliis was followed by several others, including one on " The Lost Arts " 1838, which was probably one of the most popular lectures ever delivered in America. He was one of the lecturers who succeeded in breaking down the old rule of refusing negroes admittance to tlie lyceum lectures. He delivered his first antislavery lecture at Lynn, Mass., and in 1838 delivered a Fourth of July oration at Lynn. He advocated the rights of women as co-equal with men, and was a delegate to the world's antislavery convention held at London, England, June 12, 1840, where he earnestly spoke on the eligibility of women as delegates. His advice was out-voted, however, and the women were excluded. He traveled in Europe, visiting France, Italy and Great Britain, and returned to Boston, July 12, 1841. He was foremost in opposing the slave measures of 1841-50. The fugi- tive-slave act was passed in October, 1850, and a meeting was held in Faneuil Hall, Boston, for the denunciation of the law, at which Phillips was one of the speakers. Instant repeal of the act was demanded and a vigilance committee of PHILLIPS PHILLIPS fifty was appointed to protect the colored people from the new danger. In 1853 lie addressed the antislavery woman's rights and temperance conventions held in New York city. Upon the election of President Lincoln and the outhreak of the civil war, Phillips favored the commence- ment of hostilities and delivered an address to that end in Boston Music Hall. On Sept. 22, 1862. the President issued his proclamation of freedom to the slaves, to take efifect Jan. 1. 1863, and the Negro was allowed to enlist as a soldier. Phillips was one of the first to favor the enlist- ment of colored regiments in Massachusetts, and autliority was obtained, Jan. 20, 1863. On Mart-h 11-12, 1863, Phillips delivered his panegyric on Tuussaiut L'Ouvertnre in New York and Brooklyn, and on July 4, 1863, he delivered an address at the mass- meeting of the Friends of Freedom at Framingham, Mass., which was perhaps the most remarkable speech delivered by him during the war. He also spoke on " The Amnesty "' at tlie Cooper Institute, N.Y., Dec. 22, 1863. Upon the re-nomination of President Lin- coln in 1864, Mr. Phillips opposed, while William Lloyd Garrison favored, his election. This led to a controversy, as Garrison held that as slavery had been abolished, the Antislavery society should be abolished. Phillips, however, contended that it should not be discontinued until the Negro had gained his ballot. He succeeded Garrison as president of the society in 1865, and continued in office until 1870. He was an advocate of tem- perance, an upholder of trades unions, and was in favor of a greenback system of finance. He was nominated for governor of Massachusetts by the Labor Reform convention held at Worces- ter, Sept. 8, 1870. He supported General Butler for governor on a joint Republican and Labor plat- form, and in the presidential canvass of 1872 he supported General Grant and his southern policy. In 1878 an unsuccessful effort was made to induce Pliillips to accept the nomination for governor on the Republican ticket. He delivered addresses on : " Capital Punishment,"' April 29, 1866 ; " The Meaning of tlie War," July 4, 1866 ; " The Perils of the Hour," 1866; "The New Constitutional Amendment," Jan. 24, 1807 ; " General Grant," Nov. 18, 1867 ; " The Political Situation," Jan. 29, 1869; "Sir Henry Vane" in May, 1877; " Trades Unions" in April. 1809 ; " A Review of Dr. Howard Crosby's Anti-total-abstinence dis- course," Jan. 24,1881 ; "The Crisis in Irish Affairs," in February, 1881, and " The Scholar in a Repub- lic," delivered at the centennial anniversary of the Phi Beta Kappa of Harvard college, June 30, 1881. His last address was delivered on tlie unveiling exerci.ses of the statue of Harriet Martineau, at the Old South Meeting House, Dec. 26,1883. He is the author of : Tlie Constitution, a Pro-Slavery Contract (1840); Revieio of Daniel Webster's 7th of March Speech (1850), and a col- lection of speeches, letters and lectures, revised by himself (1803). By vote of the legislature and city government his body was laid in state at Faneuil Hall, where it was viewed by a large number of citizens. His name in "Class A, Authors and Editors,'' received nineteen votes for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Amer- ican, New Y^'ork university, October, 1900. He died in Boston, Mass., Feb. 2, 1884. PHILLIPS, Willard, editor and author, was born in Bridgewater, Mass., Dec. 19, 1784; son of Joseph Phillips, grandson of Thomas and Mary (Hatch) PhiUips, and a descendant of the Rev, George Phillips, first minister of Water- town, Mass. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1810, A.M., 1813 ; was tutor there, 1811-15 ; prac- tised law in Boston, Mass., 1818-45 ; was a repre- sentative in the general court, 1825-26 ; judge of probate for Suffolk county, 1839-47, and president of the New England Mutual life insurance com- pany, 1843-73. He received the degree LL.D. from Harvard in 1853, and was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was connected editorially with the General Re- positoi'y and Review ; the North American Re- vieiv ; the American Jurist ; the first and second American editions of Collyer's Laiv of Partner- ship (1834:-'9), and the first eight volumes of Pickering's Reports (1824) ; and is the author of : Treatise on the Law of Insurance (1823); Manual of Political Economy (1828); The Law of Patents for Inventions, including tlie Remedies and Legal Proceedings in Relation to Patent Rights (1837): The Inventors Guide (1831), and Protection and Free Trade (1850). He died in Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 9, 1873. PHILLIPS, William Addison, representative, was born in Paisley, Scotland, Jan. 14, 1824. He was educated in the schools of Paisley, and in 1839 came to the United States with his parents and settled in Randolph county. 111. He engaged in farming, 1839-45, edited the Herald at Cliester, 111., and also acted as a correspondent of the New Y'ork Tribune, 1845-55. He was admitted to the bar in 1855, and settled in practice in Kansas, where he continued his contributions to the Tribune, and became active in the history of tlie free state movement. He was first justice of the supreme court under the Leavenworth constitution, and in 1858 founded the city of Salina, Kan. He raised some of the first troops in Kansas in 1861, and entered the army as major of volunteers. He was afterward pro- moted colonel, and served as commander of the famous Clierokee Indian regiment ; organized the Indian brigade, and commanded a division made up of Indians from Kansas, Arkansas, Illi- PHILLIPS PHYSICK nois, Wisconsin and Colorado, under General Schofleld, and served on the frontier during the war. He was wounded in battle three times. He refused a nomination for governor of Kansas and an offer of $10,000 a year as a correspondent of the New York Tribune with the Army of the Potomac, and in 1865 rejiresented Salina in the Kansas legislature. He served as attorney of the Cherokee Indians at Washington, D.C., and was a Republican representative from the first Kansas district in the 43d, 44th and 45th con- gresses, 1873-79. He was president of the Kansas Historical society, contributed to periodicals, and is the author of Labor, Land and Law (1886). He died at Fort Gibson, LT., Nov. 30. 1893. PHILLIPS, William Fowke Ravenel, clima- tologist, was born in Bedford county, Va., July 13, 1863 ; son of Dinwiddle Brazier and Nannie (AValden) Phillips ; grandson of William Fowke Phillips, and a descendant of Colonel William Phillips of the Revolutionary army. He re- ceived his school training at Chatham, Va., and was graduated at Columbian university, M.D., 1890, and was professor of hygiene there, 1891-93, and after 1895 ; also demonstrator of anatomy. He became medical climatologist of the U.S. weather bureau in 1895, and was also placed in charge of the library of the bureau in 1898. He is the author of articles on medical climatology, and was elected a member of the Philosophical Society of Washington, the National Geographic society, the American Climatological association, and its vice-president, 1901-03, and was editor of Climate and Health (1896-97). PHOENIX, Jonas Phillips, representative, was born in Morristown, N.J., Jan. 14, 1788; son of Maj. Daniel and Anna Lewis (Phillips) Phoenix, grandson of Alexander and Cornelia Phoenix ; and of Jonas and Anna (Lewis) Phillips, and a descendant of Alexander and Abigail (Sewall) Phoenix. Alexander Phoenix emigrated from England to New Amsterdam in 1640, and re- moved to Rhode Island in 1653. Jonas Phillips Phoenix attended the public schools and early engaged in mercantile pursuits in New York city, where he became a prominent merchant. He was married, April 5, 1810, to Mary, daughter of Stephen and Harriet (Suydam) Whitney of New York. He was a member of the board of alder- men, 1838-39 ; a presidential elector on the Harri- son and Tyler ticket in 1840, and a Whig repre- sentative from the third district in the 38th and 31st congresses, 1843-45 and 1849-51. He was an unsuccessful candidate for mayor of New York in 1840, 1843 and 1847 ; a member of the state assembly in 1848 ; one of the commissioners of the Croton aqueduct in 1843, and one of the governors of the New York almshouse in 1849. He died in New York city, May 4, 1859. PHOENIX, Stephen Whitney, antiquarian, was born in New York city. May 35, 1839 ; son of the Hon. Jonas Phillips and Mary (Wliitney) Phoenix. He was graduated at Columbia, A.B., 1859, A.M., 1863, and LL.B., 1863. He then studied and traveled abroad, and on his return to New York city, devoted himself to antiquarian and genealogical research. The epitaphs on the tombstones in Trinity churchyard. New York cit}% and the records of births, baptisms, marriages and deaths of the Reformed Dutch and Presbyterian churches in New York, were copied at his expense for preservation, and printed in the Neiv Yoi^k Genealogical and Bio- graphical Record. He also collected and pre- served portraits of old New Yorkers, many of which were engraved, as well as nearly 3,000 prints relating to New Amsterdam and old New York, which are owned by Columbia university. He left his herbarium to the American Museum of Natural History in New York ; his genealogical works and $15,000 to the New York Historical society, the income to be invested in books on heraldry and genealogy ; his pictures, curiosities, and coins to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and his library of books, to be known as the Phoenix collection, to Columbia university, with $500,000 for use in the school of mines. He is the author of : Tlie Descendants of John Phoenix (1867) ; The Whitney Family of Connecticut (3 vols., 1878); TJie Family of Alexander Phoenix (MS.). He died in New York city, Nov. 3, 1881. PHYSICK, Philip Syng, surgeon, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 7, 1769 ; son of Edmund and Abigail (Syng) Physick. His father was receiver-general and keeper of the great seal of Pennsylvania, and became agent of the Penn estates after the Revolutionary war. Philip Syng Physick was graduated from the Uni\ ersity of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1785, A.M., 1788, and studied medicine under Dr. Adam Kuhn in Philadelphia, and under Dr. John Hunter in London. He was appointed house-surgeon of St. George's hospital, Jan. 1, 1790, and received his license to practice from the Royal College of Surgeons, London, in 1791. He was graduated from the L^niversity of Edinburgh, M.D., 1793, and returning to the Uni- ted States, September, 1793, established himself in Philadelphia. He married Elizabeth Emlen. He was attending physician at the hospital at Bush hill during the yellow fever epidemic of 1793, and was elected one of the surgeons of tlie Pennsylvania hospital in 1794, in recognition of his services. He continued his labors during the second breaking out of the yellow fever epidemic in 1798. He lectured on surgery in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1800 ; was professor of surgery in the univer- sity, 1805-19 ; professor of anatomy, 1819-31, and PIATT PIATT professor emeritus, 1831-35. He was surgeon ex- traordinary of the almshouse infirmary, lbOl-16 ; was elected consulting surgeon to tlie Institute for the Blind in 1822 ; president of the Phreno- logical society of Philadelphia in 1823, and presi- dent of the Philadelphia Medical society in 1824. He was a member of the American Philosophical society ; of the Royal Academy of Medicine of France, and an honorary fellow of the Royal Academy of Medicine and Chirurgy of London. He introduced numerous valuable surgical instru- ments and improved modifications of others, and by the number and success of his operations, became the " father of American surgery." He die.l in Piiiladelphia, Pa., July 7, 1768. PIATT, Abratn Sanders, soldier, was born in Cincinnati. Oliio, May 2, 1821 ; son of Benjamin M. and Elizabeth (Barnett) Piatt ; grandson of Capt. Jacob and Hannah Cook (McCuUough) Piatt, and great-grandson of John and Frances (Van Vleet) Wycoff Piatt of Six Mile Run, N.J. He was a student at the Athena?um and at Kinmont academy in Cincinnati, and engaged in farming in the Macacheek valley. He began the study of law in 1846. and founded, and for several years edited, the Macacheek Press. He enlisted in the volunteer army early in 1861, was appointed colonel of the 13th Ohio infantry, April 30, 1861, and raised in July, 1861, the first Zouave regi- ment in Ohio, which became the 34th Ohio in- fantry, and of which he was made colonel. He continued to recruit with permission from the state authorities, and organized another regi- ment, known as the 54th, with the intention of forming a brigade, but was ordered to join General Rosecrans in West Virginia. He engaged in various skirmishes with the enemy on the march, and in March, 1862, returned home on sick leave. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, Feb. 22, 1862, and on his return commanded a brigade under General Schenck in the army of the Shenandoah. He commanded the post at Winchester, Va., for a short time, and in July, 1862, was assigned to a brigade in the reserve corps of Gen. S. D. Sturgis, Army of Virginia, and was attached to the 5th corps, Aug. 27-31, in tlie second battle of Bull Run. He also took part in tlie battle of Fredericksburg, in com- mand of the 1st brigade, 3rd division, 3rd corps. He resigned from tlie service in April, 1863, and resumed farming. He became a member of the National (Greenback-Labor) part}', and was its candidate for governor, Oct. 14, 1879. He was a member of the Patrons of Husbandry, serving for two years as its state lecturer, and contributed poems to his own publication and to the Cincin- nati Commercial. In 1903 he was living at his home Mac-a-cheek, near West Liberty. Ohio, and devoting his time to agriculture. ^^*'Ky^' ''■K- PIATT, Donn, journalist, was born in Cincin- nati, Ohio, June 29, 1819 ; son of Benjamin M. and Elizabeth (Barnett) Piatt. He attended the Athenaeum school in Cincinnati for three years, studied law under his father, and in the office of his brother, Jacob Wycoff Piatt, and his brother-in-law, N. C. Read, and was ad- mitted to the bar, settling in practice in Cincinnati. In 1840 he became editor of the Democratic Club, published at AVest Liberty, and afterward at Mac-a- cheek, the family home. He was mar- ried in August, 1847, to Louise, daughter of Timothy Kirby of Cincinnati, Ohio. While in Europe she con- tributed letters to the Home Journal, which were published in book form, as Bell Smith Abroad (1855). He was married, secondly, in July. 1866, to Ella, sister of his deceased wife. He was judge of the court of common pleas of Hamilton county, 1852-53 ; secretary of the U.S. legation at Paris, 1854-55, and charge d'affaires from December, 1854, to October, 1855, when he resigned. He was a speaker in the Fremont and Dayton campaign in 1856, and in 1860, with Robert C. Schenck, canvassed southern Illinois for Lincoln and Hamlin. He volunteered as a private early in 1861, raised a company, and in June, 1861, became assistant adjutant-general and chief-of-staff of General Robert C. Schenck, serving with him in the battles of Vienna, Va., June 17, and at Bull Run, July 21. He also served under Rosecrans in western Virginia and in the Shenandoah valle.v, in opposing General T. J. Jackson, and in the relief of Milroy at McDowell. He was made assistant inspector- general with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, when Schenck was given command of a divi- sion by Fremont, and was chief-of-staff with the rank of colonel, when Schenck commanded the 8th corps and the middle department at Balti- more, Md., September, 1862. During the absence of his chief, Piatt ordered General Birney to recruit a negro brigade in Maryland, which order aroused the indignation of President Lincoln, who threatened to dismiss him from the army in disgrace. He was judge advocate of the com- mission that investigated tlie military conduct of Gen. Don Carlos Buell. and favored Buell's acquittal ; was sent to Winchester to observe the situation in June, 1863, and ordered General PIATT PICARD Milroy to evacuate the place and fall back on Harper's Ferrj'. This order was countermanded by General Halleck, and resulted in Milroy's escape three days after, with a loss of 3,300 men. He was a representative in tlie Ohio legislature, 1865-66 ; Washington correspondent of the Cin- cinnati Commercial, 1868-71 ; established and edited, with George Alfred Townsend, the Capital at Washington, D.C., 1871-72, and was its editor-in-chief, 1873-80. He was arrested in 1876, by order of President Grant, on the charge of inciting the people through his paper to rebel- lion, insurrection and riot. He retired to his estate Mac-a-cheek, Ohio, in 1880, and devoted himself to literary work. He edited BelforcVs Magazine, New York, 1888-89. The University of Notre Dame, Indiana, conferred upon him the degree LL.D. in 1882. He is the author of several plays, including Lost and Won ; A Hunt for an Heiress; Jane Shore, a King's Love; Emotional hisanity, and of Keno, a comic opera ; Memoirs of the Men who Saved the Union (1887), and The Rev. Melancthon Poundex, a novel (1889). He was engaged with General Henry M. Cist (q.v.) in preparing a life of General George H. Thomas, at the time of his death. See " Work and Ways of Donn Piatt," by Charles Grant Miller (1893) . He died at his home Mac-a-cheek, in central Ohio, Nov. 13, 1891. PIATT, John James, poet, was born at James's Mills, now Milton, Ind., March 1, 1835; son of John Bear and Emily (Scott) Piatt ; grandson of James and Rachel (Bear) Piatt, and of John and Catharine (Gray) Scott ; great-grandson of Capt. AVilliam Piatt, of the Revolutionary army, and greats-grandson of John and Frances (Van Vleet) AVycoff Piatt of Six Mile Run, N.J. He learned tlie printer's trade in the office of the Ohio State Journal, published by his uncle, Charles Scott, and subsequently attended the high school. Capi- tal university at Columbus, and Kenyon college. He removed to Illinois with his parents in 1856, lived for some time on a farm, and wrote verses which were published in the Louisville Journal. In 1859 he became confidential secretary to George D. Prentice, editor of the Journal, and a member of its editorial staff. He was a clerk in the U.S. treasury department at Wash- ington, D.C., 1861-67 ; served on the staff of the Cincinnati, Ohio, Chronicle, 1868-69, and as literary editor and correspondent of the Cin- cinnati Commercial, 1869-78. He was assistant clerk of the U.S. house of representatives in 1870, and its librarian, 1871-75 ; U.S. consul at Cork, 1882-93, and at Dublin, April to September, 1893, when he returned to the United States, owing to a change in the administration, and devoted himself to literary work. He was married, June 18, 1861, to Sarah Morgan Bryan of Kentucky. He contributed to the Atlantic Monthly and other magazines, and is the author of: Poems of Tico Friends (with William Dean Howells, 1800); The Nests at Washington and Other Poem,s (with Mrs. Piatt, 1864); Poems in Sunshine and Firelight (1866); Western Windov-s and Other Poems (1869); Landmarks and Other Poems (1871); Poems of House and Home (1878); Pencilled Fly Leaves : A Book of Essays in Town and Country (1880); The Union of American Poetry and Art (1880-81); Idylls and Lyrics of the Ohio Valley (1881) ; Tlie Children of Out-of -Doors: A Book of Verses by Two in One House (with Mrs. Piatt, 1884) ; At the Holy Well : a Handful of Neiv Verses (1887);^ Return to Paradise (rev. ed. of Pencilled Fly Leaves, London, 1890) ; Little New World Idylls and Other Poems (1893) ; The Ghost's Entry and Other Poems (1895); Odes in Ohio and Other Poems (1897). He also edited and published The Hesperian Tree, an Annual of the Ohio Valley (1900 and 1903). PIATT, 5arah Morgan (Bryan), poet, was born near Lexington, Ky., Aug. 11, 1836; daughter of Talbot Nelson and Mary Anne (Spiers) Bryan ; grand-daughter of Morgan and Mildred (Simpson) Bryan, and of William and Mary (Simpson) Spiers. Morgan Bryan emigrated from North Carolina to Kentucky with Daniel Boone, whose wife was Rebecca Bi-yan, and set- tled at Bryan's Station, near Lexington. Sarah was graduated at Henry Female college, New- castle, Ky., in 1854, and began to write verses during her school days. She received encourage- ment from George D. Prentice (q.v.), who pub- lished her poems in the Louisville Journal, and they were extensively copied. Subsequently her contributions appeared in the New York Ledger, the Atlantic, Harx)er's and other periodicals in America and England. In addition to the works mentioned in connection with her husband, John James Piatt (q.v.), she is the author of: A Woman's Poems (1871); A Voyage to the Fortu- nate Isles and Other Poems (1874); Tliat New World and Other Poems (1786) ; Poems in Com- pany u'ith Children (1877) ; Dramatic Persons and Moods (1880) ; An Irish Garland (1884); Selected Poems (1885); In Primrose Time (1886): Childs'- World Ballads (1887; new ser., 1895); The Witch in the Glass (1888); An Irish Wild- Floiver (1891) ; An Enchanted Castle (1893), and Complete Poems (3 vols., 1894). PICARD, George Henry, author, was born in Berea, Ohio, Aug. 3, 1850 ; son of Jonathan Newman and Mary (Fairchild) Picard ; grandson of Peter and Marie (Spaulsbury) Picard, and of Daniel and Elizabeth (Cooke) Fairchild, and a descendant of French Anabaptist emigres and Scotcli and English Puritans. He was graduated from Baldwin university, Berea, Ohio, in 1869, PICK PICKENS and from the College of Medicine and Surgery, Cincinnati, M.D., 1877, and began practice in New York city in 1883. He was married. Oct. 24, 1878. to Mary S., daughter of Burr Kellogg, M.D., of Ashland, O. He is the autlior of: A Matter of Taste (1884); A Mission Flower (188G); Old Boniface (188^); Madame Noel (1900), and contributions to ]»eriodicals. PICK, Bernard, clergyman and author, was bom in Komiien, Prussia, Dec. 19, 1842. He attended sciiool in Breslau and Berlin, and was graduated from the Union Theological seminary. New York, in 1868. He was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, April 8, 1868, and was pastor in New York city, 1868-69; in North Buffalo. N.Y., 1869-70; Syracuse, N.Y., 1870-74; Rocliester,N.Y., 1874-78; Allegheny, Pa., 1881-95, and in 1895 was appointed pastor of the German Lutheran church at Albany, N. Y. He was elected a member of the German Oriental society of Leipzig in 1877, and of the Society of Biblical Literature in 1881. The honorary degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by New York university in 1876, and that of D.D. by Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, Pa., in 1893. He published Lutlier's " Eine Feste Burg" in twenty-one languages (1883); Luther's " Hymn of the Reformation " in the English language (1897), and is the author of: Luther as a Hymnist (1875); Juedisclies volksleben zur Zeit Jesn (1880); Index to Lange's Commentary on the Old Testament (1882) ; Life of Jesus According to Extra Canonical Sources ( 1887) ; Tlie Jews Since the Destruction of Jerusa- h'.m (1887); The Talmud : What it is and Wltat it Knows about Jesus and His Followers (1890); General Index to the Ante-Nicene Fathers (1887) ; Historical Sketch of the Jews Since their Retxirn from Babylon (1897); Vade Mectim Homileticum, Vol. I. ; The Old Testament (1899), and many contributions to various religious cyclopedias. PICKARD, Josiah Little, educator, was born in Rowley, Mass., Marcii 17, 1824 ; son of Samuel and Sarah (Coffin) Pickard ; grandson of Jeremiah and Hannah (Harvey) Pickard, and of Joseph and Judith (Tappan) Coffin, and a descendant of John Pickard of Rowley, England, who came to Rowley, Massachusetts, with the Rev. Ezekiel Rogers in 16.38, and wlio married Jane Crosby, 1644. He was graduated from Bowdoin college, A.B., 1844. A.M., 1847; was principal of the Platteville, Wis., academy, 1846-60 ; state super- intendent of public instruction of Wisconsin, 1860-64; superintendent of public schools, Chicago, 111., 1864-77; president of the State University of Iowa, and professor of political science, 1878-87, and lecturer on political science and pedagogy, 1877-79. He was j)resi(lent of the Iowa Historical society, 1880-1900. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Beloit in 1870 ; from the University of Chicago in 1870, and from Bowdoin in 1894. His published writ- ings, chiefly educational, are as follows : School Eejiorts of Wisconsin (1861-65); School Reports of Chicago {ISG'i-lS); School Supervisiun (1890); Brief Political History of United States (1892); History of State Unireisity of loiva (1900). PICKARD, Samuel Thomas, autiior, was born in Rowley, Mass., March 1, 1828 ; son of Sanmel and Sarah (Coffin) Pickard ; grandson of Jeremiah and Mehitable (Dresser) Pickard and of Joseph and Judith (Tappan) Coffin, and a descendant of Tristram Coffin. John Pickard, the first of his name in America, settled in Rowley. Samuel T. Pickard attended Lewiston Falls, Maine, academy, and later removed with B. P. Shillaber (" Mrs. Partington '') to Boston, where they con- ducted a humorous paper, the Carpet Bag. In 18-52 he sold his interest to Charles G. Halpine ("Miles O'Reilly") and returned to Portland, Maine, where he became connected with the Transcript, and for forty-two years was one of the proprietors and editors. On April 19, 1876, he married Elizabeth H. Wliittier of Amesbury, Mass., who died in Boston, April 9, 1902. She. was a niece of the poet Whittier, whose literary executor Mr. Pickard became. He was elected a trustee of the Portland public library and a mem- ber of the Maine Historical society. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from Bowdoin in 1894. He is the author of : Whittier's Life and Letters (2 vols., 1894); Hawthorne's First Diary (1897); Portland in "Historic Towns of New England " (1898); \Miittier as a Politician (1901), and many contributions to periodicals. PICKENS, Andrew, soldier, was born in Paxton, Bucks county. Pa., Sept. 13, 1732; son of Andrew Pickens, and a descendant of Andre Pickon, a Huguenot refugee, who escaped from France with his family in 1598, went to Scotland, and thence to Ireland, from where Andrew and his brother, Robert Pike Pickens, emigrated to Pennsylvania. Andrew removed to Augusta county, Va., about 1740, and in 1752 to the Wax- haw settlement in South Carolina. In April, 1761, Andrew, Jr., served as a volunteer in Grant's expedition against the Cherokee Indians. At the outbreak of the Revolution he removed to Long Cane settlement, raised a militia company and was appointed to its command by Col. James Grant, being the j'oungest officer in tiie field. He was married in 1765 to Rebecca (17-15-1810), daughter of James Calhoun, and aunt of John C. Calhoun. He commanded in the battle of Eastatoe, and as a commissioner to treat with the Indians at Hopewell in 1776, effected the sur- render of the whole country as far as the Chatooga river, including Pickens, Greenville and Ander- son districts, to the state of South Carolina. PICKENS PICKENS With the aid of Colonels Darby and Clark he defeated Colonel Boyd, Kettle Creek, February, 1779 ; covered the retreat at the battle of Stono, June, 1779, where his horse was killed under him. and routed the Cherokee Indians at Tomas- see during the same year. He was engaged in the battle of the Cowpens, Jan. 17, 1781, where, according to Lee's memoirs, as " Col. Morgan's foremost counsel and aid," he commanded the militia, and rallied and turned the retreating ranks, for which service congress presented him with a sword. He was soon after promoted brigadier-general. At Haw River, N.C., when with Colonel Lee he pursued Tarleton, he met and utterly defeated Colonel Pyle and his men, who had fallen in with General Pickens's force, supposing them to be British, Acting jointly with Lee lie laid siege to Augusta, Ga., May 23, 1781, and compelled its surrender on June fifth. In the same month he took part in the campaign against Fort Ninety-Six under Gen. Nathanael Greene. At this siege his brother Joseph, who commanded a company, was shot while reconnoitering the fort, and another brother was taken prisoner by the Tories and delivered into the hands of the Indians, who scalped and burned him. At the battle of Eutaw Springs, General Pickens commanded the left wing, Marion commanding the right, and was severely wounded. He was judge of the district courts at Abbeville and at Ninety-Six. and a representative in the state legislature, 1783-93. In 1793 he settled at Hopewell, on Keowee river, the place where the Indian treaty was held in 1776. He was presidential elector from the first district, 1793 and 1797 ; a representative in the 3rd congress, 1793-95, declining re-election, but serving in the state legislature, 1795-96, and declining to accept the nomination for governor in 1796, although assured of his election. He was commissioned one of the two major-generals of the state militia in 1794, which commission he resigned after a few years. General Washing- ton requested his attendance at Philadelphia for consultation on the practicability and best means of civilizing the Southern Indians, and also offered him the command of a brigade of light troops in General Wayne's campaign against the northern Indians, which he declined. He was one of the commissioners who settled tlie boundary line between South Carolina and Georgia, and was appointed commissioner of the United States in all treaties with the Southern Indians until he retired from public life to his farm at Tomassee. The historical papers, letters, and manuscripts, which he there collected, were handed to his son Joseph before his death, but through negligence were lost or destroyed. He died at Tomassee, near Pendleton, S.C, Aug. 11, 1817. PICKENS, Andrew, governor of South Carolina, was born in Waxhaw district, S.C, Nov. 13, 1779; son of General Andrew (q.v.) and Rebecca (Calhoun) Pickens. He was a student at the College of New Jersey, Princeton ; was appointed lieutenant- colonel in the U.S. army, and served in the war of 1813 on the Canada frontier, fight- ing at the battle of Lundy's Lane, July 24, 1814, and com- manding a regiment of state troops in the south in 1815. He was a presidential elector from the third dis- trict of South Carolina in 1813, and governor of South Carolina, 1816-18. In 1820 he received a commission from congress with full power and authority to hold conferences and make treaties with the Creek tribe of Indians in the state of Georgia. Subsequently he removed to Alabama, where he engaged in cotton planting, and was appointed president of the state bank by the legis- lature. He married Susan Smith (1788-1810) of St. Paul's parish, daughter of Francis and Susan Wilkinson, and descendant of Landgrave Joseph Morton, colonial governor of South Carolina, 1682-85, who married Elizabeth Blake, niece of Admiral Robert Blake. England (1598-1657). Of their two children, Francis Wilkinson and Susan, the latter married James Calhoun, nephew of John C. Calhoun. Andrew Pickens died, while on business in Mississippi, June 24, 1838. PICKENS, Francis Wilkinson, governor of South Carolina, was born in Togadoo, St. Paul's parish, S.C, April 7, 1805; son of Governor Andrew and Susan (Wilkinson) Pickens, and grandson of Andrew and Rebecca (Calhoun) Pickens. He attended South Carolina college, and was admitted to the bar in 1829, practising in Edgefield district, S.C. While a representa- tive in the state legislature in 1832. he made a report on the unity of sovereignty and allegiance, claiming that congress, as the agent of the states, had no claim to allegiance and could exercise no sovereignty. He was a representative in the 24th-29th congresses, 1835-45 ; a state senator, 1845-46 ; a delegate to the southern convention at Nashville, 1850-51, and a delegate to tlie Demo- cratic national convention at Cincinnati in 1856. He was married first to Eliza S., daughter of Col. Eldred Simkins of Edgefield county, S.C, and maternal grand-daughter of Gen. Elijah Clarke of Georgia ; secondly, to Marion, daughter of Col. William Dearing of Georgia : and thirdly, at Marshall. Texas, in 1858, to Lucy, daughter of Beverly Holcomb, a native of Petersburg, Va. She died at Edgewood, S.C. Aug. 8, 1899. He was U.S. minister to Russia. 1858-60. and during his residence at St. Petersburg his daughter. PICKENS PICKERING Rebecca Calhoun, was married to John E. Bacon of Edgefield, at that time secretary of legation. As governor of South Carolina, 1858-60, he demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter from Major Anderson and gave the order to tire upon tlie Stur of the West. He died at Edgewood, Edgefield district, S.C, Jan. 25, 1S09. PICKENS, Israel, governor of Alabama, was born in Cabarrus county, N.C., Jan. 30, 1780; son of Samuel Pickens, an oflicer in the American army. 1776-8-1. He was graduated in 1802 with the fii-st class that left Jelferson college. Canons- burg, Pa., and he settled in the practice of law in Burke county, N.C. He was a mem- ber of the house of commons of North Carolina in 1807, state senator in 1809, and Democratic representative from the twelfth North Car- olina district in the 12th, 13th and 14th congresses, 1811-17. He was appointed register of the land ofiiceat St. Stephens, Mississippi Territory, which included the present state of Alabama, in 1817, and represented Washington county in the con- vention that framed the Alabama constitution in 1819. He was governor of Alabama, 1821-25 ; was appointed to the U.S. senate from Alabama to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Henry Chambers, and served, April to December, 1826, and was appointed U.S. district judge for Ala- bama by President Adams in 1827, but declined on account of ill health. He died in Matanzas, Cuba, W.I., April 24, 1827. PICKERING, Charles, naturalist, was born at Starrucca, Susquehanna county, Pa., Nov. 10, 1805 ; sou of Timothy and Lurena (Cole) Picker- ing ; grandson of Zebulon and Sarah (Hart) Cole, and of Timothy Pickering (q.v.). Charles was taken by his grandfather, Timothy Pickering, to Wenham, and later to Salem, Mass., where he prepared for college, entering Harvard witli the class of 1823. He did not complete his course in arts but was graduated in medicine in 1826, and in 1827 began practice in Philadel- phia, Pa., some years later removing to Bos- ton, Mass. He was married to Sarah Stoddard, daughter of Daniel and Sally (Stoddard) Ham- mond. He devoted much of his time to the study of natural science and was naturalist to the Wilkes exploring expedition of 1838-42. In 1843-45 he traveled in Egypt, Arabia, eastern Africa and western and northern India. Harvard conferred upon him the degree of A.B. in 1849 and that of A.M., in 1H50, placing his name on the records with the class of 1823. He was a member of tiie American Oriental society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosopliical society and the Academy of Natural Sciences in riiihidelphia. He is the author of : The Races of Mcai and their Geoffvaphi- eal Distribution (1848) ; Geographical Distribution of Animals and Plants (1854) ; Geographical Dis- tribution of Plants (1801); Plants and Animals in their Wild State (1870); Chronological History of Plants : Man's Record of his own Existence Illustrated through their Names, Uses and Com- panionship (1879). He died in Boston, Mass., March 17, 1878. PICKERING, Charles Whipple, naval officer, was born in I'ortsmoulli, N.H., Dec. 23, 1815, He joined the U.S. navy as midshipman, May 22, 1822 ; was promoted lieutenant, Dec. 8, 1838 ; commander, Sept. 14, 1855 ; captain, July 15, 1862, and com- modore, Dec. 8, 1807. He was executive offi- cer of the Cyane, and conveyed _ -^ _ :» . » - tlie Strain sur- * r^ x ~^ -5 z-^^^^-^'' veying party to ^^ the Isthmus of "'SS. kearsarce.. Darien in 1854. He was ordered to Greytown, Nicaragua, to investigate the treatment of Ameri- can citizens, and finding it outrageous, he bom- barded the town and completely reduced it in four hours. He was inspector of a liglit-house district near Key West, Florida ; was the first to command the U.S.S. Kearsarge, and was trans- ferred to the Housatonic, commanding that ves- sel when she was sunk by a submarine torpedo near Charleston, S.C, Feb. 17, 1865. He later commanded the Vanderbilt ; was ordered to the Portsmouth navy yard in 1865, and was retired, Feb. 1, 1867. He died in St. Augustine, Fla., Feb. 29. 1888. PICKERING, Edward Charles, astronomer, was born in Boston, Mass., July 19, 1846 ; son of Edward and Charlotte (Hammond) Pickering ; grandson of Timothy and Lurena (Cole) Picker- ing and of Daniel and Sally (Stoddard) Hammond, and great-grandson of Timothy Pickering (q.v.). He prepared for college at the Boston Latin school ; was graduated from the Lawrence Scientific school. Harvard, in 1865 ; was in.structor of mathematics tliere, 1865-67 ; and Thayer profes- sor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1807-77. He was married, IMarcii 9, 1874, to Lizzie Wadsworth, daughter of Jared and Mary (Silsbee) Sparks of Cambridge, Mass. He established the pliysical laboratory at the Institute of Teclinology, which was the first of its kind in the United States, and made a special study of light and spectra of the stars. He was director and Phillips professor of astronomy at the astronomical observatory at Harvard, 1876- 87, was elected director and Paine professor of PICKERING PICKERING astronomy in 1887 and a director of the astro- nomical department of the Carnegie Institution, Washington, D.C., in March, 1902. He invented an improved spectrum telescope and a telephone receiver in 1870. He established an auxiliary observation station at Arequipa, Peru, and on August 7, 1869, accompanied the Nautical Alma- nac expedition to observe the total eclipse of the sun. He was also a member of the coast survey expedition to Xeres, Spain, to observe the eclipse of Dec. 23, 1870. He was a vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1876 ; was elected a fellow of the Amer- ican Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a member of the National Academy of Sciences, receiving the Henry Draper medal for work on astronomical physics ; an associate member of the Royal Astronomical society, London, receiving its gold medal in 1886 for photometric researches and in 1901 for researches on variable stars and work in astronomical photography ; an associate member of the Astronomical Society of Liverpool, and an honorary member of several other foreign socie- ties. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Harvard in 1880, that of LL.D. by the University of California in 1886 and by the University of Michigan in 1887, that of S.D. by the Victoria institute, England, in 1900, and that of LL.D. by the University of Cliicago in 1901. Besides many volumes of Annals of tlie Obser- vatory, he is the author of : Elements of Physical Mampulation (3 parts, 1873-76), and editor of The Tlieory of Color in its Relation to Art and Art Industry, by Dr. William Bezold (1876). PICKERING, John, jurist, was born at New- ington, N.H., Sept. 22. 1737 ; son of Joshua and Mary Pickering ; grandson of Thomas and Mary (Gee) Pickerin, and great-grandson of John Pickerin, a native of England, who was in Ports- mouth, N.H., as early as 1633. John Pickering was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1761, A.M., 1764, and opened a law office at Greenland, N.H., removing shortly afterward to Portsmouth. He was married to Abigail Sheafe. He was a member of the state constitutional convention in 1784, and in 1787 was elected a member of the Federal con- stitutional convention, but declined to serve. He was a state senator ; judge of the supreme court of New Hampshire, 1790-95, serving as chief justice in 1795, and judge of the U.S. district court for New Hampshire, 1795-1804. He was impeached in 1803, and removed from office by a party vote, the charge being drunkenness and profanity on the bench, and the defence before the senate being insanity. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1792. He died in Ports- mouth, N.H., April 11, 1805. PICKERING, John, philologist, was born in Salem, Mass., Feb. 7, 1777 ; son of Timothy (q.v.) and Rebecca ( White ) Pickering. He was grad- uated from Harvard, A.B., 1796, A.M., 1799 ; studied law in Philadelphia, and was secretary to William Smith, U. S. minister to Portugal, 1897- 99, and to Rufus King, U.S. minister to Great Britain, 1799-1801. He practised law in Salem, Mass., 1801-37; removed to Boston in 1827, and was city solicitor until his resignation in 1846. He was a representative in the state legislature, state senator and member of the committee that revised and arranged the statutes of Massa- chusetts. He spoke fluently the English, French, Portugese, Italian, Spanish, German, Romaic, Greek, and Latin languages, and studied the Eastern languages and the Indian languages of America. He declined the professorship of Eng- lish and Oriental languages, also that of Greek Literature at Harvard, and the office of provost of the University of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the board of overseers of Harvard, 1818-34, and received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Bowdoin in 1832, and from Harvard in 1835. He was president of the American Acad- emy of Arts and Sciences, and of the American Oriental society ; a member of the Linntean So- ciety of New England ; the American Philosoph- ical society ; the American Antiquarian society ; the Society of the Cincinnati ; the Boston Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge ; the Mas- sachusetts Historical society ; the Royal Society of Northern Antiquarians ; the French Society of Universal Statistics ; the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and the Oriental Society of Paris ; and an honorary member of the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Legal Knowledge ; the His- torical Societ}^ of Pennsylvania, the Archaeolog- ical Society of Greece, the New Hampshire His- torical society, the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China, the Michigan His- torical society, and the Egyptian Literary asso- ciation. He is the author of : A Vocabidary or Collection of Words and Phrases u'hich have been supposed to he Peculiar to the United States of America (1814); Memoir on the Adoption of a Uniform Orthography for the Indian Languages of North America (1830) ; Eevieiv of the Interna- tional McLeod Question (1835); Comprehensive Dictionary of the Greek Language (1836); Lecture on the Alleged Uncertainty of Laiv (1830); Tlie Agrarian Lazes (1833); Memoir on the Inhab- itants of Lord North's Island (1835) ; Remarks on the Indian Languages of North America (1836). He died in Boston, Mass., May 5, 1846. PICKERING, Timothy, statesman, was born in Salem, Mass., July 17, 1745; son of Timothy and Mary (IVingate) Pickering ; grandson of John and Sarah (Burrill) Pickering, and of Joshua and PICKERING PICKERING Mary (Lunt) Wingate. and a descendant of John Pickering (born 1615), who emigrated from Eng- land and settled in Ipswicli. Mass., in 1634, was made to Salem, an inhabitant Mass., ia 1637. /^^Z^o^i^/i^t**^ in 1636, and removed Timothy Pickering was graduated from Harvard. A.B.. 1763, A.M., 1766, and was admitted to the bar in 1768. He was regis- ter of deeds for Essex county ; lieutenant of militia, 1766-75. and colonel, 1775-76. He led the Continen- tal force in the pur- suit of the British through Charlestown, but arrived too late to effect a capture. He was elected jus- tice of the peace in 1775 ; justice of the superior court of common pleas ; judge of the maritime court in Decem- ber, 1775, and a representative in the general court in 1776. He was married, April 8, 1776, to Rebecca White of Bristol, England, who died in Salem, Mass., Aug. 14, 1828. He joined the Continental army at the head of a regiment of 700 men ; was promoted adjutant-general. June, 1777 ; was a member of the board of war, Nov. 7, 1777 ; was appointed quartermaster- general of the army, Aug. 5, 1780, and was present at the surrender of Cornwallis at York- town. In July, 1785, the quartermaster's de- partment was abolished, and he went into the commission business in Philadelphia, but in 1787 he removed to the Wyoming valley, Pa, He op- posed the insurgent Connecticut settlers and on the imprisonment of John Franklin, the insurg- ent leader, his house was attacked by the rioters and he escaped to Pliiladelphia. He was a mem- ber of the convention for ratifying the U.S. con- stitution, and on his return to Wyoming he was taken prisoner by tlie rioters and confined for three weeks, his captors wishing him to intercede in behalf of Franklin. He was finally released and engaged in putting down the lawlessness in the state. He was a member of the state conven- tion of 1789, tliat framed the constitution of Pennsylvania ; was sent on a mission to pacify the Seneca Indians, who were aroased by the murder of two of their tribe in 1790, and com- pleted negotiations in 1791 with a treaty between the United States and the Six Nations. He was postmaster-general, 1791-95, and was appointed secretary of war to succeed Gen. Henry Knox, Jan. 2, 1795, controlhng the Ini^?^ t'^e 7th infantry, July 13, 1847, and to (ihe 8th infantry, July 18, 1847, and was present at the capture of San Antonio, Aug. 20,1847. He was brevetted 1st lieutenant, Aug. 20, 1847, for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco ; took part in the battle of Molino del Rey, Sept. 8, 1847 ; was brevetted captain, Sept. 13. 1847, for gallant conduct at Chapultepec ; engaged in the assault and capture of the city of Mexico, Sept. 13-14, 1847 ; was in garrison at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., in 1848: was promoted 1st lieu- tenant, June 28. 1849, and was on frontier duty in Texas, 1849-55. He was promoted captain of 9th infantry, March 3, 1855, and served on the expedition against the Indians on Puget Sound, Wash., March-June, 1856; at Forts Steilacoom and Billingham, Wash., 1856-GO, and on San Juan Island, Wash., 1860-61. He resigned his commission in the U.S. army, June 25, 1861, and joined the Confederate States arm3\ He was commissioned colonel of Virginia troops and assigned to duty on the Rappahannock river, lie was promoted brigadier-general, and com- manded tiie 3d brigade in Longstreet's division of Magruder's command at the opening of the sieven days' battle before Richmond, June 25- ,»uly 1, 1862, and in the battle of Gaines's Mill, June 27, he was severely wounded and forced to relinquish his command. On Oct. 10, 1862, he was promoted major-general and given com- mand of the third division, Longstreet's corps, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. He occupied the center of Lee's line at Fredericksburg ; and his famous charge at Gettysburg, where he commanded the second division, Longstreet's corps, became the subject for story and the painter's brush. He was given command of the department of North Carolina, Sept. 23, 1863, and on May 18, 1864, he saved Petersburg from capture, personally leading the force that captured the Federal works and turned the guns on the retreating foe. He was engaged in the battle of Five Forks where he commanded the first division of Longstreet's corps and his division received the full force of the Federal attack, April 1, 1865. After the war he engaged in the life insurance business. He declined the U.S. marshalship of the state of Virginia tendered him by President Grant. He died in Norfolk, Va., July 30, 1875, and was buried at Hollywood, Richmond, Va. PICKETT, James Chamberlayne, diplomat, was born in Fauquier county, Va., Feb. 6, 1793 ; son of Col. John and Elizabeth (Chamberlayne) Pickett ; grandson of Capt. William S. and Eliz- abeth (Metcalfe) Pickett, and a descendant of William S. Pickett. In 1796 he removed with his parents to Mason county, Ky., where his fatlier served in both branches of the state legislature. He was appointed from Ohio 3d lieutenant in the 2d U.S. artillery, Aug. 4, 1813 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant, April 19, 1814, transferred to the corps of artillery, May 12, 1814, and left the service at the close of the war in 1815. He edited the Eagle at Maysville, Ky., in 1815 ; studied law, and on June 16, 1818, entered the U.S. army as captain and assistant quarter- master-general, serving until June, 1821. He settled in the practice of law in Mason county in 1821 ; was a representative in the Kentucky legislature in 1822, and secretary of the state, 1825-28. By appointment of President Jackson, he was secretary of the U.S. legation to Colom- bia, 1829-33, acting for a time as charge d'affaires. He was a commissioner of the U.S. patent office in 1835 ; fourth auditor of the U.S. treasury, 1835-38 ; U.S. minister to Ecuador in 1838, and charge d'affaires to Peru, 1838-45. In 1845 he removed to Washington, D.C., where he was editor of the Congressional Globe for several years. He was married, Oct. 6, 1818, to Ellen, daughter of Governor Joseph Desha of Kentucky. Their son, Joseph Desha Pickett, was a minister of the Christian church, professor in Bethany college, Virginia, chaplain in the Confederate army, and professor of English literature and sacred history in Kentucky university'. Another son, Col. John T. Pickett, was U.S. consul at Vera Cruz, 1853-61, special envoy extraordinary of the Confederate states to Mexico in 1865, and in 1870 sold the diplomatic correspondence of the Confederate States, known as the " Pickett Papers", to tlie United States government for $75,000. James Chamberlayne Pickett died in Washington, D.C., July 10, 1872. PICKING, Henry Forry, naval officer, was born in Somerset county, Pa., Jan. 28, 1840. He was graduated from the U.S. Naval academy in PICKLEK PICKNELL 1861, and served as acting niastev on tlie U.S. frigate St. Lawrence of tiie North Atlantic blockading squadron, 1861-02 ; was promoted lieutenant, July 16, 1802 : took part in the en- gagement with the privateer Petrel, and was present at the engagement of the U.S. fleet with the Confederate ram Merrimac and the Sewell's Point batteries. He served on shore duty at the U.S. Naval academy, and was assigned to the U.S. ironclad Xtxhant in 1864. He was com- missioned lieutenant-commander, July 25, 1866, and commanded the Swatara in European and West Indian waters, 1865-68; the flagship Colorado in the Asiatic squadron m 1872 ; served on ordnance duty at Washington and at Newport, 1873-75 ; was promoted commander, Jan. 25, 1875, and was a member of the lighthouse board, 1875-85. serving as secretary, 1881-82. He com- manded the U.S.S. Kearsarge, 1879-81, and the U.S.S. Michigan on tlie northwestern lakes, 1887-89. He was promoted captain, Aug. 4, 1889 ; was hydrographer of the U.S. navy, 1889- 90 ; was a member of the board of inspection and survey, and commanded the cruiser Charles- ton during a rebellion in Brazil, and the receiving CHARLE>T0A4 ships Minnesota and Wabash. 1890-98. He was promoted commodore, Nov. 25, 1898 ; rear-ad- miral, March 3, 1899, and succeeded Admiral Howison as commandant of the Charlestown navy yard. He died in Boston, Mass., Sept. 8, 1899. PICKLER, John Alfred, representative, was born near Salem. Ind., Jan. 24, 1844. He removed with his father to Davis county, Iowa, in 1853, and .served in the Federal army, 1862-65, as captain in the 3d Iowa cavalry, and major of the 13Sth U.S. colored infantry. He was graduated from the Iowa State university, Ph.B., 1870, and from the University of Michigan, LL.B., 1872. He removed to JIuscatine, Iowa, in 1874 ; was presidential elector on the Garfield ticket in 1880, and a representative in the state legisla- ture in 1881. He removed to Faulkton, Dakota Territory, 1883 ; was a representative in the territorial legislature. 1884, and inspector in the public land service, 1889. He was a Republican representative at large from South Dakota in the 51st-.54th congresses, 1889-97. ^^^^ J>e^^^..c.CC. PICKNELL, William Lamb, painter, was born in Hinesburg, Vt., Oct. 23, 1854 ; son of the Rev. William and Ellen (Upliam) Picknell ; grandson of Samuel and Sarah (Lamb) Picknell, and of Joshuah and Mary (Nichols) Upham, and a descendant of John Upham, who was born in England in 1597 ; came to New England in 1635, with his wife and three children ; was one of the founders of Wey- mouth, Mass., and later aided in found- ing the town of Mai- den. William L. Picknell began the study of art under George Inness in Rome in 1872 ; was later, 1875-77, a pupil of Gerome in Paris, and studied in Brittany under Robert Wylie, 1877-81. He exhibited at the Royal Academy, London, and at the Paris Salon, where he received honorable mention in 1880, and in 1882 opened a studio in Boston, Mass. He was elected a member of the Society of American Artists in 1880, of the Society of British Artists in 1884, and an associate of the National Academy of Design in New York city in 1891. He received a silver medal in 1881, and a gold medal in 1884, at the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Associa- tion Fair ; a medal at the World's Columbian exposition, Chicago, 1893 ; a gold medal at the Paris Salon in 1895 ; tlie Lippincott prize at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1896 ; and a medal at the Atlanta, Ga., exposition in 1896. He was married, April 18, 1889. to Gertrude, daughter of John and Ann (Goodwin) Powers of Boston. His strength biy in landscape work, and prominent among the localities chosen for his subjects are Normandy and the South of France, the new forest in England, the Mexican frontier, Southern California, Florida and the New Eng- land coast. Among the more ini])ortant paint- ings are : Breton Peasant Girl Feeding Ducks (1877); The Fields of Kerren (1878); Tlie Con- carneau Road, in the Corcoran art gallerj-, Washington (1880); On the Borders of the Marsh, in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (1880); A Stormy Day (1881); Coast of Ipsicich, in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (1882); Sun- shine and Drifting Sand (1883); A Sultry Day (1884) ; Wintry March, in the Walker art gallery, Liverpool (1885) ; Bleak Deomber, in the Metropol- itan Museum, New York (1886); After the Stortn (1886); November Solitude (1887); Edge of Winter (1891) ; Le Declin de .7our( 1894) ; A Toiler of the Sea, PIEPER PIERCE in the Carnegie art gallery. Pittsburg, Pa., (1889); Late Afternoon, Florida, in the Brooklyn Institute Museum of Arts and Sciences (1890); Morning on the Loing (1895); Morning on the Mediter- ranean, in Luxembourg collection. Paris (1896); Ttie Road to Nice (1896), and Sand Danes at Ipswich (1896). He died at Devereaux Rocks, Marblehead, Mass.. Aug. 9, 1897. PIEPER, Franz August Otto, educator, was born in Carwitz, Pomerauia, Germany, June 27, 1853 ; son of August and Bertha Pieper. He was a student at the Dom-Gymnasium, Colberg, Pomerania, and in 1870 came to the United States. He was graduated at Northwestern university, Watertown, Wis., A.B., 1872, and at Concordia Lutheran Theological seminary, St. Louis, Mo., in 1875 ; was ordained to the Luthe- ran ministry at Centreville, Wis., in 1875, and was pastor there and at Manitowoc, 1875-78. He was professor of theology in Concordia Theolo- gical seminary at St. Louis, 1878-87, and in 1887 became president of the seminary and professor of dogmatic and pastoral theology, succeeding Dr. C. F. W. Walther. He was elected presi- dent-general of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other states in 1899, and re-elected in 1902, at the same time retaining the professorship and presidency at Concordia. He also became editor of Lehre and Wehre, Luthe- raner and Homiletisches Magazin. He is the author of : Orundbekenntniss de ev.-Lutherischen Kirche, mit einer geschichtlichen Einleitung und kurzen erklarenden Anmei'kiuigenversehen (1880); Lehre von Christi Werk (1898): Distinctive Doctrines of the Lutheran Church (1892), and contributions to denominational periodicals. PIERCE, Benjamin, governor of New Hamp- shire, was born in Chelmsford, Mass., Dec. 25, 1757. His first ancestors in America settled in Plymouth in 1(523. He was the seventh of ten •children, and his parents having died when he was six years old, he was cared for by a paternal uncle, but received a very limited ctlucation. He engaged in farming from childhood, and in 1775, on learning of the battle of Lexington, he en- listed as a regular soldier in miy at Cambridge, serving under He fought in the battle of Bun- ker Hill, was appointed sergeant in the Continen- tal regiment in Washington's army in 1776. and sergeant in the 8th Massacliusetts. in January, 1777. He was promoted ensign for bravery in saving the flag of the company at Saratoga, Oct. 7, 1777 ; lieutenant, July 7. 1782. and was transferred to the 1st Massachusetts, Jan. 1, 178o, as captain, having command of a detach- VIII. -'II the Continental Colonel Brooks. ment that entered the city of New York upon its evacuation, Nov. 25, 1783. He entered the employ of a large landholder in New England after the war, and was soon enabled to purchase a tract of land in Hillsborough, N.H., which he cleared and on which he settled and built a rude log house. He was married in 1787 to Elizabeth Andrews of Hillsborough, who died in 1788, and he was married secondly in 1789 to Anna Kendrick of Amherst, N.H. He was appointed brigade major of his district in the New Hampshire militia by Governor Sullivan in 1786, and was promoted brigadier-general. He represented Hillsborough in the state legislature, 1789-1801, was a member of the governor's council, 180:J-09 and 1813-18. and sheriff of Hillsborough county, 1809-13 and 1818-27. He was governor of New Hampshire in 1827 and 1829, but was defeated in 1828, and was a Democratic presidential elector at large in 1833, voting for Andrew Jackson. He died in Hillsborough, N.H., April 1, 1839. PIERCE, Byron Root, soldier, was born in East Bloomfield, Ontario county, N.Y., Sept. 20, 1829 ; son of Silas and Mary (Root) Pierce. He was educated in Rochester, N.Y., worked in his father's woolen factory, and became a dentist. He removed to Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1856, and in 1861 enlisted in the 3d Michigan volunteer infantry, being promoted captain, May 13. 1861, major, Oct. 21, 1861, lieutenant-colonel, July 25, 1862, and colonel, Jan. 1, 1863. He served with the Army of the Potomac during the entire war ; was promoted brigadier-general of U.S. volun- teers, June 7, 1864 ; was brevetted major-general of volunteers, April 6, 1865, for gallant services at Sailor's Creek, Va., and was mustered out cf the service, Aug. 24, 1865. He was married, Oct. 12, 1881, to Abbie L. Evans of Rhode Island. He was commandant of the Soldiers' Home at Grand Rapids, Mich., 1887-91, and in 1902 was an employee in the U.S. post office at Grand Rapids. PIERCE, Edward Lillie, publicist and lawyer, was born in Stoughton, Mass., March 29, 1829 ; son of Col. Jesse and Elizabeth S. (Lillie) Pierce, and brother of Henry Lillie Pierce (q.v.). He was prepared for college at the academies at Bridgewater and Easton ; was graduated from Brown university in 1850 ; from Harvard Law school in 1852; was admitted to the bar in Boston, 1853, and subsequently practised in Cincinnati, Chicago and again in Boston. He was a member of the Republican national conventions of 1860, 1876, 1880, 1884. At the opening of the civil war he enlisted as a private in the 3d Massachusetts regiment ; served at Fort Monroe, and was detailed to organize, educate and render self-supporting the freedmen of the Sea Islands, S.C, in 1862, which enterprise proved so successful that he started companies in other districts to carry on PIERCE PIERCE his work. He was collector of internal revenue of Boston, 1863-6(5 ; district attorney of Norfolk and Plymouth counties, 1866-70 ; lecturer at the Massachusetts University Law school for ten years, and secretary of the board of state charities, 1869-74, for which he made reports of the work in Europe and the United States. He was member of the state legislature, 1875-76, 1895 and 1896. chairman of the house committee on the judiciary, 1876, and while serving in that capacity devised and carried a comprehensive act limiting municipal indebtedness. He de- clined the office of assistant treasurer of the United States at Boston in 1878, and was the unsuccessful Republican candidate from the 3d Massachusetts district for representative in the 5'Jnd congress in 1890. He was a member of the Massachusetts Historical society, and a personal friend of Cliarles Sumner and Jolni Bright. He founded the free public library at Milton, Mass., and between 1869 and 1897 traveled extensively in Europe and the East. He was married jQrst, April 19. 1865, to Elizabeth Helen, daugliterof the Hon. John Kingsbury of Providence, R.L.and secondly, Marcli 8, 1883. to Maria Louisa Woodhead of Hud- derstield, England. He received tlie degree LL.D. from Brown in 1882, and from Claflin in 1894. He was an advocate of ballot reform and an authority on railroad law, and his articles on these subjects together with his lecture on John Bright, col- lege exercises and political addresses are included in "Enfranchisement and Citizenship"' (1896). He compiled a " Genealogy of tlie Pierce Family " and an " Index of the Special Railroad Laws of Massachusetts" (1874); published a "Sketch of Major Jolin Lillie " a maternal ancestor ; edited " Walter's American Law," and is the author of : Effect of Prospective or Extreme Legislation, etc. (1857) ; Personal Liberty Laws (1861); Negroes at Port Royal (1862) ; Freedmen of Port Royal, S.C. (Atlantic Monthly, Aug., 1863); Two Systems of Government Proposed for the Rebel States (1867); Laics of Railroads (1881), and Memoirs and Letters of Charles Sumner (4 vols., 1877-93). He died in Paris, France, Sept. 5, 1897. PIERCE, Franklin, fourteenth president of the United States, was born in Hillsborough, N.H., Nov. 23, 1804; son of Governor Benjamin and Anna (Kendrick) Pierce. He attended the academies at Hancock, Francestown and Exeter, and was graduated at Bowdoin in 1824, standing third in his class. He was an officer in the college batallion, and during his college course taught district schools in the winter to pay his tuition. He studied law under Levi Woodbury at Portsmouth, 1825; at the law school, Northampton, Mass., 1825-26, and in the office of Judge Edmund Parker, Amherst, N.H., 1827. He was admitted to tlie bar in 1827, and practised first at Hillsborough and subsequently at Concord. He was a represen- tative from Hillsborough in the state legislature, 1829-32 ; speaker of the house, 1831 and 1832, and a Democratic representative in the 23d and 24th congresses, 1833-37. He served on the judiciary ^A4 committee, and spoke against receiving petitions for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, and against appropriations for the U.S. Military academy on the ground that the institution was aristocratic and tliat the profes- sion of arms was dangerous to the liberties of the country, which should depend on the yeomen militia for defence. He sustained President Jackson in opposing the growing demand for appropriations for internal improvements, and his course as a representative determined his party to make him a senator in congress, March 3, 1837, as successorto John Page, who completed the term of Isaac Hill. He took his seat Sept. 24, 1837, the youngest senator in the chamber, and not till his birthday, Nov. 23, 1837, thirty- three years of age. He supported the recommenda- tion of Joel Roberts Poinsett, secretary of war, to give government aid to tlie states in order to make more effective their militia, and when the motives of the secretary were questioned Senator Pierce ably defended him. He opposed the removal of government employees for political opinions. He resigned his seat in the senate at the close of the second session, Aug. 31, 1842, in order to resume the practice of law, and joining his family who had removed to Concord in 1838, he practised in that city, Leonard Wilcox (q.v.) completing his term in the senate. When Senator Levi Woodbury resigned, Nov. 20, 1845, to take his seat on tlie bench of the U.S. supreme court, Governor Steele urged Mr. Pierce to accept the appointment as his successor, which he declined, as he did the Democratic nomination for governor and the cabinet position of attorney-general from President Polk the same year. In 1846 he made a determined but hojjeless battle for the Demo- cratic party against the united Wliig and Free Soil parties with John P. Hale as his chief opponent, with the result that Hale was elected U.S. senator, and the state gave to the coalition two representatives in congress. When the war with Mexico was declared he enrolled as a private in a PIERCE id jiub ■i''|iient'y at Coii.-oril, District of lis for the Ml that the uieiit -1 for tj, lb37, as successor to John Page, who completed the term of Isaac Hill. He took his seat Sept. 24, 1837, the youngest senator in the chamber, and not till his birthday. Nov. 23. 1837. thirty- tliree } . tion of ■r: their militia, and when the tarj were questioned Senator iJed him. He opposed the ninent employees for political ■ :u^i.'iis. Ho rtiigned his vseat iu the senate at M close of the second session, Aug. 81, 1842. in Lice of law, ' • •ed to Cor on lilt) bench of ihu U.S. supreme court, ,r 9,fef]«^ iir?-»'d Mr. Pier'^*» to accept the •til ilale WHO tjlecteJ LJ..S. te pave to the coalition two ■ S3. When the war with uruUed as a private in a '^^I4, and governor of Dakota Territ/jry, 1884-87. He was cliosf-n Re- publican U.S. senator from the new .state of North Dakota. Nov. 20, 1889, and drew the short term, wliich expired March 3, 1891. In 1891 he purchaHeinted U.S. minister to Portugal by President Harri.son in 1893. resigning after a few months' service. He is the author of several novels, sketches and plays, and pnlilislie;iinont of mounted volunteers at the battle of Buena Vista. In command of a company of forty-one men he rode from Siiltillo to Cliihuahua, Mex., receiving the surrender of the city of Mapimi on the way. He returned to his extensive law practice in 1849, and transferretl his ottice to New Orleans in 1853, returning to Arkansas in 1857. As attorney for the Clioctaw Indians he obtained the award of |f>.9Sl.-J47 from the U.S. government. At the beginning of the civil war he was appointed Confeilerate commissioner to negotiate treaties of alliance with the Indians. He was appointed a brigadier-general. C.S.A., commanded the deivtrtment of the Indian Territory and organized brigades of Indians which he commanded at the battles of Pea Ridge and Elkhorn. In 18G6 he removed to Mempliis, Tenn., where he edited the ApjM'dl. 1867-68 ; and after 1868 he practised in Washington, D.C. He was grand commander of tlie supreme council of the thirty -third degree Ma.sons. and was also grand commander of the royal order of Scottish Rite Masons. He is the autlior of : Prose Sketches and Poems (1834) ; Jiejiorts of Cases in the Supreme Court of Arkan- sas (5 vols., 1840-45); Arkansas Form Book (1S45): XngfE, poems (1854), two other collec- tions of poems (1873 and 1882); Masonic Statutes and Regulations (1859); Morals and Dogma of Freemasonry (1870). He also wrote numerous M.tsonic rituals, and a reply to Pope Leo XIII's bull against Masonry. He died in Washington, D.C. April 2. 1891. PIKE, Austin Franklin, senator, was born at Hebron. X.II., Oct. 16, 1819; son of Uriah and Mary (Page) Pike. He attended Holmes academy, Plymouth ; studied law at Franklin, with George W. Xesmith, 1841—45 ; and practi-sed in partner- ship first with his preceptor, and later with Daniel Barnard, Isaac N. Blodgett. and Frank N. Parsons. He was married, in 1850, to Caroline White. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1850-52 ami l(S65-66, being speaker of the house, 186.5-66. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention of 1856; a mem- ber of the state senate, 1857-.58, and its president in 1858 ; chairman of the Republican state com- mittee, 18-58-60 ; a Republican representative in the 43rd congress, 1873-75, and U.S. senator, 188.3-86. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1858. He died at Franklin. NML. Oct. 8, 1886. PIKE, Frederick Augustus, representative, was born in Calais. Maine. Dec. 9, 1817. He was graduated at Bowdoin college in 1839; was ad- mitted to the bar in 1840, and practised at Calais. He was a representative in the state legislature eight terms, and a Republican representative in the 37-40th congresses, 1861-69, .serving as chair- man of the naval committee for six years. He was again a representative in the state legisla- ture, 1870-71 ; and a member of the state consti- tutional convention in 1875. He was married in 1846 to Mary Hayden Green, author of Ida May (1854) ; Caste (1856) ; and Agnes (1858). Mr. Pike died in Calais, Maine, Dec. 2, 1886. PIKE, James Shepherd, diplomatist, was born in Calais, Maine, Sept. 8, 1811. He attended the public schools, engaged in the mercantile busi- ness in 1826, and later devoted himself to journal- ism. He was Washington correspondent and associate editor of the New York Tribune, 1850- 60, and was a strong anti-slavery partisan. He was U.S. minister to the Netherlands, 1861-66 ; and supported Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872. He bequeathed to the public library at Calais, Maine, $15,000, on condition that no book should be purchased until it had been published ten years. He is the author of : Tlie Restoration of the Currency (1868) ; The Financial Crisis, its Evils and Tlieir Remedy (1867) ; Horace Greeley in 1872 (1873) ; Tlie Prostrate State (1874) ; Tlie New Puritan (1879) ; The First Blows of the Civil War (1879). He died in Calais, Me. , Nov. 29, 1882. PIKE, Maria Louisa, naturalist, was born in England ; daughter of Benjamin Hadley, British Commissioner to South Africa. She was private secretary to her father for several years, and em- ployed much of her spare time in studj'ing and making sketches of the flora of South Africa. She went to the island of Mauritius in 1870 and became acquainted -with Nicholas Pike, U.S. consul, who was making a scientific research for natural history specimens for the Agassiz museum, Cambridge, Mass. She assisted him in the classification of over 800 species of fish, of which she made many colored sketches. She was married to Mr., Pike in 1875, and removed to America, whex'e she contributed frequently to the Scientific American, American Agricul- turist, and Ame7Hca7i Garden. She reproduced in colors a large collection of spiders made by her husband, and also made a nearly com]ilete set of pen-and-ink drawings of North American snakes. She was a member of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. She died in Brooklyn, N.Y., March 23. 1S92. PIKE, Zebulon Montgomery, soldier, was born in Lamberton, N.J., Feb. 5, 1779; son of Maj. Zebulon Pike (1751-1834) of the patriot army. The Pike family resided in New Jersey for several generations, one ancestor, Capt. John Pike, acquiring his military title in Indian war- fare. Zebulon Pike removed with his parents to Bucks county, Pa., and later to Easton. He was ensign in his father's regiment on the western frontier, and was promoted lieutenant in the 1st PILE PILLOW Tegiment U.S. infantry in November, 1799. He was married in March, 1801, to Clarissa, daughter •of General John Brown of Kentucky. Upon the organization of Louisiana Territory in 1805, he was ordered on an expedition to explore and trace the head waters of the Mississippi. He embarked at St. Louis, Aug. 9, 1805, with twenty men, and after nine months' labor succeeded in discovering what he pronounced to be the source of the river. He was appointed by General Wilkinson to lead an exploring partj- into the interior of the newly-acquired terri- tory, and during this expedition discovered Pike's Peak in the Rocky mountains. The party reached the Rio del Norte, and being found on Span- ish territory they were taken to Santa Fe, where Pike's papers were taken from him. After a long examination he was re- leased, and arrived at Natchitoches, July 1, 1807, where he was commended by the U.S. government for his " zeal, perseverance, and intelligence." He was promoted captain in 1806 ; major in 1808 ; lieutenant-colonel in 1809 ; deputy quartermaster- general in 1812 ; colonel of l.jth infantry July 6, 1812 ; and brigadier-general March 12, 1813. Upon the outbreak of the war of 1812 he was appointed •adjutant and inspector-general of the army, and commanded the expedition against York, L''pper €anada, in April, 1813. He landed with 1,500 troops April 27, 1813, and captured one of the xedoubts, and while making arrangements for a further attack, an explosion took place in the British magazine, and General Pike was fatally injured by tlie falling stones. See An Account of Two Expeditions to the Sources of the Missis- sipjn (2 vols., 1810), of which Elliott Coues pub- lished a new edition (8 vols., 1895). He died in York, Canada, April 27, 1813. PILE, William A., soldier, was born near Indianapolis, Ind., Feb. 11, 1829. He became a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church, joining the Missouri conference. In 1861 he enlisted in the Federal army as chaplain of a regiment of Missouri volunteers. He commanded a light battery in 1862 ; a regiment of infantry in 1863 ; and was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, Dec. 26, 1863. He saw service at >Corinth. Vicksburg. and Mobile, and was mus- tered out of the volunteer service Aug. 24, 1865. He was a Republican representative from Mis- souri in the 40th congress, 1867-69 ; was defeated for the 41st congress in 1868 ; was governor of New Mexico, 1869-70, by appointment of Presi- dent Grant, and U.S. minister to Venezuela, 1871- 74. He died at Monrovia, Cal., July 7, 1889. PILLING, James Constantine, ethnologist, was born in Washington, D.C., Nov. 16, 1846. He attended Gonzaga college ; joined Maj. J. W. Powell's Rocky Mountain surveying expedition in 1875, and began a work of tabulating the vocabularies of the Indian tribes and collecting data concerning their mythology. In 1880 he was elected chief clerk of the bureau of eth- nology, and upon the appointment of Major Powell to the ofiBce of chief of the geological survey, he became chief clerk, in which office he continued until his death. He was an autho- rity on North American Indian bibliography, and is the author of bibliographies of the Languages of the North American Indians (1885); Eskimo Language (1887) ; Siouan Languages (1887) ; Iroquoian Languages (1888); Muskho- gean Languages (1889) ; Salishan Languages (1893) ; Wakashan Languages (1894) ; Mexican Language (1895) ; and memoirs on ethnological subjects. He died in Olney, Md., July 26, 1895. PILLOW, Gideon Johnson, soldier, was born in Williamson county, Tenn., July 8, 1806 ; son of Gideon and Annie (Payne) Pillow ; grandson of John and Mary (Johnson) Pillow, and of Josiah Paine, a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and great-grandson of Jaspar Pillow, who emigrated from England in 1740, and settled in the Virginia colony. His paternal grandfather and his two great-uncles, Jaspar and William Pillow, were Revolutionary soldiers and were present at the surrender of Cornwallis, and his father was a soldier under General Jackson, and was conspicu- ous in the attack on the Indian fortress Nicka- jack. Gideon John- son Pillow was grad- uated from the Uni- versity of Nashville in 1827, studied law under Judge W. E. Kennedy and Wil- liam L. Brown, es- tablished himself in practice in Columbia, Tenn., and became a prominent member of the Tennessee bar. He was a member of the staff of Gov. William Carroll, with the rank of brigadier general, 1829-35, a delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1844, and afterward made for James K. Polk. Upon the out- '^' ^^ S^ f^ PILLOW PILLSBURY break of the war with Mexico, he was commis- sioned bripnUer-Kent-ml, U.S. army, July 13, 1846, and reporttnl wilh a hrigade of Tennessee volun- teers to General Taylor, at Caiuargo, Mexico. He was engaj^ed at the battle of Vera Cruz, where he was complimented for gallantry; Cerro Gordo, where he was severely wounded and was commis- sioned major-general, and during the campaign that followed was second in command. He was present at Contreras. Clierubusco and Chapulte- pec. and at the latter place his ankle was crushed by a grrape shot and lie was in hospital for three months. He favored pressing the Mexican army to the extreme bcmndary of tlie country, making the final capitulation beyond the Sierra Madre, which became known as the " Pillow line " and wasafterward admitted by military experts to be correct. He was later arrested by General Scd. He was a delegate to, and president of. the Soutli Carolina convention in 178s, where he strongly advised tlie ratification of tlie Federal constitution. He was governor of South Caro- lina, 1789-92 and 1790-98 ; and U.S. senator, 1798-1802, completing the term of John Hunter, re- signed, and being re-elected for a full term to expire March 3, 1803, but resigning in 1801, Thomas Sumter com- pleting his term. He was U.S. minister to Spain 1802- 05. and during his residence in Spain negotiated a release of all tiie Spanisli titles to lands purchased from France by the United States. He was again governor of South Carolina, 1806-08; representa- tive in the state legislature, 1810 and 1812 ; sup- ported the war of 1812, and was a representative in the 16th congress, 1819-21, where he vigorously op- posed the Missouri compromise. He is the author of a .series of political addresses under the signa- ture " Republican" (1800), and published several papers denouncing the alien and sedition laws. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the College of New Jersey in 1787. He died in Charleston. S.C. Oct. 29. 1824. PINCKNEY, Charles Cotesworth, statesman, was born in Charleston, S.C, Feb. 25, 1746; son of Judge Charles and Eliza (Lucas) Pinckney, He attended Westminster school, Eng., in 1753. and was graduated from Christ church, Oxford, studied law at the Middle Temple and attended the Royal Militar}' acad- emy, Caen, France, until 1769, when he returned to Charles- ton, S.C. He was married to a sister Arthur Middleton, (q.v.) He was attor- ney-general ; a dele- gate to the first pro- vincial congress in 1775 ; joined the pa- triot army a>< captain of infantry, and was pro- moted major in December, 1775. He was pre- sent at the defence of Fort Sullivan, June 28, 1776; wa-s promoted colonel, Sept. 16, 1770, and was appointed aide-de-camp to General Washing- ton, taking part in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and in the expedition to Florida in 1778. He was a member of the South Carolina fenate in January, 1779, was engaged in the ^ ^ l^^T-'C^.^Zjty defence of Charleston ; commanded the second column in the assault on Savannah and com- manded Fort Moultrie in the attack on Charles- ton, in April, 1780. When the city was surrend- ered in May, 1780, he was taken prisoner and was confined for two years. On his exchange, in 1782, he rejoined the army, was commissioned brigadier-general in 1783, and returned to the practice of law in Cliarleston. He was a member of tlie constitutional convention of 1787, and of the state convention that ratified the constitu- tion in 1790, He declined the portfolios of war and state, and in 1796 was appointed U.S. minister to France, but was refused recognition by the French directory and requested to withdraw. It was while on this mission tliat he made the famous remark, " millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute." On his return to the United States he was -' commissioned major- general. He was the Federalist candidate for vice-president of the United States in 1800. and for president in 1804 and 1808, and was first pre- sident of the board of trustees of South Carolina college ; president of the Charleston Bible society, and third president-general of the Society of the Cincinnati. His name in Class M, Rulers and Statesmen, received four votes for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, New Y'ork university, October, 1900. He died in Charles- ton, S.C, Aug. 16, 1825. PINCKNEY, Charles Cotesworth, clergyman, was born in Charleston, S.C, July 31, 1812 ; son of Charles Cotesworth and Caroline (Elliott) Pinckney ; grandson of Maj.-Gen. Thomas (q.v.) and Elizabeth (Motte) Pinckney. and of William and Phoebe (Waight) Elliott. He was graduated valedictorian from the College of Charleston, A.B.. 1831, A.M., 1834; from the Virginia theolog- ical seminary, Alexandria, and was admitted to the diaconate Feb. 15, 1835, and advanced to the priesthood, Oct. 28, 1836. He was rector of St. James's, Santee, and Christ church, Greenville, 1835-45 ; assistant at Grace church, Charleston, 1850-54. and rector 1854-98. In 1899 a tablet was erected in Grace church to his memory. He was a member of the board of trustees of the College of Charleston, his term expiring, 1900, and he re- ceived the degree of LL.D. from that institution in 1870. He was president of the Historical Society of South Carolina, and of the Society of the Cincinnati of the State of South Carolina. He die.l at Flat Rock, N.C, Aug. 12, 1898. PINCKNEY, Thomas, soldier and diplomatist, was born in Charleston, S.C, Oct. 23, 1750; son of Chief- Justice Charles and Eliza (Lucas) Pinck- ney, and grandson of Thomas and Mary (Cotes- worth) Pinckney, and of Col. George and Anne Lucas, and a descendant of Thomas Pinckney, who came to Charleston, S,C, April, 1692. He PINGREE PINKERTON was sent to England with his brother Charles Cotesworth, in 1753, and attended Westminster scliool and Oxford university. He studied law in the Temple ; was admitted to the bar in 1773, and established himself in practice in Charleston, S.C, in 1774. He joined the Continental army on the outbreak of the Revolutionary war and was commissioned lieutenant in 1775. He served as aide-de-camp to Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, to Count D'Estaing, and to Gen. Horatio Gates, and was engaged in the siege of Savannah ; the attack upon Stono Ferry, and the battle of Camden, where he was wounded and taken prisoner. When the war ended he returned to his law practice in Charleston. He was elected governor of South Carolina in 1787, serving two years, and declined the appointnaent of U.S. district judge in 1789. He was a representative in the state legislatm-e in 1791 and drafted the act establishing the state court of equity. He was appointed by President Washington the first U.S. minister to Great Britain, 1792-96, and in 1794 was sent from London to Spain, to arrange the treatj' of St. Ildefonso by which the United States secured the free navigation of the Mississippi river. He was a Federalist candidate for president of the United States in 1796 and received 59 electoral votes ; was a representative in the 6th congress, 1799- 1801 ; major-general in command of the 6th military district, 1812-15, and took part in the battle of Horseshoe Bend. He retired to private life and succeeded his brother Gen. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney as president-general of the Society of the Cincinnati, serving 1825-29. He was twice married : first, July 22, 1779, to Eliza- beth, daughter of Jacob and Rebecca (Brewton) Motte, and secondly, 1797, to her sister, Fanny Middleton. He left two sons and two daughters. One daughter married William Lowndes, the statesman (q.v.) ; the other married Col. Fran- cis Kinloch Huger (q.v.). He died in Charleston, S.C, Nov. 2, 1828. PINGREE, Hazen Smith, governor of Michi- gan, was born in Denmark, Maine, Aug. 30, 1840; sonof Jasper and Adeline (Bryant) Pingree, and a descendant of Moses and Abigail (Clement) Pingrey, Ipswich, 1641. He attended public schools, and was employed in a cotton fac- Itory in Saco. Me., and a shoe factory in Hopkinton, Mass., 1854-62. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the 1st Massachu- setts heavy artillery, and served with the Army of the Potomac until tlie close of the war. He was captured May 25. 1864, while on the road to Front Royal, Va. , was confined at Andersonville. Ga., Salisbury, N.C., and Millen, Ga. , May to November 1864, when he was ex- Y111. — 22 changed, returned to his regiment, and took part in the expedition to the Weldon railroad and in the battles of Boydton Road, Petersburg, Sailor's Creek, Farmville, and Appomattox Court house. He was mustered out in August, 1865, returned to Detroit, Mich., and in December, 1866, estab- lished with C. H. Smith the firm of Pingree & Smith, boot and shoe manufacturers, and at the time of his death the annual output of tlie busi- ness exceeded $1 ,000,000. On Feb. 28. 1872, he was married to Frances A. Gilbert of Mount Clemens, Mich. He was elected mayor of Detroit, 1889-91- 93 and 95, serving, 1890-96. He advocated three- cent street-car fare, and allotted to the poor of the city vacant lands, on which he encouraged them to plant and cultivate potatoes. He was twice elected governor of Michigan by the Repub- lican party, serving 1897-1900. He died in London, England, June 18. 1901. PINGREE, Samuel Everett, governor of Ver- mont, was born in Salisbury. N.H., Aug. 2, 1832; son of Stephen and Judith (True) Pingry ; grand- son of William and Mary (Morrill) Pingree and of Benjamin True, and a descendant of Moses and Abigail (Clement) Pingrey. Moses emigrated from London, England, to America with his brother Aaron, and settled in Ipswich, Mass., about 1641, where he owned salt works, and was a deputy of the general court in 1665. Samuel E. Pingree was graduated at Dartmouth college, A.B., 1857, A.M., 1860 ; was admitted to the bar in 1859, and practised in Hartford, Vt.. 1859-61. He enlisted as a private in the 3d Vermont volun- teers in 1861, shortly afterward reaching the rank of captain, and was severely wounded at Lee's Mills, Va. He was promoted major, Sept. 27, 1862 ; lieutenant-colonel Jan. 15, 1863, and commanded his regiment in the 2d brigade, 2d division, 6th army corps in the Chancellorsville campaign. He was mustered out of the service July 27, 1864, and resumed practice at Hartford, Vt. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention of 1868, and state's attorney for Windsor county, 1868-69. He was married, Sept. 15, 1869, to Lydia M., daughter of Sanford and Mary (Hinman) Steele of Stanstead, P.Q. He was lieutenant-governor of Vermont, 1882-84; governor, 1884-86 ; and chairman of the state railway commission from its establishment in 1886 to 1894. PINKERTON, Allan, detective, was born in the Gorbals, Glasgow, Scotland, Aug. 25, 1819 ; son of AVilliam Pinkerton, a sergeant of police in Glasgow. He received a limited education, and learned tlie cooper's trade. In 1838 he be- came active in the chartist movement, and in the troubles which followed fled to Canada in 1842, in the same year settling in Chicago, 111. He removed to Dundee, III., in 1843, where PINKNEY PINTARD he enj^ged in the cooi>er's trade, was active in tlio Al>ulilit)n nioveinent. hiu-ame dei>uty sheriff of Kane county. III., in ISIO. and subsecjuently of Cook county, returning to Chicago to hve. He organized a detective force for the purpose of capturing railroail thieves in 1850, wliich grew into Piukertoirs National Detective Agency. His recovery of $40,000 stolen from the Adams ex- press company at Montgomery, Ala., and the discovery of a plot to assivssinate Abraham Lincoln in lyno. gave him a national reputation. He was tlie first si)ecial U.S. mail agent for northern Illinois and Indiana and southern Wisconsin ; organized tlie U.S. secret service division of the army in 1861. and was appointed its chief by President Lincoln, and subsequently organized and served as chief of the secret service, depart- ment of tiie Gulf. He established an office in New York city in 1SG.5. and another in Phila- delpliia in 18GG, and in the course of liis work recovered vast sums of stolen money for banks and coriKjrations. He was married in 1842 to Joan Carfral of Edinburgh, Scotland. Their s?oveinor of New York, was born in Litcliti«'lii, Conn., in 1777. He re- moved to Sandy Hill, N.Y., in early life ; rep- resented Wasliington county in the state assem- bly in 1806 and 1815-17, and was a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1821. He was a Democratic representative in the 16th, 17th and 23d congresses, 1819-23 and 1831-33 ; lieutenant- governor of New York. 1826-28, and acting gov- ernor of New York, after the death of Governor Clinton, from February, 1828, to January, 1829. He .lied at SaiKly Hill. N.Y., May 25, 1836. PITCHER, Thomas Gamble, soldier, was born in Rorkport, Ind., Oct. 23, 1824 ; sou of Judge John Pitcher of Watertown, Conn,, who settled in Indi.ma in 1820. He was graduated at the U.S. Military academy and as5.igned to the 5th infantry July 1, 1845. He served in Texas, 1845- 46 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant in the 8th in- fantry, Sept. 21, 1846 ; served in the Mexican war in the battles leading up to and including the assault and capture of the city of Mexico, 1846-47 ; and was brevelted 1st lieutenant Aug. 20, 1847, for conduct at Contrerasand Churubusco. He served in garrison at Jefferson barracks, Mo., as quarter- master and adjutant, 1848-54; was promoted Ist lieutenant June 20, 1849 ; was quartermaster, 1854-57, and served in Texas, 1849-60. He was promoted captain Oct. 19, 1858; reported at Washington in 1861, and served in the defence of Harjier's Ferry, Va., in June, 1862. He was severely wounded at Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9, 1862, was brevelted major for gallant and merito- rious conduct in that battle, and was on sick leave till Januarj', 1863, having been appointed brig- adier-general of U.S. volunteers, Nov. 29, 1862. He served on commissary and provost duty in New York and Vermont, 1863-64, and was pro- moted major and transferred to the 16th infantry Sept. 19, 1863, and was assistant to the provost marshal general in Indiana, 1864-66. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services dur- ing the war, and brigadier-general of the U.S. army, for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. He was mustered out of the volunteer service April 30, 1866 ; was promo- ted colonel and transferred to the 44th infantry July 28, 1866 ; was superintendent of the U.S. Military academy 1866-70 ; transferred to the 1st infantry Dec. 15, 1870 ; and was governor of the Soldiers' Home, near Washington, D.C., 1870-77. He served on court martial duty at Omaha, Neb., in 1878 ; and was retired from active service June 28, 1878, for disability contracted in the line of duty, and was superintendent of the New York State Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, 1880-87. He died at Fort Bayard, New Mexico, Oct. 21, 1895. PITKIN, Frederick Walker, governor of Col- orado, was born in Manchester, Conn., Aug. 31, 1837 ; son of Eli and Hannah M. (Torrey) Pitkin ; grandson of Eleazur and Mehitabel (Cone) Pitkin, and a descendant of William and Hannah (Good- win) Pitkin. William Pitkin came from London, England, to Hartford, Conn., in 1659, where he was a school teacher, and also attorney general, treasurer of the colony, and member of the Colonial assembly and council. Frederick W. Pitkin was graduated at Wesleyan university. Conn., in 1858, and at the Albany law school in 1859, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. He was married to Fidelia M., daughter of John James of Lockport, N.Y., and in 1860 settled in practice in Milwaukee, Wis. He vi>ited Europe, spent the winter of 1873 in Florida in quest of health, and from 1874 to 1878 camped in the moun- tains of southern Colorado, and engaged in mining. He began practice in Denver, Col., in 1877 ; was Republican governor of Colorado for two terms, 1878-82, and during his administration quelled the uprising of the Ute Indians at White river, and the riots of the miners at Leadville. He was defeated as candidate for the U.S. senate in 1883. Tlie county and town of Pitkin, Col., were named in his honor. He died in Pueblo, Col., Dec. 18, 1886. PITKIN, Timothy, representative, was born in Farmington, Conn., Jan. 20, 1766; son of the Rev. Timothy and Temperance (Clap) Pitkin ; grandson of William and Mary (Woodbridge) Pitkin, and of the Rev. Thomas (q.v.) and Mary Whiting Clap, and a descendant of AVilliam and Hannah (Goodwin) Pitkin. He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1785, A.M., 1788, and during his college course made a specialty of mathematics, natural philosophy, and astronomy, and calcu- lated and projected all the eclipses, 1785-1800. He studied law under Oliver Wolcott, was ad- mitted to the bar in 1788, and settled in practice in Farmington. He was married to Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Bela Hubbard, D.D., of New Haven, Conn. He repre.sented Farmington in the Connecticut assembly almost continuously 1790-1805, and was speaker of the house for five successive sessions. He was a Federalist represen- tative from Connecticut in the 9th-15th con- gresses, 1805-19, and in congress was frequently appealed to on questions involving political his- tory. He received the degree LL.D. from Yale PITKIN PITTENGER in 1829. He is the author of : Statistical Vieio of Commerce of the United States of America (1816, 3d ed. 1835) ; A Political and Civil Histoid of the United States of America from the Year 17Go to the Close of Washington's Administration {2 vols., 1828), of which he left a continuation in MS., bringing it down to the close of his public career. He died in New Haven, Conn., Dec. 18, 1847, PITKIN, William, governor of Connecticut, was born in Hartford, Conn., April 30, 1694; son of William (1664-1723) and Elizabeth (Stanley) Pitkin, grandson of William (163.'i-1694) and Hannah (Goodwin) Pitkin, and of Capt. Caleb and Hannah (Cowles) Stanley. His father, a noted jurist, prepared him for the law, and in 1715 he became town collector. He was married to Mary, daughter of the Rev. Timothy and Mabel (Wyllys) Woodbridge of Hartford, Conn, He represented Hartford in the colonial assem- bly, 1728-34, serving as speaker in 1732; was captain in the colo- nial militia in 1730 and colonel in 1739 ; was a member of the colonial council' 1734 ; judge of the county court, 1735-41 ; judge of the superior court. 1741-54 ; and chief justice, 1754-66 ; lieu- tenant-governor of Connecticut. 1754-66 ; and a delegate to the Albany convention of June 19, 1754, where he was chosen a member of the com- mittee to prepare a plan of colonial union. He was the first to resist the " stamp act," 1765, re- fusing with Governor Fitch and the members of his council to take the oath to support it. He was governor of Connecticut, 1766-69, defeating Governor Fitch by a majority so great that the votes were not counted. Jonathan Trumbull was at the same time elected lieutenant-governor, and succeeded to the governorship. Governor Pitkin died in East Hartford, Conn., Oct. 1, 1769. PITKIN, William, jurist, was born in Hart- ford, Conn., in 1725 ; son of Governor William and Mary (Woodbridge) Pitkin. He was edu- cated for the law, and in 1758 was appointed major of the Connecticut forces, raised for the expedition against Canada, and served through the campaign under General Abercrombie. He was married to Abigail, daughter of James and Abigail (Stanley) Ciuirch. He was appointed colonel of militia in 1762. was a member of the Connecticut council, 1766-85, and a member of the council of safety, 1775-84. He was judge of the state superior court for nineteen years, judge of the supreme court, 1784-89, and chief justice in 1789, and was a delegate to the convention that ratified the constitution of the United States in 1788. and signed the instrument. He began to manufacture gunpowder for the Revo- lutionary war in 1775, in the mills owned by his ■^: f father and uncle, where the iron industries had been prohibited by the British in 1750. He died in Hartford, Conn., Dec. 12. 1789. PITMAN, Benn, educator and author, was born in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England, July 24, 1822 ; son of Samuel and Mariah Pitman, He was educated in Trowbridge, and in 1837 as- sisted his brother, afterward Sir Isaac Pitman, in perfecting his system _ of phonography. He ^ taught in his brother's ^'^ ^ ^^ academy; lectured on the system through- out Great Britain, 1843-52, and helped to compile the English text books. He was married in England in 1849, to Jane, sister of William Bragg, of the Sheffield Atlas Steel works, the first to develop the Besse- mer process of con- verting iron into steel ; and secondly, in 1882, to Adelaide, daugh- ter of Caleb B. Nourse of Cincinnati, Ohio. He came to the United States at the request of his brother in 1853, and lectured and taught phono- graphy first in Philadelphia. Pa., and then in Day- ton, Ohio, and finally located in Cincinnati, where he established the Phonographic institute, and became its president. He invented the electro- process of relief engraving in 1855, for which he was awarded a silver medal by the Cincinnati Mechanics Institute in 1857, and in 1867. in con- nection with Dr. J. B. Burns, succeeded in pro- ducing relief stereotype plates by the photo-gela- tine process. He served in the ranks during the early part of the civil war, and afterward as mili- tary recorder of state trials. He lectured on art and taught artistic wood carving in the Cincin- nati art academj', 1873-92. He edited and com- piled the printed reports of the state trials which he reported, and is the author of: The Reporter's Companion (1854) ; Mamial of Phonography (1855) ; Phonographic Teacher (1857) ; History of Shorthand (1858); A Plea for American Deco- rative Art (1895); a Phonographic Dictionary, with Jerome B. Howard (1901) ; and Sir Isaac Pitman's Life and Labors (1902). PITTENGER, William, author, was born in Knoxville, Ohio. Jan. 31, 1840, son of Tliomas and Mary (Mills) Pittenger, and a grandson of William Pittenger and of Robert and Margaret (Stuart) Mills. He attended a scientific school in Princeton. N.J., 1875-76, and tlie school of elocution and oratory in Philadelphia, 1877-78. In April, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the 2d PITZER PLAISTED Ohio volunteers ; took part in the battle of Bull Run : re-eiilisto(l for three years in July, 1861, and in the Andrews railroad raid, which began on April 7. ISG'J, wivs captured, and escaped ex- ei'ution tlirough tlie unexpected advance of tlie Federal troops, but was imprisoned, escaped and was recaptured and exchanged, March 18, 18G3. He received one of the first medals of honor given to United States soldiers, April, 1863 ; was promoted lieutenant, and served with his regiment until ill-health forced him to resign in August, 1868. He wjis married. May 17, 186-1, to Winnie C. Osborne, of New Brighton, Pa., and in that year entered tlie Pittsburg conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, where he remained until 1870. He was then transferred to the New Jersey conference where he labored until 1889, when he was appointed to the California con- ference. He was professor in the National schrin<: in Burbank. Cal.. in 1903. PITZER, Alexander White, author and clergy- man, was born in Salem. Va., Sept. 14. 1834 ; son of Bernard and Frances L. (Wliite) Pitzer ; grandson of Bernard and Jane (Kyle) Pitzer and of Samuel and Frances (Penn) White, and a descendant of William Penn. He attended the Virginia Collegiate institution ; was graduated at Hampden-Sidney college in 1854 ; attended the Union Theological seminary of Virginia, 1854-55, and was graduated at Danville Theological semin- ary, Ky., in 1857. He was licensed to pi-each Sept. 5, 1856, by the presbytery of Montgomery ; ordained pastor by the presbytery of Highland, Kansas, April 5, 1858; was pastor of the 1st Presbyterian church, Leavenworth, Kan., 1858- 61, and preached in Sparta and Mount Zion, Ga., and at Cave Spring and Liberty, Va., 1865-68, He engaged in evangelical work in Washington, D.C., in 1868. and in that year organized the Central Pre^ljyterian church there, and became its pastor. He was stated clerk of the presbytery of Chesapeake from 1872 ; president of the Washington City Bible society from 1873, and professor of biljlical theology in Howard uni- versity, Washington, D.C., 1876-90. He was a trustee of Hampden-Sidney college, Va., from 1865 ; a member of the legislative commission of the American Sabbath Union ; a member of the Prophetic convention in New York city in 1878, where he assisted in drafting and reported the doctrinal testimony adopted by the conference ; president of the Evangelical Alliance at Wash- ington, D.C., from 1886, and a delegate to the World's Missionary Conference in London in 1888. He was a member of the Toronto council of the General Presbyterian Alliance ; a member of the permanent commission of the western section of the Presbyterian Alliance ; a commis- sioner on foreign missions and Sabbath-schools, and introduced the resolutions in the general assemblj' at Atlanta, Ga., in 1882. to establish the fraternity of the northern and southern divisions of the church. He received the honorary degree D.D. from Arkansas college in 1876, and that of LL.D. from Howard university, Washington, D.C., in 1902. He is the author of: Ecce Deus Homo (1886); Christ the Teacher of Men (1877); Tlie New Life (1878); Shall God's Houses of Wor- ship he Taxed? Confidence in Christ (1888); Manifold Ministry of the Holy Spirit (1894); Predestination (1898), and contributions to denom- inational literature. PLAISTED, Harris Merrill, governor of Maine, was born in Jefferson, N.H., Nov. 2, 1828 ; son of Deacon William and Nancy (Merrill) Plaisted, grandson of Judge Samuel Plaisted, and a des- cendant of Capt. Roger Plaisted, who with his two sons were slain at Kittery by the Indians, in King Philip's war. He attended the district school until 1845 ; taught school, 1845-47, and was graduated from Waterville college in 1853. While at college, he was principal of the Water- ville Liberal institute, and was superintendent of schools for three years. He was graduated with hon- ors from the Albany La%v school in 1855 ; began practice in Bangor in 1856; was a mem- ber of the governor's staff, 1858-61, and in August, 1861 enlisted in the 11th Maine vol- unteers. He was commissioned litutciiaiit-col- onel, Oct. 30, 1861, and colonel, May 12, lb62 ; com- manded his regiment in the Peninsular campaign of 1862 ; engaged in the siege of Yorktown, the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, and the seven days' battles, and commanded the 3il brigade, 1st division, 10th army corps, in the siege of Charles- ton, S.C, in 1863, and in Grant's campaign of 1864-65 against Richmond and Petersburg, Va. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volun- teers, in February, 1865, and major-general of volunteers, March 18, 1865, for " gallant and meritorious conduct in the field." He returned to his law practice in Bangor in May, 1865 ; was a representative in the state legislature, 1867-68, and was delegate-at-large to the Democratic national convention of 1868. He served as at- torney-general of Maine, 1873-76; was a repre- sentative in the 44th congress, 1875-77, and in PLANTZ PLATT 1880 he was elected governor of the state of Maine for a two-years term by the fusion of the Democrats and Greenbackers. He was the Democratic candidate for U. S. senator in 1883 and 1889. He was twice married, first, Sept. 21, 1858, to Sarah, daughter of Chase P. Mason of Waterville, Maine, and secondly, Sept. 27, 1881, to Mable True, daughter of Francis W. Hill of Exeter. He became editor of The Neio Age at Augusta, Maine, in 1883. He died in Bangor, Maine, Jan. 31, 1898. PLANTZ, Samuel, educator, was born in Johnstown, N.Y.. June 13, 1859; son of James and Elsie Ann (Stoller) Plantz, and grandson of Peter and Elizabeth Plantz and of Michael and Mary (Quilheart) Stoller. He attended the com- mon schools of Emerald Grove, Wis., and Milton college. Wis., was graduated from Lawrence uni- versity, A.B., 1880, A.M., 1883, from Boston uni- versity, S.T.B., 1883, and was a student at Berlin university, Germany, 1890-91. He was pastor of Methodist churches in Detroit, Mich., 1885-92, and was elect- ed president of Lawrence uni- versity, Apple- ton, Wis., in 1894. He was married, Sept. 16, 1895, to Myra A., daughter of the Rev. T. A. Goodwin of Indianapolis, Ind. He became a member of the Victoria Institute, Lon- don, 1896 ; the American Academy of Social and Political Science in 1895 ; and the Wisconsin Academy of Science in 1895. Tlie degree of Ph. D, was conferred on him in curso by the School of All Sciences in 1887, and the honoraiy degree of D.D. by Albion college in 189-4. He contributed articles to leading theological and philosophical periodicals. PLATER, Qeorge, governor of Maryland, was born near Leonardtown, St. Mary's county, Md., Nov. 8, 1735 ; son of Col. George and Rebecca (Addison) Bowles Plater. His father was a member of the state council for many years ; naval officer of the Patuxent, and secretary of the pi'ovince. He was graduated from tlie Col- lege of William and Mary in 1753, was admitted to the bar and became prominent in the pre- revolutionary discussions. He was twice mar- ried, first, to Hannah, daughter of the Hon. Richard Lee, who died in 1763, and secondly, July 19, 1764, to Elizabeth, daughter of John and Ann (Frisby) Rousby. He was a member of the convention at Annapolis, May 8, 1776, which requested Governor Eden to relinquish his office ; was made a member of the council of safety. May 26, 1776 ; of the Annapolis conven- tion of August 14, 1776, and of tlie committee " to prepare a declaration and charter of rights and a form of government for Maryland," Aug. 17, 1776. He was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1778-81, was president of the state con- vention that voted to adopt the Federal constitu- tion, 1788. He was governor of Maryland, 1781-94, succeeding John Eager Howard. During his administration the District of Columbia was ceded for the national seat of government. He was succeeded by John Hoskins Stone. He died in Annapohs, Md., Feb. 10, 1793. PLATNER, Samuel Ball, philologist, was born at Unionville, Conn., Dec. 4, 1863; son of Wil- liam and Emily Childs (Ball) Platner ; grandson of Samuel and Experience (Howland) Ball, and of Samuel Ten Broeck and Elizabeth Gillette (Noyes) Platner, and a descendant of John Howland of the Mayflower. He removed with his parents to Newark, N.J., in 1866, attended the Newark academy and was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1883 ; Ph.D., 1885. He was a graduate student in Sanskrit, Latin and Greek, 1883-85, and was in- structor in Latin and French at Adelbert college of Western Reserve viniversity, 1885-90 ; assistant professor of Latin and instructor in Sanskrit, 1890-92, and was elected professor of Latin in 1893. He was married. June 29, 1893, to Leonora, daughter of Charles Henry Say re of Utica, N.Y. He was president of the American Philological association, 1900-1901 ; secretary of the manag- ing committee of the American School of Classi- cal Studies in Rome, 1900, and professor in that school, 1899-1900. He edited " Greek and Roman Versification" (translated from the German of LucianMuller, 1892), and" Selected Letters of the Younger Pliny " (1894), and contributed various articles to the American Journal of Philology, tlie Classical Review and the American Historical Review. PLATT, Charles Adams, artist, was born in New York city, Oct. 16, 1861 ; son of John H. and Mary (Cheney) Piatt. He studied in New York at the Art League and the National Academy of Design, 1878-80, and in Paris under Boulanger and Lefebvre. He established a studio in New York city, and was elected a member of the Society of American Artists, and an associate of the National Academy of Design. He was awarded the Webb prize, offered by the Society of American Artists, in 1894. He gave much at- tention to etching, and exhibited paintings in oil and water colors in the Paris Salon, the National Academy and the American Water Color society. He began the practice of architecture and land- scape architecture in 1892. Among tlie note- worthy gardens planned by him are those of Charles F. Sprague (1894) and Larz Anderson PL ATT PLATT (1902), in Brookline, Mass. His architectural works include Maxwell public library. Rockville, Conn., anil Uichinond Beach Park. Stat en Island, N.Y. His paintings include : Interior of Fish- Houses : Fishing Boats: Provincial Fisliiug Vil- lage ( 188-2) : Old Houses near Bruges (1883); D€ve}i- ter, Holland (188.*)); Quay des Orfrevres, Paris (1886); Dieiype (1888). PLATT, Jonas, jurist, was born in Pough- keepsie, N'.Y., June 30, 1769 ; son of Judge Zeph- aniah Piatt (q.v.). He began tlie practice of law in 1790. removing to Wliitesboro, N.Y.,in 1791. He served in tlie state Jissenibly, 1796 ; was a rep- resentative in tlie 6th congress. 1799-1801 ; was the defeated candidate for governor of the state against Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, 1810 ; a state senator. 1810-13 ; a member of the council, 1813, and justice of tlie supreme court of the state of New York. 1814-23. He engaged in the practice of law in Utica. X.Y.. and in New York city, 1828-33. an.l died in Peru. N.Y.. Feb. 22, 1834. PLATT, Or\'ille Hitchcock, senator, was born in Washington. Conn.. July 19, 1827; son of Daniel G. and Almira (Hitchcock) Piatt ; grand- son of John Piatt, and a descendant of Richard Piatt, who came to America in 1638 witli the original settlers of New Haven. He was educated in the cele- brated Gunn acad- emy at "Washington ; studied law at Litch- field ; was admitted tothebarinl849,and practised in Philadel- phia, Pa., 1849-57, and in Meriden, Conn., after 1851. He was clerk of the Con- necticut senate. 18-55- 56 ; secretary of state, 1857 ; member of the state senate, 1861-62, and representative in the .state legislature in 1804 and 1869. serving as speaker the latter year. He was state attorney for New Haven county. Conn., 1877-79, and was elected a Republican U.S. senator, succeeding "William H. Barnum, in 1879. being re-elected in 1885, 1891, 1897 and 1903. his fifth t<>rni expiring March 3, 1909. He was chairman of tlie committee on relations with Cuba, and a member of the committees on finance, Indian affairs, judiciary, private land claims and patents and of the select committee on the five civilized tril>es of Indians in the 56th congress. He received the degree LL.D. from Yale in 1887. He wa.s married. May 15, 1850, to Annie B., daughter of James P. and Ann Bull of Towanda, Penn., who died, Nov. 17, 1894; and ^. /j^ T^fc^tt:^: secondly, April 29, 1897, to Jeannie P. Hoyt, widow of George A. Hoyt of Stamford, Conn., and daugliter of Truman Smith, U.S. senator (q.v.). PLATT, Thomas Collier, senator, was born in Owego, N.Y., July 15, 1833 ; son of William and Lesbia (Hinchman) Piatt ; grandson of Maj. Jonathan Piatt, who removed from Bedford, Westchester county, to Nichols, Tioga county, with his father, Jonathan Piatt, in 1793. He pre- pared for college in Owego academy, and at- tended Yale, 1849-50, but was compelled to leave, owing to ill health, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was married, Dec. 12, 1852, to Ellen Lucy, daughtecof Charles R. Barstow of Owego, N.Y. He was president of the Tioga National bank ; was interested in the lumber business in Michigan, and conducted agricultural implement works at Owego. He was clerk of Tioga county, 1859-61 ; was active in recruiting troops and in providing for the families of soldiers during the civil war, and was a Republican representative from the 28th New York district in the 43d and 44th congresses, 1873-77. He was elected general manager and president of the U.S. Express com- pany at New York city in 1879, and served as president of the board of quarantine commission- ers, 1883-88, being removed on account of his alleged non-residence in New York city. He was elected to the U.S. senate, Jan 18, 1881. for the term expiring March 3, 1887, and served until May, 1881, when he resigned with his colleague, Roscoe Conkling, on account of a disagreement with President Garfield, and was succeeded by War- ner ]Miller. He was defeated as a senatorial can- didate in the legislative caucus of 1887 by Frank Hiscock, but was elected, Jan. 20. 1897, to succeed Senator David B. Hill, receiving 147 votes to 42 for Hill and 4 for Henry George, and was re-elected by the legislature in 1903, his term expiring March 3, 1909. He became an acknowledged leader of his party in state and national politics, being a del- egate to the successive Republican national con- ventions, chairman of the Republican state con- vention, and a member of tlie New York Repub- lican state committee and of tlie executive com- mittee of the Republican national committee. He received the honorary degree A.M. from Yale in 1876. PLATT, William Henry, clergyman and author, was born in Amenia, Duchess county, N.Y., April 16, 1821. He was admitted to the bar in 1840, and practised in Alabama until 1844, wlien he bogan his preparation for holy orders. He was admitted to the diaconate in 1851, and advanced to the priesthood in 1852 ; was rector of St. Paul's, Selma, Ala.; Grace church, Peters- burg, "Ya. ; at Louisville, Ky. ; San Francisco, Cal., and of St. Paul's church in Rochester, N.Y. PLATT PLEASANTON He resided in the missionary jurisdiction of Olympia after 1893. He received the degree D.b. in 1878, and LL.D. later, from the College of William and Mary. He is the author of : Ai't Culture (1873) ; Influence of Religion in the De- veloj)ment of Jurisprudence (1877) ; After Death, what? (1878) ; Unity of Laio or Legal Morality (1879) ; Ood out and Man in, a reply to Robert G. Ingersoll (1883). He died in Petersburg, Va., Dec. 18, 1898. PLATT, Zephaniah, delegate, was born in Duchess county, N.Y., in 1740. He was ad- mitted to the bar; practised in liis native county; was a delegate from New York to the Continental congress, 1784-86 ; judge of the circuit court of New York for several years ; an originator of the Erie canal, and the founder of Plattsburg, N.Y., where he died, Sept. 12, 1807. PLATT, Zephaniah, jurist, was born in Platts- burg, N.Y., in 1796 ; son of Judge Zephaniah Piatt (q.v.) He removed to Michigan territory, where he pi-actised law and was U.S. attorney to settle claims on the Pacific coast. He was attorney-general of Michigan, 1841-43, and sub- sequently attained high rank at the bar. He removed to Aiken, S.C., in 1866, and served as judge of the 2d circuit, 1868-71. He died in Aiken, S.C, April 20, 1871. PLEASANTON, Alfred, soldier, was born ill Washington, D.C., June 7, 1824. He was gradu- ated from the U.S. Military academy in 1844, and assigned to the 1st dragoons. He served on frontier duty, 1844-46 ; was promoted 2d lieu- tenant of 2d dragoons, Nov. 3, 1845 ; served in the war with Mexico, 1846-48 ; was brevetted 1st lieutenant. May 9, 1846, for gallantry at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and was on frontier duty in New Mexico, 1848-52. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, Sept. 30, 1849 ; was engaged in scouting and Indian skirmishes in New Mexico and Texas, 1852-56 ; was promoted captain, March 3, 1855 ; was acting assistant adjutant-general of the department of Florida, 1855-57 ; was en- gaged in quelling the Kansas disturbances, 1857- 58, and was acting assistant adjutant-general of the department of Oregon, 1858-60. He com- manded a regiment in the department of Utah, June-Aug., 1861, which he marched to Washing- ton, and was transferred to the 2d cavalry, Aug. 3, 1861, and was engaged in the defences of Washington, D.C. He was promoted major, Feb. 15, 1862, and served in the siege of York- town and in the seven days' battle before Rich- mond. He was commissioned brigadier-general, U.S. volunteers, July 16, 1862, and commanded the advance cavalry division of the Army of the Potomac in tiie Maryland campaign, Sept. 8 to Nov. 18, 1862. He was brevetted lieutenant- colonel, U.S.A., Sept. 17, 1862, for services at Antietam ; was in the Rappahannock cam- paign, Dec, 1862-June, 1863; commanded the cavalry corps. Army of the Potomac, in the Pennsylvania campaign, June-July, 1863 ; was engaged in the battles at Culpeper C.H. and Brandy Station, Va., and was transferred to the department of Missouri, March 23, 1864, where he was engaged in the defence of Jefferson City, Oct. 8, 1864, and in command of cavalry in pur- suit of Gen. Sterling Price, routing him near the Marais des Cygnes river, Kan., Oct. 25, 1864. He was promoted major-general, U.S. volunteers, June 22, 1863, and brevetted colonel, U.S.A., July 2, 1863, for services at Gettysburg ; brigadier- general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, " for gallant and meritorious services during the campaign against the Confederate forces under General Price in Missouri," and major-general, March 13, 1865, for services in the field. The 37th congress recom- mended him through a committee for the com- mand of the Army of the Potomac. He was mustered out of volunteer service, Jan. 15, 1866, after having been engaged in 105 battles and skirmishes, and he resigned his commission in the regular army in 1868. He was U.S. collector of internal revenue in New York city for several years ; president of the Teri-e Haute and Cincin- nati railroad, and in May, 1888, was placed on the retired list with the rank of colonel. He died in Washington, D.C, Feb. 17, 1897. PLEASANTON, Augustus James, soldier, was born in Washington, D.C, Aug. 18, 1808. He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy in 1826, assigned to the 6th infantry, and pro- ^noted 2d lieutenant in 3d artillery, July 1, 1826, being transferred to the 1st artillery, Oct. 24, 1826. He served at the artillery school for prac- tice at Fort Monroe, Va., 1826-27 ; on topographi- cal duty, 1827-30 ; resigned his commission in the army, June 30, 1830, and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1832, where he practised law, 1832-94. He was brigade-major of Penn- sylvania militia, 1833-35, and colonel, 1835-45. and was severely wounded, July 7, 1844, while com- manding his regiment in a desperate conflict with armed rioters in Southwark, Philadelphia county. Pa. He was assistant adjutant-general and pay master- general of the state of Pennsyl- vania, 1838-39. On May 16, 1861, he was ap- pointed brigadier-general of Pennsylvania militia, and organized and commanded a Home guard of 10,000 men, 1861-65. He devoted his leisure time to farming and to scientific research, and held that the blue light from the sky had an important effect on the growth of living organisms. He produced this light artificially by means of tinted glass, and obtained a patent on "an improve- ment in accelerating the growth of plants and animalb " in 1871. In May, 1871, he lectured on PLEASANTS PLUMB the '* Influence of the Blue Ray," which resulted in the short-lived •* blue glass craze." the appli- cation of blue glass liglit being applied to all sorts of infirniitifs and wonderful cures reported. H.' died in Pliiladelphia. Pa., July 20, 1894. PLEASANTS, James, senator, was born in G.HK-hland county. V;i., Oct. 24, 17G9 ; son of James and Anne (Randolph) Scott Pleasants ; grandson of Jolin and Susjvnna (Woodson) Pleas- ants and of Ishain and Jane (Rogers) Randolph ; great-grandson of Joseph and Martha (Cocke) Pleasants, and great^'-graiulson of John Pleasants of Norwich, England, and of "Curies," Va., who married Jane, widow of Samuel Tucker. His mother Anne Randolph, married (1st) Dan- iel Scott, (2d) John Pleasants, ;ind (3d) James Pleasants. He was instructed by private tutor.-;, stiMii.l law under Juiige Fleming and practised in Goochland county. He was married to Susanna, daugliter of Col. Hugh of '• Geddes" and Caroline Matilda (Jordan) Rose of Bucking- ham county, Va. He was a Republican repre- sentative in the state legislature, 179G-1803 ; clerk of the house, 1803-11 ; a representative in the 12th-l")th congresses, 1811-19, and U.S. senator, 1819-22, resigning his seat to become governor of Virginia, serving 1822-25. He was a delegate to the Virginia constitutional convention of 1829- 30, and twice declined high judicial appointments from the governor of Virginia. The county of Pleasants, Va., was named in his honor. He died at liis iiomesteak a course in library science at Columbia university, 1886-S8, when she became head of the cataloguing department in the St. Louis Public library, and in 1H90 librarian of tlie Pratt Institute Free library, Brooklyn, N.Y., of which she was al.srps. in the Rappaliannock campaign, taking part in tlie battle of Fredericksburg. Va., Dec. 13, 1^62. and he commanded his division, Feb.- April, iy63. He was promoted captain, U.S.A., March 3, 1>^63. and was chief engineer of the cen- tral district of Kentucky, April-June, 1863; cliief engineer of tlie 23rd army corps, June-Sept., 1863, and ciiif-f engineer of t iie Army of the Oiiio, Sei)t.- Dec. 1863. He was assistant engineer of tiie mili- tary division of the Mississippi, Dec, 1863-April, 1864. and chief engineer of Siie rman's army, April, 1861-June, 1865. He was brevetted major, July 6. 1>J64. for service-s at the sifge of Knoxvillc; lieutenant -colonel. S«-pt. 1. 1864, for gallantry at tlie capture of Atlanta; colonel, Dec. 21, 1H64, for services in the capture of Savannali. brigadier- general. March 13. 18<>5, for services in tlie Caro- lina campaign. After the war he was engineer secretary of the W.D. lighthouse board, 1865-70 ; was commissioned major, March 7, 1867, and con- structed the ligiit house on Spectacle reef, Lake Huron in 1870-73. He was aide-de-camp to Gen. "William S. Sherman, 1873-84, and had cliarge of the river and harbor works from Lake Erie to Lake Superior. He was promoted lieutenant- colonel in 1882 and colonel in 1888. He was chief engineer of the Northwest district and was in- specting the great lock at Sault de Ste. Marie, where ke was fatally injured. He died at Detroit, Midi., Oct. 2. 1895. POINDEXTER, George, senator, was born in Louisa county, Va., in 1779. His parents, who were of Huguenot descent, died in his early youth and he was educated for the law. He practised in Milton, Va., 1800-02, and in 1802 re- moved to Mississippi Territory, where he contin- ued in the practice of the law and became a popular politician of the Jeffersonian school. In 1803, as attorney-general of the territory, he was called upon to prosecute Aaron Burr, who was arrested by the U.S. authorities in tlie terri- tory. Tliis led to a challenge from and duel with Abijah Hunt, a friend of Burr, Poindexter killing his adversary. He was a member of the territorial legislature, 1805-07 ; a delegate to the 10th, 11th, and 12th congresses, 1807-13, and U.S. judge for the district of Mississippi, 1813-19. He served as a volunteer-aide to General Jack- son at the battle of New Orleans, was a member of the Mississippi constitutional convention of 1817, and was chairman of the committee ap- pointed to draft a constitution for tlie newly ad- mitted state. He was the first representative from the state in the 15th congress, 1817-19, where he defended the military and political course of General Jackson. He was governor of Miss- issippi, 1819-21 ; continued his law practice in Jackson, Miss., 1821-30, and in 1830 was ap- jiointed U.S. senator to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Robert H. Adams, and when the legislature met he was elected to fill out the term expiring March 3, 1835. In the sen- ate he transferred his allegiance from Jackson to Calhoun and voted for Henry Clay's resolu- tion of censure of Presiilent Jackson. In 1835, failing to receive political favor in Mississippi, he removed to Louisville, Ky. He was com- missioned by President Tyler to investigate frauds in the New York Custom house. He is the author of Revifted Code of the Laics of Mis- sissippi f1S24). He (lied in .Jackson, Sept. 5, 18.53. POINSETT, Joel Roberts, cabinet officer, was born in Charleston, S.C, March 2, 1779. He attended school at Charleston ; Greenfield, Conn., and in liOndon, England : studied medi- cine at Edinburgh : entered the Military school at Woolwich, England, and in 1800 returned to POLAND POLK Charleston and studied law, his father persuad- ing him against entering the army. He again visited Europe, and was offered a commission in the Russian army by the Czar, which he declined. On his return to the United States he was pro- posed as quartermaster-general of the U.S. army, but upon Secretary Eustis objecting, President Madison withdrew his name and sent him to South America to investigate the condition of the people fighting for independence from Spain, with a view of establishing friendly relations with the revolutionists. While he was in Chili, several American merchant vessels in both the ports of Peru and Cliili were seized by the Spanish authorities of Peru, tlie people having news of a war between the United States and Spain. Mr. Poinsett was furnished by the re- publican authorities of Chili with a small army with which he recaptured the merchantmen. He was obliged to return to the United States across the Andes, being prevented by the British naval authorities at Valparaiso from embarking by sea, and he arrived home after the declara- tion. He was a representative for several years in the state legislature, and in the 17th and 18th congresses, 1821-25. In congress he advocated the policy of recognition of the riglits of strug- gling republics in South America. He was sent to Mexico by President Monroe on a special mis- sion in 1822, and was U.S. minister to Mexico during the entire administration of J. Q. Adams. He opposed nullification and during the attempt- ed revolution organized a military company in Charleston, which was supplied by order of President Jackson with arms and ammunition from the government stores in Charleston. He was secretary of war in the cabinet of President Van Buren, 1837-41, and upon the expiration of his term of office retired to private life. He was devoted to science and literary pursuits, and made valuable observations and collections of natui-al history specimens which he presented to different scientific societies. The Pomsetta pul- cherina, an indigenous Mexican flower, was named in his honor on his introducing it into the itnited States. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Columbia college in 1825. He founded the Academy of Fine Arts in Charleston, S.C. In 1887 Capt. W. A. Courtenay (q.v.) presented to the city of Charleston a por- trait of Mr. Poinsett, painted by Jarvis. He is the autlior of : Notes on Mexico, made in 1822 vjith an Historical Sketch of the Revolution (1824) . He died in Statesburg, S.C, Dec. 12, 1851. POLAND, Luke Potter, senator, was born in Westford, Vt., Nov. 1,1815; son of Luther and Nancy (Potter) Poland, His father, a carpenter, removed from Brookfield. Mass., to "Westford, Vt., in 1814. and was a representative in the state legis- lature. Luke Potter Poland attended the public schools and the academy at Jericho until 1832 ; was a clerk in a country store in Waterville ; worked on his father's farm and in the saw mill ; taught school at Morristown Vt., for one winter, and studietl law in the office of Samuel A. Willard. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and practised in Waterville. He was register of pro- bate for Lamoille county, 1839-40 ; a member of the state constitutional convention in 1843, and state attorney for Lamoille county, 1844-45. He was the unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant- governor on the Free Soil ticket in 1848, a judge of the state supreme court, 1848-60, and chief justice, 1860-66. He removed to St. Johnsbury, and on the death of Senator Jacob Collamer in 1865 was chosen by the legislature to fill the un- expired term, terminating March 3, 1867. He was a representative in the 40th-43d congresses, 1867-75 ; was a member of the judiciary com- mittee ; had charge of the bankruptcy bill, secur- ing its passage, and obtained the passage June 3, 1874, of the act to revise and consolidate the statutes of the United States. He was chairman of the committee to investigate the Kuklux outrages ; chairman of the Credit Mobilier inves- tigating committee, and chairman of the special committee to investigate the troubles in Arkan- sas, his report being in direct antagonism to the views of President Grant. He was chairman of the state delegation to the Republican national convention of 1876, declined to permit the use of his name for vice-president and secured the nom- ination of William A. Wheeler. He was a repre- sentative from St. Johnsbury in the state legisla- ture in 1878, and in 1882 he unsuccessfully con- tested Senator Morrill's seat in the U. S. senate. He was a Republican representative from the second district of Vermont in the 48th congress, 1883-85, by 804 majority. He was twice married : first, Jan. 12, 1838, to Martha Smith, daughter of Dr. William Page of Waterville ; she died in April, 1854, and he was married, secondly, to Adelia H. Page, her sister. The honorary degree of A. M. was conferred on him by the University of Ver- mont in 1857, and that of LL.D. in 1861. He was a trustee of the University of Vermont, 1879-88, and the founder of tlie Westford scholarship in honor of his native town. He died in Water- ville, Vt., July 2, 1887. POLK, Charles, governor of Delaware, was born near Bridgeville, Sussex county, Del. , Nov. 14, 1788 ; son of Charles, and grandson of Charles Polk. His father died when he was a boj', and he studied law under Kensey Johns, but never practised. He represented Sussex county in the state legislature in 1813 and 1815, removed to Kent county, Del., in 1816, and subsequently rep- resented that countv in the state legislature. POLK POLK He was Federalist governor of Delaware, siicceed- inj; David Hazaird, 1827-30 ; president of tlie statf constitutional convention, 1831; a member of the st4ite senate. 1832, and its president in 1836, when by the death of Gov. Caleb P. Bennett, he again became governor and served through that year, lie was made register of wills for Kent county in 1843, and was appointed collector of the port of Wilmington by President Taylor in 1849. He was married to Mary Puruell of Berlin, Ind., and of their sons, William A. Polk was register of wills in Kent county, and Dr. Charles G. Polk was assistant surgeon, U. S. A. Governor Polk died near Mil- ford, Kent county, Del., Oct. 27, 1857. POLK, James Knox, eleventli president of the United States, was born in Mecklenburg county, N. C Nov. 2, 1795 ; son of Samuel and Jane (Knox) Polk; grandson of Ezekiel Polk and of Capt. James Knox, an officer in the Continental army during the Revolutionary war ; grand- nephew of Col. Thouias Polk (q.v.), and a .de- scendant of Robert Polk (or Pollock), who came from Ross county, Donegal, Ireland, to Maryland about IGGO. James Knox Polk removed with his father in 18U6 to Maury county, Tennessee, and assisted his father on the farm and in land sur- veying. He attended school in Maury county, but ill health caused his removal and he obtained em- ployment in a store. This occupation soon proved distasteful, and after continuing his studies under a private tutor he entered the sophomore class of the University of North Carolina, where he was graduated with the Latin salutatory and high standing in mathematics, A.B., 1818, A.M., 1822. He studied law with Felix Grundy at Nashville, Tenn., 1819- 20, was admitted to the bar at Col- umbia, Tenn., in 1820, and began practice in Columbia, where he attained prominence. He entered politico as a stump-speaker and was chief clerk in the state senate. He was married in 1824 to Sarah Childress (q.v.). He was a Democratic representative in the state legislature, 1823-25, and secured the passage of a law prohibiting duelling in the state. He was a representative from the Duck River district in the 19tli-25th congresses, 1825-39 ; and his maiden speech in the house was in supjxjrt of the propo.sed amendment to the con- stitution providing for the election of President and Vice-President by popular vote. He op[K)sed the appropriation for the Panama mission, as tend- ing to invite the hostility of Spain, and was placed on the committee of foreign affairs in 1827. He was chairman of the committee to provide for the anticipated distribution of the suri>lus in the U.S. treasury after the payment of the national debt, and in his report denied the constitutional right of congress to use this surplus for internal improvements and proposed a reduction of the tarilf so as merely to meet the public debt and current expenses. He was a member of tlie ways and means committee, and as chairman of the committee in 1833 opposed the continuance of the patronage of the government to the Bank of the United States and upon the removal of the national deposits by President Jackson in Oct- ober, lS33, he supported the action of the adminis- tration. He was defeated for speaker of the house in 1834, but was elected in December, 1835, and served until March 4, 1839. He was nomin- ated as tlie Democratic candidate for governor of the state of Tennessee in 1838, and upon the ex- piration of his term in congress, March 3, 1839, he entered upon the canvass. His opponent, Newton Cannon (q.v.), was then governor, and after a spirited contest, Polk was elected by 2500 major- ity, and was inaugurated, Oct. 14, 1839. He was again a candidate for governor in 1841 and in 1843, but was both times defeated by his Whig opponent, James C. Jones. He was proposed by the legislatures of Tennessee and several other states as a suitable candidate for Vice-President of the United States in 1840. and received one elect- oral vote from Tennessee in 1841. During the controversy in 1844, arising from the proposed admission of the Republic of Texas, formerly claimed as territory of the United States, into the Union as a state, he declared himself in favor of immedi- ate admission, hold- ing that there was danger of the repub- lic becoming a de- pendency of Great Britain, and his course in this mat- ter secured for him the nomination for President by the Demo- cratic national convention at Baltimore. May 27, 1844, with George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania for Vice-President. After an exciting canvas tlie Democratic electoral ticket received 1,337,243 votes ; that for Clay and Frelinghuysen receiving 1.299.068 votes, while the Liberty party ticket. Birney and Morris, received 62.300 popular votes. In the electoral college of 1845 Polk and Dallas received 170 votes to 105 votes for Clay and Fre- linghuysen. He was inaugurated. March 4, 1845, and immediately named his cabinet, composed of James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, secretary of state ; Robert J. Walker of Mississippi, secretary POLK POLK of the treasury ; William L. Marcy of New York, secretary of war ; George Bancroft of Massa- chusetts, secretary of the navy ; Cave Johnson of Tennessee, postmaster-general, and Jolin Y. Mason of Virginia, attorney-general. The only changes in the cabinet during the administration were in the navy department, where Mr. Bancroft was THE WHITE. HOUSE - ISSO. succeeded in 1846 by John Y. Mason, and in the attorney-general's office, where Mr. Mason was succeeded in 1846 by Nathan Clifford of Maine, who was in turn succeeded in 1848 by Isaac Toucey of Connecticut. The President appointed as U.S. minister to Great Britain, Louis McLane of Maryland, who resigned, Aug. 18, 1846, and was succeeded by George Bancroft. John L. Martin of North Carolina was made U.S. charge d'affaires at Paris, and was succeeded in 1847 by Richard Rush of Pennsylvania as U.S. minister. William H. Stiles of Georgia served as charge d'affaires at Vienna, Austria ; Ralph I. Ingersoll of Con- necticut as U.S. minister to Russia, resigning in 1848 and being succeeded by Arthur P. Bagby of Alabama ; Romulus M. Saunders of North Caro- lina as U.S. minister to Spain, and JohnSlidell of Louisiana, U.S. minister to Mexico. During Pre- sident Polk's administration he appointed the following justices of the U.S. supreme court : Samuel Nelson of New York and Levi Woodbury of New Hampshire in 1845, and Robert C. Grier of Pennsylvania in 1846. In the President's first annual message to congress, Dec. 2, 1845, he de- clared that any attempt on the part of Mexico to interfere in the matter of the annexation of Texas to the United States would be resented by the government ; recommended the speedy settle- ment of the Oregon boundary question ; called the attention of congress to the importance of modifying and reducing the rates of duty im- posed by the tariff laws, and recommended that a constitutional treasury be created for the safe keeping of the public money. On Dec. 20, 1845, John Slidell, U.S. minister to Mexico, was ap- prised that the Mexican government could not receive a minister from the United States, and on Jan. 13, 1846, an order was issued to Gen, Zachary Taylor, directing him to advance to- ward the Rio Grande and to be ready for an open act of hostility. Taylor reached Point Isabel, VIII. — 23 Jan. 24, 1846, where he was met by a deputation who protested against liis advance into the coun- try. This he ignored, however, and on March 28, 1846, he took position opposite Matamoras on the Rio Grande. On April 24, learning that the Mexi- cans were crossing the river above his camp, he sent Captain Thornton with a company of dragoons to reconnoiter. Thornton, however, fell into the hands of a large force of Mexicans, and his whole company was either killed or impri- soned. This was the first engagement of the war, and on May 11, 1846, the President issued his " Mexican war message," calling on twelve states and the District of Colum- bia for 23,000 volun- teers, asking for a loan of $10,000,000 to carry on the war, and for an appropriation of §2,000,000 to be used in an amicable settlement of difficul- ties with Mexico by arbitration. Congress passed an act. May 13, 1846, declaring war with Mexico. General Taylor, meanwhile, was attacked at Palo Alto, and although greatly outnumbered, defeated tlie Mexicans under General Arista, and on May 9, followed this up by a victory at Resaca de la Palma, which drove Arista across the Rio Grande into Mexico. On Sept. 5 he moved toward Monterey ; on the 21st the attack on the place began, and on the 24th the Mexi- cans capitulated, and Taylor took possession of the city. The conquest of California and New Mexico was begun in May, 1846, by the Army of the West under Gen. Stephen W. Kearny, and on Aug. 18, 1846, the army reached Santa Fe, which immediately capitulated without defence, and Kearny declared New Mexico a territory of the United States. In January, 1847, an insurrec- tion took place in New Mexico, and Governor Bent and other officers of the government were murdered, Jan. 19, 1847, by Mexicans and Puebla Indians, but it was put down after a fight at Puebla de Saos by the armj' under Col. Sterling Price, who had the leaders of the insurrection convicted of treason. President Polk, ho%vever, ordered their liberation. In tlie President's second annual message, Dec. 8, 1846, he set forth clearly the causes and responsibility for the war with Mexico, and favored the further prosecu- tion of the war, arguing that California, New Mexico, and a considerable territory west of the Rio Grande had been conquered, and that any POLK POLK response to the Mexican proposition to treat, at this time, " involved tlie abandonment of all this territory." lie also publicly proposed extending the Missouri compromise line across to the Pacific, but tlie adjustment did not pass congress. He favored the settlement of the slavery question in California by the people of that territory, and the annexation of Cuba by purchase from Spain. In June, 1840, a bill was passed in the house for the repeal of the obnoxious tariff of 1843, but it was tied in tlie senate and the vote of Mr. Dallas, the vice president, became necessary for the decision. The bill finally passed, June 28, 184G, establisliing a new tariff to produce a revenue necessary to meet the expenses of the govern- ment only. At the beginning of Polk's administra- tion, a thorough system of internal improvements was favored by congress, but was not approved of by him, and he vetoed the bill for the improve- ment of harbors and rivers, Aug. 3, 1846, and again, Dec. 15, 1847. Congress having deter- mined vigorously to prosecute the war with Mexico, General Scott with 10,000 men landed at Vera Cruz under cover of the fleet of Commodore David Conner, March 9, 1847, and the castle of San Juan de UUoa was bombarded by the naval fleet, tlien under Commodore M. C. Perry, in co- operation with the army which had entrenched and laid siege to the city. The bombardment ended with the capitulation of the city, March 29, 1847. Scott's victorious army then took up the march to the city of Mexico, and after fight- ing several desperate battles en route, the Stars and Stripes were planted in the capital city, Sept. 13-14, 1847, and peace soon resulted with a treaty that defined the boundary between the two re- publics. Then followed the agitation of the ques- tion of slavery in the newly acquired territory, which was raised by David Wilmot of Penn- sylvania, who on behalf of the Whigs and northern Democrats offered an amendment to the U.S. constitution, prohibiting slavery in any such ter- ritory. The passage of this bill was secured in the house, but it was sent to the senate too late to be acted upon. The Oregon boundary ques- tion now caused a dispute with England, and the Democratic national convention of 1844 demand- ed the occupation of Oregon up to the line of the .54^40' north latitude, regardless of consequences. Tiie President issued the required twelvemonths' notice to Great Britain, and negotiations followed, resulting in a compromise, Great Britain yield- ing her claim to the territory between the 49th parallel and the Columbia river. The treaty was signed, June 15, 1840, and Oregon became a free state. During President Polk's administration con- gress adopted, on his recommendation, tlie public warehousing system ; the 35th article of the treaty with Grenada was ratified, June 10, 1848 ; the postal treaty with Great Britain was negoti- ated, Dec. 15, 1848, and commercial treaties were formed with the secondary states of Germany. At the close of his term of office lie refused to become a candidate for renomination, his health, never rugged, having been undermined by his labors as President, and he retired to his home near Nashville. He was a trustee of the Uni- versity of Nashville, ex-offlcio, 1837-41, and re- ceived'the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of North Carolina in 1845. He died in Nashville, Tenn., June 15, 1849. POLK, Leonidas, first bishop of Louisiana and 33d in succession in the American episco- pate, was born in Raleigh, N.C., April 10, 1800; son of Gen. William (q.v.) and Sarah (Hawkins) Polk. He matriculated at the University of North Carolina in 1821, and was graduated from the U.S. Military academy as brevet 2d lieutenant of artillery in 1827. He resigned his commission, Dec. 1, 1827, in order to study for the Protestant Episcopal ministry ; was ordained deacon in 1830, priest in 1831 ; was assistant rector of the aionumental church, Richmond, Va., 1831-32, and rector of St. Peter's church, Columbia, Tenn., 1833-38. He was clerical deputy to the general convention of the P.E. church, 1834-35 ; served on the standing committee of the diocese in 1835, and was consecrated 1st missionary bishop of Arkansas, Dec. 9, 1838, by Bishops Meade of Virginia ; Smith of Kentucky ; Mcll- vaine of Ohio, and Otey of Tennessee. The charge comprised the dioceses of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, and the Episcopal missions in Texas. In 1841 he was chosen first bishop of Louisiana. He was one of the founders of the University of the South at Sewanee, Tenn., in 1860, and in 1861 joined the Confed- erate army as major-general. He commanded the territory from the mouth of the Red river to Cairo, on the Ohio, with headquarters at Memphis, Tenn., and engaged in constructing elaborate fortifica- tions at New Madrid, Fort Pillow, Columbus, Ky., Island No. 10, and Memphis, transfer- ring his headquarters to Columbus, Sept. 4, 1801. He commanded the Confederate troops in the battle of Belmont, Mo., Nov. 7, 1861; joined Johnston's and Beauregard's army at Corinth, Miss., and commanded the 1st army corps in the battle of Sliiloh, Tenn., April 6, 1802, and the siege of Corinth, Miss., April-May, 1802. He commanded the Army of the Missis- sippi in the invasion of Kentucky, and at thfe battle of Perry ville, Ky., Oct. 8, 1802, and the armies of Kentucky and Mississippi in the Con- federate retreat from Kentucky. He was pro- POLK POLK ^=/^^' moted lieutenant-general in October, 1862, and commanded the right wing of the Army of Tennessee at the battle of Stone's river, Dec. 31, 1863. In the Chickamauga campaign, through his alleged disobedience of General Bragg's orders, the Federal army was allowed to escape at the battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 20, 1863, and he was relieved of his com- mand and ordered to Atlanta. He later de- clined President Da- vis's offer of re-instate- ment. He command- ed the paroled Con- federate prisoners at Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and in Sep- tember, 1863, succeeded General Joseph E. John- ston to the command of the department of Alaba- ma, Mississippi and East Louisiana, His army combined with General Johnston's in the opposi- tion of Sherman's march to Atlanta, Ga. He was mortal]}^ wounded by a cannon shot during the action of Pine Mountain, Ga. General Polk re- ceived the honorary degree of D.D. from Columbia college in 1838, and that of LL.D. elsewhere. He died on the battle-field of Pine Mountain, Ga., June 14, 1864 ; was buried in St. Paul's church- yard, Augusta, Ga., and in 1902 a monument to his memory was erected on the spot whei'e he fell. POLK, Lucius Eugene, soldier, was born in Salisbury, N.C., July 10, 1833 ; son of Dr.William Julius Polk of Columbia, Tenn., and grandson of General William Polk (q.v.). He was liber- ally educated ; was graduated from the Uni- versity of Virginia in 1852, and in 1861 enlisted in the Confederate army as 1st lieutenant in Cap- tain Patrick R. Cleburne's company, afterward known as the 1st Arkansas. He took part in the capture of Fort Smith ; the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, where the regiment was cut to pieces, and assumed command of his company and led them during the two days' fight. He was promoted colonel ; was commended for gallantry in General Hardee's official report ; served under General Kirby Smith in the Kentncky campaign, and was wounded at Richmond, Ky., and at Perry- ville. He was promoted brigadier-general, De- cember, 1862, and commanded the 1st (Cleburne) brigade, 2d division, Hardee's corps, in the battle of Stone's river, Tenn., Dec. 31, 1862 ; Chatta- nooga, Tenn., Nov. 23, 1863; Missionary Ridge, Nov. 23, 1863 ; Ringgold Gap, Nov. 27, 1863, where he captured three Union flags, and at New Hope Church. Ga., May 25, 1864, where he was wounded and crippled for life. He returned to his plantation in Maury county, Tenn, He married his cousin, Sallie Moore Polk, and of their children, Rufus King Polk (q.v.) was a representative in the 56th and 57th congresses. General Polk was a delegate to tlie Democratic national convention at Chicago in 1884, and a representative in the state senate in 1887. He died near " West Brook," Tenn., Dec. 1, 1893, POLK, Rufus King, representative, was born in Columbia, Tenn., Aug. 23, 1866 ; son of General Lucius Eugene (q.v.) and Sally Moore (Polk) Polk. He prepared for college at Webb's academy, CuUeoka, Tenn., and was graduated from Lehigh university, B.S., 1887, M.E., 1888. He was mar- ried in 1892 to Isabella, daugliter of Isaac K. and Emma (Porter) Grier of Danville, Pa, He engaged in business as general manager of the North Branch Steel company, Danville, Pa., until 1896, when the firm of Howe and Polk, manufacturers of iron and steel, was formed. He served in the S^janish war as 1st lieutenant in the 12th Pennsylvania volunteers, 1898 ; was a delegate at large to the Democratic national con- vention, 1900, and a representative from the seventeenth district of Pennsylvania in the 56th and 57th congresses, 1899-1903, declining re- nomination to the 58th congress in 1902. He w-as a member of the Society of the Cincinnati, State of North Carolina Chapter. He died at Philadelphia, Pa., March 5, 1902. POLK, Sarah Childress, wife of President Polk, was born near Murfreesborough, Tenn., Sept. 4, 1803 ; daughter of Joel and Elizabeth Childress. She attended the Moravian institute, Salem, N.C., and was married in 1824 to James Knox Polk, who was then clerk of the state senate of Ten- nessee. In 1824 he was elected a repre- sentative in congress, and Mrs. Polk accom- panied him to Wash- ington. Slie became a member of the Pres- byterian church in 1834. Upon her hus- band's inauguration as President of the United States in 1845, she devoted herself entirely to the social duties incident to her position as mistress of the White House. At her weekly receptions, which were largely attended, she introduced several radical changes, notably, the absence of refreshments and the discontinuance of dancing. Notwithstanding these innovations in social cus- e/^yi^t^^i^ yU/c^ I'OLK POLK toms, she was extremely popular. She had no chil'lren. Upon the death of her husband in 1849, she removed to " Polk Place," Nashville, Tenn. The United States government granted her a pension of §.j,000 per annum. She died at Nashville, Tenn., Aug. 14. isyi. POLK, Thomas, patriot, was horn in Mary- land, about 17;iJ ; son of William Polk, and grandson of Kobert Pollock, who came from Ross, county Donegal, Ireland, in lOoO, and settled in Delaware, Md., in IGGO, changing his name to Polk. William Polk removed to Penn- sylvania in IT-jS, and Thomas, after visiting p<^)ints in Maryland and Virginia, settled in Mecklenburg county, N.C., where he became an extensive landowner ; was chosen a member of tiie provincial assembly in 17G9, and in 1T71 ob- tained the passage of an act to establish Queen's college at Charlotte, N.C. He was a mover among the Scotch-Irish of Mecklenburg county, toward tlie renouncing of all allegiance to the crown of Great Britain. They passed a resolve to set up a government for themselves. May 20, 177."). and he was autiiorized to issue a call for a convention wlionever he deemed it advisable. After the drafting of the Mecklenburg Declara- tion of Indepemlence, of which he was a framer and signer, he is said to have read the document from the steps of the court house. He was a member of the committee that prepared a plan for securing the internal peace and safety of the provinces, Aug. 24, 177.5, and in 177G he was appointed captain of the North Carolina com- pany, tliat was detailed to convey the " Liberty Bell " from Pliiladelpliia to Al- leiitown, Pa., on the ap- proach of the British. He was appointed colonel of a battalion of minute men in tlie Salisbury district, and witli 701) militia he re- inforced General Andrew Williamson at Ninety-Six. He was commissioned col- onel of thp'4th regiment, April 4, 1776, and joined the army umler Washington. He was with Gen- eral Benjamin Lincoln at Charleston, S.C, in No- vember. 1779, and after tlie fall of tiiat place was aj)pointt'd cr)nunissary-general for North Caro- lina and commissary of purchase for the army, whicli position he resigned in 1780 on account of a disagreement with General Gates. He was later appointed by General Greene district com- missary, and after the battle at Cowans Ford, he was offered the command of the militia of Salis- burj- flistrict, with tlie rank of briganeral ; but the apiMiintmeiit was not confirmed by the governor and his council, and in May, 1781, he was superseded. After the war he purchased, land warrants from the soldiers of the disbanded army, who had I'eceived them in paymer.t of services, and thus he largely increased his estates. He died in Charlotte, N.C, in 1793. POLK, Trusten, senator, was born in Sussex county, Del., May 29, 1811. He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1831, A.M., 1845 ; studied law at home and in the law department of Yale col- lege ; resided in Delaware, 1832-35 ; engaged in the practice of law in St. Louis, Mo., 1835-56 and 1865-76 ; was a member of the Missouri con.stitu- tional convention in 1845 ; a presidential elector in 1848 ; Democratic governor of Missouri, 1857; U.S. senator, 1857-62, and on Jan. 10. 1862, was expelled for disloyalty, having already served as an officer in the Confederate government. He was a prisoner of war in 1864, and judge in tlie mili- tary courts of the department of Mississippi, 1864- 65. He died in St. Louis, Mo., April 16, 1876. POLK, William, patriot, was born in Mecklen- burg county, N.C, July 9, 1758; son of Col. Thomas Polk (q. v.). He attended Queen's college, Charlotte, N.C, leaving on the outbreak of the Revolution to join the patriot arm}' as 2d lieu- tenant, 3d S.C. regiment. He commanded a de- tachment in various fights with tlie Tories in South Carolina, in one of which he was wounded ; became major of the 9th N.C. regiment, Nov. 26, 1776 ; joined Washington's army, and served at Brandywine and Germantown, being sevei-ely wounded at the latter. He was subsequently de- prived of Ids command through consolidation and served on tlie staffs of Gen. Richard Caswell in the battle of Camden, and Gen. William Davidson in North Carolina, who sent him to Governor Jefferson at Williamsburg, Va., in 1780, to secure Virginia troops to aid in the defense of North and South Carolina against the British and Tories. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel, 4tii S.C. cavalry, in 1781, serving at Eutaw Springs, Sept. 8, 1781, and remaining under Gen. Thomas Sum- ter until the close of the war. He was appointed surveyor-general of tiie middle district of North Carolina, and resided at French Lick Fort, the site of Nashville, Tenn., 1783-86. He was sent from Davidson county as a member of the house of commons of North Carolina, 1784-86, and from Mecklenburg county, 1786-91, and was made su- pervisor of internal revenues for the district of North Carolina by President Washington in 1791, which office he held until 1808. He was a stock- holder of the State Bank of North Carolina, a director, 1811-19, and its president for some years. He declined the appointment by President Mad- i.son of brigadier-general, U.S.A., March 25. 1813, on account of his opposition to the policy of the administration. In 1824, as a commissioner from North Carolina, he welcomed Lafavette toAmer- POLK POLLOCK ica. He was the owner of 100,000 acres of land in Tennessee, and Samuel Polk, the father of President Polk, was his agent. Jacob Johnson, the father of President Johnson, was a porter in his bank, and President Andrew Jackson received large tracts of valuable lands in Tennessee through his friendly advice. He was twice mar- ried : first to Griselda Gilchrist, a native of Scot- land ; and secondly, to Sarah, daughter of Col. Philemon Hawkins. He was a member of the So- ciety of the Cincinnati, and at the time of his death was the last surviving field officer of the North Carolina line. He died in Raleigh, N.C., Jan. 4. 1834. POLK, William Hawkins, representative, was born in Maury county, Tenn., May 24, 1815 ; son of Samuel and Jane (Knox) Polk, and brother of President James K. Polk. He was a student at the University of North Carolina, 1833-33 ; was graduated from East Tennessee college ; was admitted to the bar in 1839, and began practice in Columbia, Tenn. He was a rep- resentative in the state legislature, 1842-45 ; charge d'af- faires at Naples, 1845-47 ; negotiated a treaty with the Two Sicilies, and resigned, Aug. 31, 1847, to take part in the war with Mexico. He was thereupon commis- sioned major of the 3d dragoons and served in the army in Mexico until July 20, 1848. He was a delegate to the Nashville convention in 1850, and a Democratic representative in the 32d congress, 1851-53. He was married first to a Miss Corse of New York, and secondly, July 14, 1854, to Lucy E. Williams of Warren county, N. C. He opposed the secession movement in Tennessee in 1861, and joined the L'nion party. He died in Nash- ville, Tenn.. Dec. 16. 1802. POLK, William Mecklenburg, physician, was born at Ash wood, Maury county, Tenn., Aug. 15, 1844 ; son of the Right Rev. Leonidas Polk (q.v.). He was graduated from the Virginia Mili- tary institute with the class of 1861 by special act of the faculty, for services in the army. He was a member of the body of students that left with Professor Thomas Jonathan Jackson imme- diately after the secession of Virginia, and acted as drill corps for the Virginia state troops. He was assigned as drill-master under Gen. ZoUi- coffer, was promoted 2d lieutenant in Bankhead's battery, at Columbus, Ky., and 1st lieutenant in Scott's battery in 1862. He was appointed as- sistant chief of artillery in his father's corps in 1863, and also captain in the adjutant and in- spector-general's department. Army of the Tenn, essee, in March, 1865. He was engaged in the battles of Columbus, Ky., New Madrid, Shiloh- Corinth, Perryville. Stone's River, Chickamauga ; in the Meridian, Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns, and in the surrender at Meridian in May, 1865. He studied medicine at the University of Louisiana, 1867-68, and was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, NewYork city, in 1869. He practised in New Y'ork city from 1869 ; was professor of therapeutics and clinical medicine at Bellevue college, 1875-79, and became professor of obstetrics and gynecology in the medical de- partment of the University of the City of New Y'ork in 1879. He was connected with several hospitals as surgeon, and a member of several im- portant medical societies at home and abroad. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the University of the South in 1893, and he was appointed dean and medical director of the medical department of Cornell university in 1898. He is the author of : Biography of Leonidas Polk, Bishop and General, and many contributions to medical journals. POLLARD, Josephine, author, was born in New Y^ork city, about 1842. She received a superior education ; was editorial writer on the Sunday School Times from its foundation, and was connected with the Methodist Book Concern for twenty j-ears, having charge of a publication issued for the benefit of the Negroes in the South. She is the author of various hymns, including Outside the Gate. Her other writings include : The Gypsy Books (1873-74); A Piece of Silver (1876); Decorative Sisters (1881); Elfin Land, poems (1882); Gellivor (1882); Tlie Boston Tea- Party (1882) ; Songs of Bird Life (1885) ; Vagrant Verses (1887); The Home Book (with John H. Vincent, 1887); Favorite Birds, and ivhat Poets Sing of Tlievi (1888). She died in New York city, Aug. 15, 1892. POLLOCK, James, governor of Pennsylvania, was born in Milton, Pa., Sept. 11, 1810; son of William and Sarah (Wilson) Pollock : grandson of Samuel and Margaret Pollock, and of Fleming and Margaret (Bainbridge) Wilson, and a de- scendant of Scotch emigrants, who came from Londonderry, Belfast and county Antrim. Ire- land, in 1732 and landed at Chester, Pa. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1831, A.M., 1834 ; studied law under Samuel Hep- burn of Milton, Pa., 1831-33, and practised in Milton, 1833-61. He was married, Dec. 19, 1837, to Sarah Ann, daughter of Samuel and Edith (MiUei) Hepburn. He was elected district attorney of Northumberland county in 1835 ; was a Whig POLLOCK POLLOCK representative in tlie 2»th, 29th and 30th con- gresses, 1841-49. and on June 23, 1848, introduced in congress the subject of the construction of a railroad to the Pacific cojist and was made chair- man of the siHJcial committee rendering the first report favorable to the project. He was president judge of the eighth judicial district of Pennsyl- vania, 1850-54, and was governor of the state, 1854-58. Dur- ing his administra- tion, lie succeeded in greatly reducing the state debt, and on the outbreak of the finan- cial crisis of 1857 he restored public con- fidence by calling an extra session of the legislature, which passed a bill, Oct. 13, 1857, pro- viding for the " resumption of specie payments by state banks." He was a member of the Wash- ington compromise convention of 1860 ; director of the U.S. mint at Philadelpliia, 1861-66 and 1869-79, and obtained the approval of Secretary Cliase to stamping on national coins the motto '• In God we trust." He was superintendent of tlie U.S. mint, 1873-80. He was naval oflScer of Pliiladelphia, 1880-84. and engaged in the prac- tice of law in Philadelphia, 18S4-90. He was ap- pointed federal cliief supervisor of elections in April, 1885. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the College of New Jersey in 1855, and by Jefferson college in 1857. He died at Lock Haven, Pa., April 19, 1890. POLLOCK, Oliver, i)atriot, was born in Ireland in 1737 ; son of Jarit Pollock, who came with his family to Carlisle, Pa., about 1760. In 1762 Oliver migrated to Havana, Cuba, where he en- gaged in mercantile pursuits. He removed to New Orleans in 1768, and established a coasting and foreign trade. In 1769, when Alexander O'Reilly, governor-general of Cuba, was made governor of tlie province, and his troojts needed provisions, Mr. Pollock placed a cargo of flour at their disposal at a moderate price, and for his generosity ever afterward enjoyed a free trade there. He was commercial agent of the United States at New Orleans, 1777-83, and in 1779 fitted out the captured British ship West Florida under American colors and afterward sent tlie ves.sel to assist in the capttire of Mobile, Ala. He secured gunp<;wder from the Spanish store in New Orleans, and by forwarding it to Gen. George Rogers Clark aided materially in the success of his campaign in Illinois. He borrowed for the state of Virginia $65,000 from France and for the secret committee of congress $70,000 from the royal treasury of Spain in 1778, but when he made drafts on this account on the treasury the secretary failed to honor his de- mands, and he appealed unsuccessfully to congress several times for aid. In Maj', 1783, lie was ap- point^ U.S. agent at Havana, Cuba, was taken prisoner, and all his gold and other property was seized by order of the Spanish governor in May, 1784, for the debts of the United States, and for eighteen months he remained in custody, all communication between him and the United States being cut off. He was released on parole on the arrival of Governor Galvez, and returned to the United States in 1785, where he was awarded $90,000 with interest to cover the Span- ish claim, but there was no money in the treasury to pay the debt. He resumed business in New Orleans, and in 1790 was enabled to pay all the claims of Spain against the United States govern- ment. He purchased and settled on property in Cumberland county, Pa., in 1792, and that year received $108,605 from the United States on ac- count of the claim. He was an unsuccessful candidate for representative in congress in 1797, 1804 and 1806, and in 1800 was an inmate of the debtors' prison in Philadelphia. He removed to Baltimore, Md., in 1806. and in 1815 to Pinck- neyville. Miss., where he spent the rest of his life. He was a member of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, and the Hibernian society of Phila- delphia. He was married, first, in 1765, to Mar- garet O'Brien, and secondly, Nov. 2, 1805, to Winifred, widow of Daniel Deady of Baltimore, Md. He died in Pinckneyville. Miss., Dec. 17. 1823. POLLOCK, Pincicney Daniel, educator, was born in Houston county. Ga., Nov. 22, 1859; son of James Greenberrj' and Nancy (Brunson) Pollock ; grandson of Almarine and Liza (Woodard) Brunson and of Morris and Polly Watson Pol- lock. He was pre- pared for college at Armurchee acad- emy, Chattooga coun- ty, Ga. ; attended Mercer university, Macon, Ga., and was graduated from the University of Geor- gia, B.L., 1884. He continued liis studies in the Universities of Paris and Berlin, 1889-91; taught school for several years ; was superintendent of city schools, Newnan, Ga., 1891-93; professor of English, ic8f Timothy and Anna (Burt) Pomeroy and of Joshua and Esther (Bryant) Maxwell, and a descendant of Eltweed Pomeroy, who came from England in 1633. He was graduated from Hamilton college. N.Y., in 1842 ; was admitted to the bar in 1846, and practised in Auburn, N.Y., 1846-70. He was married, Sept. 4, 1855, to Eliza- beth Leitch, daugliter of Robert and Margaret (Standart) Watson of Auburn. N.Y.; was district attorney of Cayuga county, N. Y., 1851-56 ; a mem- ber of the New York assembly, 1857 ; a Republi- can representative in the 37th-40th congresses, 1861-69. and was elected speaker of the house to succeed Schuyler Colfax, March 3, 1869. He was mayor of Auburn, N.Y., 1875-76; state senator, 1878-79 ; engaged in the banking business in Auburn, after 1870, and was first vice-presi- dent anil general counsel of the American ex- press com|«iny. He was a delegate to the Re- publican national conventions of 1860 and 1876, and temporary chairman of the convention in 1876. POND, Enoch, clergyman, was born in Wren- tham. :MaNS., July 29, 1791 ; son of Elijah and Mary (.Smith) Pond ; grandson of Jacob and Sarah (Fales) Pond, and a descendant of Daniel (Ded- ham, Mass., 16.52) and Abigail (Shepanl) Pond. Enoch Pond was graduated from Brown, A.B., 1813, A.M., 1817, and ordained to the Congrega- tional ministry, March 1, 1815. He was pastor at Ward. Mass., 181.5-28. and editor of the Spirit of the Pilgrims, Boston, Mass., 1828-32. He was con- nected with the Bangor, Maine, Theological sem- inary as professor of systematic theology, 1832-56 ; professor of ecclesiastical history and lecturer oq pastoral duties, 1856-70 ; president of the insti- tution, 1856-82, and professor emeritus, 1870-82. He was married, first, Aug. 28, 1814, to Wealthy Ann, daughter of William Hawes of Wrentham, Mass.; secondly, May 17, 1825, to Julia Ann, daughter of John Maltbj' of Northford, Conn., and thirdly, July 9, 1839, to Anne, daughter of Tha^deus and Anne (Smith) Mason of Dedham, Mass., and widow of John S. Pearson of Bangor, Me. Dartmouth conferred upon him the honorary degree of D.D. in 1835. He edited John Norton's " Life of John Cotton '"(18.52), and is the author of memoirs of President Samuel Davies (1829), Su- sanna Anthonu (1830), Count Zinzendorf (1839), John Knox{\SSyi), and Tlie Rev. Harrison Fair- field (ISoS) ;Wickliffe and his Times (1841); Morn- ing of the Reformation (1842); Xo Felloicship with Roma n ism ( 1 843) ; TJie J/a ther Fa m ily (1844) ; Young Pastor s Guide (1844); The World's Sal- vat ion {18-io) ; Pope and Pagan (IS-iG) ; Probation (1846); Swedenborgiaiiism Reviewed (1846): Plato (1846); Lives of Increase Mather and Sir William Phipps (1847); The Church (18^8); The A7icient Cliurch (1851); The Wreck and the Rescue (1858); Swedenhorgianism Examined (1861); Sketches of the TJieologioal History of Neic England (1880). He died in Bangor. Maine. Jan. 21, 1882. POND, Frederick Eugene, author, was born in Packwaukee, Wis., April 8, 1856; son of Simeon and Flora (Hotchkiss) Pond ; grandson of William and Elvira (Forbes) Pond, and of Willis and Samantlia Hotchkiss. and a descendant of Samuel Pond, a pioneer of Windsor, Conn., who died at "Windsor, Conn., March 14, 1654. He attended the public schools of Montello, "Wis.; was field editor of the Turf, Field and Farm in New York, 1881-86 ; associate editor of the American Field in Chicago, 111., for six months in 1883, and editor of Wildicood's Magazine in Chicago, 111., 1888-89, which was then merged into Tuif, Field and Farm, and of which he be- came corresponding editor. He was married, June 22, 1892, to Frances Harriet, daughter of Frank and Harriet (Juneau) Fox, and a grand- daughter of Samuel Juneau, founder of Milwau- kee, "Wis. He was editor of the Sportsman's iJeriew at Cincinnati, Ohio, from 1897 ; was prom- inent in organizing the National Game and Fisli Protective association in 1893, and was its secretary, 1893-96, and was one of the founders of tlie Wisconsin Sportsman's Association for the Protection of Fish and Game in 1.S74. He con- tributed to cyclt)p3edias, and edited Frank For- ester's works, including " Fugitive Sporting Sketches" (1879), "Sporting Scenes and Charac- ters " (2 vols., 1880); also Isaac McLellan's " Poems of Rod and Gun " (1883), " Sportsman's Directory " (1892), "A Strike "(1897), and wrote an introduc- tion to Frank Forester's "Poems" (1887). His POND PONDER published works, written chiefly as " Will Wild- wood," include : Handbook for Young Sportsmen (1876); Memoirs of Eminent Sportsmen (1878) ; Gun Trial and Field Trial Records of America (1883), and American Game Preserves, a serial (1893). POND, Qeorge Edward, journalist, was born in Boston, Mass., March 11, 1837 ; son of Moses and Nancy (Adams) Pond ; grandson of Moses and Anne (Davis) Pond ; and a descendant of Daniel (Dedhani, 1652), and Abigail (Shepard) Pond. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1858, LL.B., 1860, was a 1st lieutenant in the Federal army, 1863-64, and an associate on the staff of the New York Army and Navy Journal, 1864-68 and 1878. He was married. May 29, 1866, to Emelie Guer- ber, who died, Jan. 14, 1880. He was an associate on the New York Times, 1868-70 ; editor of the Philadelphia Record, 1870-77, and thereafter engaged in general literary work. He wrote the " Driftwood " columns, signed " Philip Quilibet," in the Galaxy, 1868-78, and contributed historical accounts of battles of the civil war to various col- lections. He is the author of Tlie Shenandoah Valley in 1884 (1883). He died at Spring Lake, N.J.,Sept. 22, 1899. POND, James Burton, lecture manager, was born in Cuba, Allegany county, N.Y., June 11, 1838 ; son of Willard Elmer and Clarissa (Wood- ford) Pond ; grandson of Philip and Anna (Adams) Pond and of James Woodford ; great- grandson of Jonathan Pond, and greats-grandson of Phineas Pond, who came from England in 1794 and settled in Branford, Conn. James Burton Pond removed to Illinois in 1844 and in 1847 to Fond du Lac, Wis., where in 1853 he learned the printers' trade. In 1856 he traveled in the west as a journeyman printer, and in 1860-61, he pub- lished the Journal at Markesan, Wis. He joined the 3d Wisconsin cavalry as lieutenant in 1861, and served throughout the civil war, rising to the rank of major. After the war he engaged in business as a merchant until 1874, when with George Hathaway, he purchased the Redpath Lyceum Lecture bureau, Boston. In 1879 he re- moved to New York, and established business on his own account. Among the many noted lec- turers introduced and managed by him may be mentioned : Emerson, Lowell, Gough, Phillips, Sumner, Talmage, Mrs. Livermore, Anna Dickin- son, Mrs. Stanton, Henry M. Stanley, Thomas Nast, Max O'Rell, " Mark Twain," " Bill Nye," Sir Edwin Arnold, W. D. Howells, F. Marion Crawford, Hall Caine, the Rev. Dr. John Watson (" Ian Maclaren"), Ernest Thompson Seton, and Sir Robert Ball. He was twice married : first, Jan. 21, 1859, to Ann Frances, daughter of Tho- mas and Anna Lynch of Janesville, Wis.; she died in December, 1871. He was married secondly, March 10, 1888, to Martha Marion, daughter of William H. and Sabina Glass of Jersey City, N.J. He was elected to membership in numerous patriotic and social organizations. He is tlie author of: A Summer in England with Henry Ward Beecher ; Eccentricities of Genius (1900). He died in Jersey city, N.J., June 21, 1903. POND, Samuel William, missionary, was born in Washington, Conn., April 10, 1808 ; son of Elna- than Judson and Sarah (Hollister) Pond ; grand- son of Edward and Mary (Judson) Pond and of Capt. Gideon and Patience (Hurd) Hollister, and a descendant of Samuel Pond, who settled in Windsor, Conn., pi-evious to 1640. He attended the public schools and in May, 1834, with his brother, Gideon Hollister Pond (1810-1878), en- gaged in missionary work among the Dakota Indians and the U.S. garrison at Fort Snelling. In 1837 he was ordained to tlie Congregational ministry and was stationed by the A. B.C. of F.M. at Lake Harriet, Fort Snelling, Oak Grove, and Prairieville, Minn., successively, 1837-54, and in other parts of Minnesota, 1854-91. He was first married, Nov. 22, 1838, to Cornelia Eggleston, and secondly, April 4, 1852, to Susan R. Smith. With his brother he produced the first written dictionary of the Dakota language, subsequently used by the Rev. Stephen R. Riggs in his pub- lished work. He is the author of : The History of Joseph in the Language of the Dakota or Sioux Indians from Genesis (1839) ; Woivajn Inonpa, the Second Dakota Reading Book (1842), and Indian Warfare in Minnesota, in the Historical Collections of Minnesota. He died in Shakopee, Minn., Dec. 5, 1891. PONDER, James, governor of Delaware, was born in Milton, Del., Oct. 31, 1819; son of the Hon. John and Hester (Milby) Ponder; grandson of James and Sarah (Warren) Ponder, and of Capt. Nathaniel Milby, and great-grandson of John Ponder, of English de- scent, who removed from Virginia to Delaware, and took out a patent for an ex- tensive tract of land in Broad- kiln hundred, Sussex county. John Ponder (1791-1863), an only son, inherited the estate, served in the war of 1812, engaged in trade and in the shipping business, transporting iron to New Jersey in his own vessels, first alone and after 1848 with his son James as John Ponder & Son ; and was state senator, 1852-56. James attended the Milton, Lewes, and Georgetown academies, and after joining his father's enterprises became a successful business man and connected with the large business interests of the state including its railroads, banks and manufactories. He was married in July, 1851, to Sarah, daughter of Gideon and Sarah Waples of Milton. He was a POOR POOLE Democratic representative in the state legislature, 185G-fi4 ; was elected state senator. 1864. and s|>eaker of the senate in ISOT. He was elected governor of the state of Delaware on the Demo- cratic ticket in 1870: serving from Jan. 17, 1871, till l^^T"). He died in Milton, Del., Nov. 5, 1897. POOK, Samuel Hartt, naval constructor, was born in Brooklyn. N.Y., Jan. 17, 1827; son of Samuel Mwre and Martha Crum (Dickinson) Pook: grandson of Cliarles Lee and Sally Clark (Mixire) I\Hik and of Joim and Martha (Crum) Dickinson, and a descendant of Nathaniel and Anna (.Sull) Dickinson, wlio came to Boston from England about 1629. Samuel Moore Pook (1804- 1878), a native of Boston, Mass., was a U.S. naval constructor at Portsmouth, N.H., 1841-66 ; built the Preble. Saratoga, Congress, Franklin, Merriuutck and Princeton, and is the author of : '• A Method of Comparing the Line and Draught- ing Vessels propelled by .Sail or Steam,"' witli dia- grams ( 1866) . Samuel Hartt Pook was graduated at Portsmoutli academy, N.H., 1843; served an apprenticeship as naval architect, 1843-50, under his father, and in 1850 established himself in business in Boston. He was married, Jan. 23, 1850, to Ellen Maria, daughter of James K. Froth- ingham of Charlestown. Mass. He designed a number of merchant clippers, including the Red Jacket, Ocean Telegraph and Northern Lights and several iron-clads and war frigates for the Spanish govei-nment ; superintended the iron- clad Galena, and was subsequently in charge of the sliipyard at New Haven, Conn., where he built sixteen vessels of war for the government. He was appointed assistant U.S. naval con- structor, May 17, 1866 ; was promoted naval con- structor, April 15, 1871, and served at the Ports- mouth Navy yard, at Mare Island, Boston, "Washington and New York navy yards until his retirement, Jan. 17, 1889. He died at his home in "SVa-shington, D.C., ilarch 30, 1901. POOL, John, senator, was born in Pasquotank county, N.C.. June 16, 1826 ; son of Solomon and Martha (Gaskins) Pool ; grandson of Patrick and Winifred Pool, and a descendant of Patrick Pf)ol of Chester county, England, who landed in Pa-stjuotank county, N.C., early in 1700. He was graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1847. and practised law at Elizabeth City, N.C., 1847-56. He was married first. June 20. 1850, to Narcissa Dosia, daughter of Spencer Sawyer, who died in February, ls.56 ; and secondly. Dec. 16. 1857. to Man." Elizal)eth, daughter of Dr. William Mebane of Bertie county. N.C. She died, Oct. 16, 1873. He was a state senator from Pasquo- tank, 1856-60 and 1864-66, and tlie defeated Whig candidate for governor of North Carolina in 1860, John W. Ellis being elected. He was a strong Union man, a member of the state con- stitutional convention in 1865, and was chosen by the legislature as a U.S. senator for the term expiring March 3, 1871, but the state was re- fused senatorial recognition. He was again elected in 1866 with J. C. Abbott and drew the long term, taking his seat in July, 1868, his term expiring March 3, 1873, after which he practised law at Washington, D.C.. until his death, which occurred there. Aug. 16, 1884. POOL, Maria Louise, author, was bom at Rockland, Mass., Aug. 20, 1841 ; daughter of Elias and Lydia (Lane) Pool. She attended the public schools of Rockland, and afterward taught there so long as her health i)ermitted. She removed to Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1877, and later made her home in Wrentham and Rockland, Mass., successively. Besides many articles in newspapers and maga- zines she wrote: A Vacation in a Buggy (1887) ; Tenting at Stony Beach (1888) ; Dally (1891) ; Roweny in Boston (1892) ; Mrs. Keats Bradford and Katharine North (1893) ; Out of Step and The Two Salomes (1894) ; Against Human Na- ture (1895) ; In a Dyke Shanty (1896) ; Mr.f. Gerald (1896) ; In Buncombe County (1896) : In the First Person (1896) ; Boss and other Dogs; FHendship and Folly (1898) ; A Golden Soi-row (1898) ; and A Widower and Some Spinsters : Tlie 3Ieloon Farm and Sand '?i' Bushes, published posthu- mously. She died in Rockland, Mass., May 19, 1898. POOL, Solomon, educator, was born near Elizabeth City, N.C, April 21, 1832 ; son of Solomon and Martha (Gaskins) Pool ; grandson of Patrick and Winifred Pool, and a descendant of Patrick Pool, of English birth, who landed in Pasquotank Co., N.C, early in 1700. He was graduated at the University of North Carolina, A.B., 1853, A.M., 1856, and was married, June 9, 1856, to Cornelia, daughter of Joseph and Martha Kirkland of Chapel Hill, N.C. He was tutor in mathematics at the University of North Carolina, 1854-60 ; adjunct professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, 1860-66 ; trustee and presi- dent, 1869-75, and remained in possession of the university buildings, 1872-74, but no students at- tended. He was principal of Carey Collegiate institute, 1875-78. He was minister of tlie Metho- dist Episcopal church, south, and had charge of churches in the vicinity of his work as a teacher. He received the degree of D.D. He died at Greensboro, N.C, April 9, 1901. POOLE, Fitch, librarian, was born at Dan vers, Mass.. June 13. 1803 ; son of Deacon Fitch Poole and great-grandson of John Poole. He attended the public schools ; learned the trade of a sheep- skin and morocco manufacturer, and engaged in business. He early contributed to the countiy newspapers and became an authority on antiqua- rian matters. He also displayed talent at carica- ture and humorous drawing, and modelled several POOLE POOLE portrait busts in plaster. He Tvas editor of the Danvers ^Vizard, 1859-68 ; a representative in the state legislature, 1841-43, and postmaster of Pea- body for a short time under President Lincoln. He founded the Mechanics Institute library, which later became the Peabody Institute, and was its librarian, 1856-73. He is the author of several topical satirical ballads including : Giles Corey and Goodwyfe Corey ; Giles Corey's Dream ; Lament of the Bats Inhabiting the Old South Church; a political parody on "John Gilpin's Ride," and Witch Davee and Banquet onGalloics Hill. He died in Peabody, Mass., Aug. 19, 1873. POOLE, Hurray Edward, historical writer, was barn in Centremoreland, Wyoming county, Pa., July 17, 1857 ; son of Edward Valentine and Susan (Care}') Poole ; grandson of Daniel and Anna Rebecca (Gardner) Poole and of Samuel and Arminda (Mul- lock) Carey ; great- grandson of William and Sarah (Packard) Poole and great-- grandson of Lieut. Samuel and Ruth (FuIIerton) Poole of Easton ; greats-grand- son of Samuel and Re- becca (Shaw) Poole ; great*-grandson of Samuel and Sarah (Nash) Poole ; great-- grandson of Capt. Joseph and Elizabeth (Shaw) Poole, orig- inal settlers of Abington, Mass., and greats-grand- son of Edward and Sarah (Phinney) Poole of Wey- mouth, Mass., 1635. Murray Edward Poole was prepared for college by a private tutor and at Wyoming seminary, Kingston, Pa., and was grad- uated from Cornell university, A.B., in 1880. He was admitted to the bar, Maj' 3, 1889, and settled in practice at Ithaca. N. Y. He was married, Nov. 4, 1891, to Eva, daughter of James Zeliffe of Limestone, N.Y. He was appointed special county judge of Tompkins county by Gov. David B. Hill in 1889 ; was justice of the peace, 1891-95, and acting recorder of Ithaca, 1893-95. He was the Democratic candidate for delegate to tJie state constitutional convention of 1894 ; was elected president of the National Historical and Ameri- can Genealogical societies, 1900, and a member of the American Bar association ; the New York State Bar association ; the American Historical association ; the New England Historic Genea- logical society ; the Sons of the American Rev- olution ; the Society of the War of 1812: the Society of Colonial Wars, and the Founders and Patriots of America. The honorary degree of ^^U^'i^t^^^C^S^tr^ LL.D. was conferred on him by Nashville college in 1900, and that of D.C.L. by the American uni- versity in 1901, He is the author of : Tlie History of Edward Poole of Weymouth, Mass. {1635) and his Descendants (1893) ; Histories of the Tremaine, Dey, Board, Mack, Ayers, Carey, Mullock, Gard- ner and Zeliffe families, and historical and genealogical contributions to leading magazines and periodicals. POOLE, WiHiam Frederick, librarian, was born in Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1821 ; son of Ward and Eliza (Wilder) Poole, and a descendant from John Poole of Reading, Eng., who became a proprietor of Reading, Mass., 1635. He attend- ed Leicester academy, and was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1849, A.M., 1852. He was assistant librarian of the '"Brothers in Unit}'," a literary society at Yale, and prepared an index to re- views and magazines which was published in 1848. He was assistant librarian at the Boston Athenaeum,, 1851-52; librarian of the Boston Mer- cantile library, 1852-56, and librarian of the Bos- ton Athenteum, 1856-69. He prepared a catalogue of the Athenaeum which was published in five vol- umes after he left. He was married, Nov. 22, 1854, to Fannie M. Gleason. He became a professional expert for the organization of libraries in 1869, and was connected with the Bronson library, Waterbury, Conn., in 1869, the St. Johnsbury Athenasum, Vt., the Newton and East Hampton libraries, Mass., and the U.S. Naval academy library, Annapolis, I\Id. He organized and was librarian of the Cincinnati library, 1869-74 ; the Chicago Public library, 1874-87, and librarian of Newberry library, Chicago, 1887-94. He edited The Owl, a literary monthly, 1874-75. He was a member of the first library convention held in New York city, September, 1853 ; a founder of the American Library association of Philadelphia in 1876 ; vice-president, 1876-84, and president, 1885- 87, and was vice-president of the international conference of libraries at London in October, 1877. He was a member of the American His- torical association and its president, 1887-88 ; a member of the American Antiquarian society ; of the New England Historic Genealogical so- ciety, and of the Essex Institute ; and a cor- responding member of the Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Wisconsin Historical societies. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Northwestern university in 1882. Besides his Index to Periodical Litera- ture, which was re-published in 1858 and in 1882, he is the author of: Tlie Popham Colony (1866); Wonder Working Providence of Sion's Savior in Xeiv England (1654, new edition with introduc- tion, 1867); Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft (1869); Anti-Slavery Opinions before ISOO (1872) ; Tlie Ordinance of 1787 (1876) ; Witchcraft in POOR POOR Boston, in Winsor's "Memorial History of Bos- ton ; ■' The West, 17(J,1SJ, in Winsor's "Narrative ami Critical History of America" Tlte Early yorthirest (1889), and pajiers on library econ- omy. Hi> .lied in Evanston, III., March 1, 1894. POOR, Charles Henry, naval officer, was born in Cambri.l-c, Mass.. June 11, 1808 ; son of Moses and Cliarlotte (White) Poor; grandson of Eliphalet and Elizal)etli (Little) Poor, and of Calvin and Mary (Lucas) White, and a descend- ant of John Poore, who came from Wiltshire, England, to Newbury, Mass., in 1685. He was warranted a midshipman in the U.S. navy, March 1, 182:}; promoted midshipman, March 29, 1829, and lieutenant, Dec. 31. 18:33. He was married, May 13, 18:]5, to Mattie Lindsay, daughter of Dr. Rol>ert Doling and Mattie (Lindsay) Stark of Norfolk, Va. He was promoted commander, Sept. 14, 18")"), and after service on various vessels in the different naval squadrons, 1823-60, he com- manded the St. Louis of the home squadron, 1860-61. He was in command of an expedition sent to the relief of Fort Pickens, Fla., in 1861 ; comnianded the frigate Roanoke of the North At- lantic blockad- ing squadron, 1861-62, and ran tlie Confederate batteries at Se- wall's Point, Va., '■='^^^~^ when en route through Hamp- ton Roads to Newport News to aid the fleet at- tacked by the Confederate ram Merrimac. He was promoted commodore, Jan. 2, 1863, com- maiKled the Sarauac of tlie Pacific squadron, 186:}-«"), and secured the release of tlie U.S. mail steamer, unlawfully detained at Panama. He was promf>ted rear-admiral, Sept. 20, 1868, and was retire.l, June 9, 1870. He was a member of the retiring board, 1871-72, and resided in Wasliing- ton. D.C., up to the time of his death, which occurred, Nov. Fj, 1882. POOR, Daniel, missionary, was born in Danvers, Mass.. June 27, 1789; son of Joseph and Mary (Abl>ot) Poor; grandson of Tliomas and Mary (Ailams) Poor and t>f George and Hannah (Love- joy) Abbot, and a descendant of Daniel Poor, who came from Andover. England, in 16;}8. fourteen years of age, landing in Boston ane attended thepul)lic scliools, learned telegrapliy in Great Barrington, and was an operator there, in Springfield, Mass., and iu Providence, R.I.. 1857-63. He assisted in building lines for the American telegraph cora- ixiuy. 1S02-64, and for the Russo- American tele- grapli company, from Wa-^hington Territory, by way of Behriiig Straits, to Siberia. 186-M57 ; the system, which liad been partially completed, l>eing abandoned in 1867. While surveying this work he made known to geographers the sources of the Skeena, Stickeen and Yukon rivers. He entered into partnei^sliip with Thomas A. Edison in 1867, and with him invented the "ticker," afterward so extensively used in Wall Street and on all stock exchanges in tiie United States. He also invented in 1872 the rail circuit for auto- matically controlling electric block signals, and made valuable improvements in telegraph in- struments. He was married, Aug. 6, 1873, to Sarah Amelia, daughter of Marquis Fayette and Hannali (Williams) Dickinson of Amherst, Mass. He was patent attorney for the Western Union telegrapli company, and in 188.1 was elected president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. He edited the Electrical Engineer, 1884-9.'}. and is the author of : Modern Practice of the Electric Telegraph (1871); Life and Work of Joseph Henry (1879). He was killed by a cur- rent of 3,tX)0 volts, while superintending the con- struction of an electric plant at Great Barring- ton. Mass., Oct. 13. 189.1. POPE, John, senator, was born in Prince Wil- liam county, Va., in 1770. His parents removed to Kentucky, where he was educated for the law, and he practised in Washington. Shelby and Fayette counties. He represented Shelby county in the Kentucky legislature in 1802, and Fayette county, 1806-07. He was a presidential elector in 1801, voting frjr Thomas Jefferson ; was an Anti- Federalist U. S. senator from Kentucky, 1807-13, and president pro tern of tlie senate in 1811. He was appointed by President Jackson governor of Arkansas Territory in 1829, and held the office until lS3-'>, when he resumed the practice of law in Springfield, Ky. He was a representative from the seventh district in the 2.")th. 26th and 27th congresses, 1837-43. and was dife^at»'d as the in- dei>endent candidate for representative in the 28th congress. He died at Springfield, July 12, 184.1. POPE, John, naval officer, was born in Sand- wicli, Mass., Dec. 17, 1798. He was warranted midshipman, Maj" 30, 1816 ; was commissioned lieutenant, April 28, 1826, and served on board #=^^ VAAIOALI A the frigate Constitution in the Mediterranean squadron, 1827-28, and on the sloop St. Louis in tlie West India squadron. 1833-34. He was stationed at the U.S. navy yard, Boston, Mass., in 1837 and 1843 ; served on the razee of the In- dejfendence in the Brazil squadron in 1840, and was promoted commander, Feb. 1.5. 1843. He com- manded the brig Dolphin on the coast of Africa. 1846-47 ; was com- mandant of the na\-j'^ yard at Boston, :Mass. , in 1850, and com- manded the sloop Vandalia in the East India squadron, 1853- 56. He was pro- moted captain, Sept. 14, 1855 ; was com- mander of the Ports- mouth, X.H., navy yard, 1858-60; com-, manded the steam sloop Richm07id in the Gulf squadron in 1861, and on being detached was retired, Dec. 21, 1861. He was promoted to the rank of com- modore on the retired list, July 16, 1862, and served on the board of prize commissioners in Bos- ton, 1864-65, and as a liglit-house inspector, 1866- 69. He died iu Dorchester, Mass., Jan. 14, 1876. POPE, John, soldier, was born in Louisville, Ky.. March 12, 1823 ; son of Judge Nathaniel Pope (1784-18.10), a native of Louisville, Ky., a graduate of Transylvania college, lawyer iu Missouri and Illinois, secretary of Illinois Territory, a delegate in congress from Illinois Territory, 1816-18, and L'.S. judge for the _ district of Illinois, 1818-50. John Pope was graduated at the U.S. Military acad- emy in 1842, and as- signed to the topo- graphical engineers. He served in Florida, 1842-44, and as assist- ant engineer on the survey of the north- east boundary line, 1845-46. He was pro- moted 2d lieutenant, May 9, 1846 ; was en- gaged in the battles of Monterey and Buena Vista ; was brevetted 1st lieutenant, Sept. 23, 1846, and captain, Feb. 23. 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Monterey, and Buena Yistii resjiectively. He served on surveys and explorations in Minne- sota, 1849-^0; as chief topographical engineer POPE PORTER of the department of New Mexico, 1851-53, and as chief of the survey of the Pacific railroad route, near the 33d parallel of latitude, 1853- 59. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, March 3, 1853 ; captain, July 1, 1856, for fourteen years' continuous service, and was on light-house duty, 1859-61. He was court-martialed for criticising the President's policy early in 1861 ; was appointed by President Lincoln mustering officer at Chicago, III., serving from April to July, 1861 ; was made brigadier-general of U.S. volunteers, May 17, 1861, and commanded the district of North Missouri, July to October, 1861, and the 2d divi- sion of the army in its su-jcessful campaign against General Price in Southwest Missouri, October to December, 1861, when he captured large stores of provisions and many prisoners. He commanded the district of Central Missouri, December, 1861, to February, 1862 ; the Army of the Mississippi in co-operation with the gunboat fleet under Flag-officer Foote in the capture of New Madrid, Mo., March 14, 1862. and the capture of Island No. 10, April 8, 1862. He was promoted major-general of volunteers, March 21, 1862, and in the Mississippi campaign advanced upon and besieged Corinth, April-May, 1862, after its capture pursuing the Confederate army to Bald- win. He was promoted brigadier-general in the regular army, July 14, 1862 ; was given com- mand of the Army of Virginia, to which was added the Army of the Potomac, and with the combined army fought the disastrous battles of Cedar Mountain, Manassas and Chantilly, resign- ing his command after the army fell back on Washington. He was transferred to the com- mand of the departinent of the Northwest, serving 1862-65 ; was commander of the military division of the Missouri, January to June, 1865, and of the department of the Missouri, June, 1865, to August, 1866. He was brevetted major-general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for gallantry at Island No. 10, and was mustered out of the volunteer service, Sept. 1, 1866. He was on leave of absence, October, 1866, to April, 1867, and commanded the Third military district, comprising Georgia, Florida and Alabama, 1867-68 ; the departuient of the Lakes, 1868-70, and the department of the Mis- souri, 1870-83. He was promoted major-general, U.S.A., Oct. 26, 1882, and commanded the division of the Pacific and the department of California, 1883-86, when he was retired, being sixty-four years of age. He charged the failure of his operations in Virginia to the omission of Gen. Fitz-John Porter to obey his orders and caused that officer's court-martial. He is the autlior of : Explorations from the Red River to the Rio Grande (Pacific Railroad reports, vol. III.) and The Campaign of Virginia, 1862 (1865). He died in Sandusky, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1892. PORCHER Francis Peyre, botanist, was born in St. John's parish, Berkeley district, S.C, Dec. 14, 1824; son of Dr. William and Isabella S. (Peyre) Porcher ; grandson of Thomas and Char- lotte (Mazyck) Porcher, and of Francis and Mary (Walter) Peyre, and a descendant of Isaac and Claud (de Cherigny) Porcher. Isaac Porcher, a native of St. Severe, Berrie, France, and a Huguenot refugee, settled in South Carolina in 1685. Francis Peyre Porcher was graduated at South Carolina college in 1844, and at the Medi- cal College of the State of South Carolina in 1847. He practised in Charleston, S.C. ; was surgeon and physician to the Marine and City hospitals ; surgeon in charge of the Confederate hospitals at Norfolk and Petersburg, Va., 1862- 65 ; professor of materia medica, therapeutics and clinical medicine in the Medical College of the State of South Carolina, and one of the editors of the Charleston Medical Journal and Review for several years. He was elected president of the South Carolina Medical society in 1872 ; was an associate fellow of the Philadelphia College of Physicians, and a corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. He was married first, April 25, 1855, to Virginia, daughter of the Hon. Benjamin Watkins and Julia (Wickham) Leigh of Richmond, Va ; and secondly, March 9, 1877, to Margaret, daughter of Col. Joshua John and Johanna (Hasell) Ward of Waccamaw, S.C. He received the degree of LL. D. from the South Carolina college in 1891 ; was a member of the World's International Medical congress at Berlin, 1895, and a complimentary president of the section on general medicine at the Pan-American Medical congress. He devoted his leisure to the study of botany, and is the author of : A Medico- Botanical Catalogue of the Plants and Ferns of St. John's, Berkeley. S.C. (1847) ; A Sketch of the Medical Botany of Soidh Carolina (1849); 77ie Medicinal. PoL^onous and Dietetic Properties of the Cryptogamic Plants of the United States (1854): Illustrations of Disease 2vith the Microscope, and Clinical Investigations aided by the Microscope and by Chemical Re- agents (1861), and Resources of the Soidhern Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical and Agricultural, published by order of the surgeon- general of the Confederate States (1863, rev. ed., 1869). He died in Charleston, S.C, Nov. 19, 1895. PORTER, Albert Gallatin, governor of In- diana, was born in Lawrenceburg, Ind., April 20, 1824 ; son of Thomas and Myra (Tousey) Por- ter, and grandson of Moses Tousey of Kentucky. His paternal grandfather removed from Pennsyl- vania to Belleview. an island in the Ohio river. He worked as a ferryman on the Ohio river; attended the preparatory department of Hanover college ; was graduated at Indiana Asbury uni- rORTER PORTER versity. A.B., 1843. A.M.. 1846; \v:i.s ailmitted to the b:ir iu 184.J ; served as city attorney, 1S.")1-,'):? ; as reporter of the supreme court of Intliana. 18.">;{- 'u. and as a nieniher of the common council, lS")7-oO. He w:is a Republican representative in the 36th and 37th congresses, 1859-63, serving as a member of imiwrtant committees ; was a candidate for presidential elector on the Hayes and Wheeler ticket in 1870. and was appointed by President Hayes, March .">. 1878, first comptroller of the U.S. treasury, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of R. A. Taylor, serving until isSO. He was governor of Indiana, 1881-84 ; a delegate at large from Indiana to the Republi- can national convention in 1888, and was appointed U.S. minister to Italy in 1889, re- signing in September, 1892. He practised law in partner- ship with Benjamin Harrison for several years. He w:vs married first in 1846, to Minerva Virginia Brown of Indianaix)lis, Ind., and secondly in January, 1881, to Cornelia Stone of Jamestown, N.Y. He received the degree of LL.D. from In- diana Asbury university in 1870. He devoted his last years to historical research, and published Decisions of the Supreme Court of Indiana (5 vols., 18.j3-56). and A History of Indiana. He died iu Indianaix.lis, Ind., May 3, 1897. PORTER, Alexander, senator, was bom near Annau'li. county Tyrone, Ireland, in 1786; son of an Irish Presbyterian clergyman and chemist, who was executed in 1798 as an insurgent spy and member of the Society of United Irishmen. He immigrated to the United States with an uncle in l^?01 ; settled in Nashville, Tenn.; was admitteii to the bar in 1807, and removed to St. Martinsville. I-a., in 1810. He was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1811 ; judge of tlie .state supreme court, 1821-33, where he established a new system of jurisprudence, and in 1*33 was elected to the U.S. senate to fill the unexpired term of Josiah Stoddard Jr. He landed in the face of a largely sujierior force, set fire to the boats in the harlKjr and returned to the squadron, but not until he was again wounded. He was trans- ferred to the Pkilddelphid, Capt. Bainbridge, and on Oct. 31. IHO:}, was on lx)ard that vessel in the harbor of Tripoli when she ran on a sunken reef and was captured, tlie officers and crew being taken prisoners an